Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Anu Osta, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Baldwin Wallace University; Alissa Papernik; Amanda Ferreira Dias-Liebold, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

c Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Studying the Factors affecting Women Recruitment and Retention in Engineering Alissa Papernik, Amanda Dias-Liebold, Anu Osta, Jennifer Kadlowec Rowan University, Glassboro, NJAbstractWomen in engineering face different challenges than men in engineering programs due toengineering being a male dominated field. This impacts their recruitment, retention, and futurecareer paths. Women often face issues such as lowered sense of self-efficacy, poorer groupexperiences, and less stable support networks. The goal of this multi-semester study was to findthe factors that help recruit and retain women engineering

Collection

2016 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Victoria Sorg; Lilian Johnson; Alexandra Westbrook; Susan Daniel

Education, 2014.[3] K. Schafft and A. Jackson, Rural Education for the Twenty-first Century: Identity, Place, and Community in a Globalizing World. Rural studies series, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010.[4] C. Hill, C. Corbett, and A. S. Rose, “Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology, Engineer- ing, and Mathematics,” tech. rep., American Association of University Women, Washington, DC, 2010.[5] New York State Education Department, “NYSED Data Site: Counties.” https://data. nysed.gov/lists.php?type=county, 2015.[6] New York State Education Department, “NYSED Data Site: Glossary of Terms - Enrollment Data.” https://data.nysed.gov/glossary.php?report=enrollment, 2015. 6

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 8: Project-based Learning and Cornerstone Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Elmore, Binghamton University; Sharon B Fellows, Binghamton University; Koenraad E Gieskes, Binghamton University; Lee A Cummings, Binghamton University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

a lengthy period of time. (6 teams)2. Develop a mechanism that would vary the position of horizontal axis wind turbines to maximize electrical output in any wind conditions. (4 teams)3. Design a system that controls access to the Binghamton University Bike Share bikes. (1 team)4. Design a prosthetic hand using a combination of 3D printer and hobbyist single board microcontroller technologies that results in a more dexterous hand than the whole-hand-grasp mechanism. (8 teams)5. Design a system that generates usable electrical power from the doors in a specific building on campus. (10 teams)6. Design a wearable power system for personal electronic. (7 teams)The Engineering Conceptual Design Project Overview The key steps in the

Conference Session

Solar, Wind, and Novel Energy-System Initiatives

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2009-1091: SELF-POWERED WIRELESS-CAMERA SYSTEM DESIGNFaruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University Page 14.1049.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Self Powered Wireless Camera System DesignAbstractEnergy harvesting is described as the conversion of ambient energy into usable electrical energy.When compared with energy stored in common storage elements, such as batteries, capacitorsand the like, the environment represents a relatively infinite source of available energy.Conventional electrochemical batteries power most of the portable and wireless electronicdevices that are energized with electric power. In the past few years, electrochemical

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alberto Cureg Cruz, California State University, Bakersfield; Dennis Derickson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Amin Malek, California State University, Bakersfield

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

institutionsobtaining funds for IT internships. Some examples are Northern Virginia Community College’sSuperPL program funded by the NSF Advancing Innovation and Impact in Undergraduate STEMEducation at Two-year Institutions of Higher Education; an award to the Wake TechnicalCommunity College focusing on cloud-based technologies; and Portland Community College’sEnhancing Geographic Information Science Technology Education (eGIST) focusing on GISinternships, funded by the Education and Human Resources division of the NSF. To the best ofthe author’s knowledge, our work is novel in that we focus on grant-supported industry-based,non-academic, non-research, and four-year-institution internships.III. Methodology The University possesses no STEM-related FWS

Conference Session

Engineering Physics Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid Mohajeri, DeVry University, Pomona , CA , 91768

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

Paper ID #14728Solving Schrodinger Equation with Electronics Engineering Students andAnalyzing Their FeedbackDr. Hamid Mohajeri, DeVry University, Pomona , CA , 91768 PhD Semiconductor Physics , University of Hull , England Postdoctoral Research , University of Hull , England Postdoctoral Research , University College og Swansea , Wales , UK Professor , College of Engineering and Information Sciences , Devry University , Pomona , CA c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016Solving Schrodinger equation using to Electronics Engineering students andanalyzing their feedback.Abstract:The Importance of

Conference Session

Student Success, Learning Strategies, and Retention in the Aerospace Industry

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lucas Davis, Iowa State University; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University; Yun Dong, Iowa State University; Ravonte Nievez Campbell, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

the influence of a close-knit group on satisfaction, meaning that the workgroupmembers have strong personal ties to each other and are comfortable working together. Interpersonalsupport networks and social events, the same factors as defined in the retention section, were also found toincrease satisfaction.5.2.4 BenefitsOffering good benefits was discussed to increase satisfaction. Specifically, the benefit discussed wassupporting education for hired engineers. • “One of which is our education plan. As long as you're trying to get a degree that's deemed as useful in your field of work, we'll pay for your degree 100%. That's a perk that's not for new hires, but it's for everyone, but it's been seen as a very good recruiting

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Daren Wilcox, Kennesaw State University

the time the University System of Georgia went into lockdown due to the COVID-19 virus. The students had already begun the final project so supplychain issues were not a factor. The biggest issue was communication with students. Fortunately,the University System of Georgia had been phasing into use a system referred to as D2L(or Desire2Learn) for distance learning education. The transition from face-to-face to distancelearning went quite smoothly and occurred just after Spring Break. The issue of being onlinewas the speed of communication. The inherent asynchronous nature of distance learning slowedcommunication down considerably. The following semester, Summer 2020, however, wasanother matter.In Summer semester 2020, the University System of

Conference Session

Technical Session T1B

Collection

2022 First-Year Engineering Experience

Authors

Hannah Nolte, The Pennsylvania State University; Elizabeth Marie Starkey, Pennsylvania State University; Christopher McComb, Carnegie mellon University; Nicolas F Soria Zurita, The Pennsylvania State University & Universidad San Francisco de Quito

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Full Papers

the interviews, students were asked about their perceptionsof the practices (e.g., positive/negative aspects), how the practices impacted their education, andhow they would change the practices.Interview transcripts and reflections were analyzed using directed content analysis [15]following a multilayer approach to quality and care throughout the qualitative research process[16]. Though the coding of the transcripts was only conducted by the first author, the codebookwas developed in collaboration and iterated multiple times. The codebook for this analysis wasdeveloped by identifying key concepts in a subset of the documents and creating operationaldefinitions for a set of proposed codes based on key concepts, theory, and relevant

Collection

2024 ASEE PSW Conference

Authors

Taufik Taufik, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Alejandra Zapata, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Krishan Kaushal Ram, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

incorporates PV andenergy storage in Indonesia. The project involves two students and it is a partnership withMineral Industri Indonesia (MIND ID). Educational benefits for the students in conducting theinternational collaborative project will be described in this paper. Challenges and lessons learnedfrom the project will also be discussed in this paper.KeywordsInternational partnership, student research, collaborative projects.IntroductionThe modernization, expansion, digitalization, and automation of electrical systems began in thelate 20th century and it is presented up to today. The introduction of digital technologies andautomation systems transformed grid management, enabling better control, monitoring, andreliability. Nowadays, smart grid

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Pranav A. Bhounsule; Ahmad Taha; Sebastian Nugruho

of 4 or 5. There were a total of 21 teams and were Your Carsplit into 3 classrooms for the program. Next, we describethe specifics of the program and activities. Figure 1 shows The car which comes to a complete stop first withone of the teams and all the girls holding their certificates the color sensor pointing on the red line is the winnerat the end of the camp. A video of the main activities is Fig. 2: Car racingavailable on YouTube [3] and lab handouts and surveyquestions are available on Github [4].2.1 EquipmentWe used the LEGO Mindstorms Education EV3 Core Set.Only the following elements from the Core set are neededfor

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Work in Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey Kiassat, PhD, MBA, PE P.E., Quinnipiac University; Ruby ElKharboutly, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. N. Nambiar and A. Dutta, "Expert system for student advising using JESS," in 2010 International Conference on Educational and Information Technology, Chongqing, 2010.[11] W. W. Fisher, S. Barman and P. L. Killingsworth, "Value stream mapping for improving academic advising," International Journal of Information and Operations Management Education, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 45-49, 2011.

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Reem Khalid Mahjoub; Christian Bach

Abstract— Nowadays, information is everywhere and can be flexible to manage and also in which we can extractthere is a need to organize and manage data and information in and expand our knowledge or the organizational needs. Thatorder for better use and successful business. Organizations are leads to great advantages that can be achieved usinglooking toward deploying and getting benefit of the knowledge knowledge management. On the other hand, there are someand process the management in which call knowledge difficulties which can be faced during the knowledgemanagement. Main propose of knowledge management is toidentify the needed information and

Conference Session

Learning & Teaching Issues

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Vladimir Briller; John Carpinelli

sciences (CIS) at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, and considers factorsrelating to the students preparedness for the distance learning course; level of communicationwith the instructor; teaching and course materials; technology issues; student courseexpectations; student participation in the class; and the learning environment. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The research questions and research designare presented next, followed by a description of the data collection and analysis procedures. Page 9.1046.1 Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition

Collection

2012 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

individual grades. It was also determined that thisteaching method should be performed later in the semester to allow students time to settle intothe course and college life in general. The goal of this paper is to test this hypothesis andprovide faculty with quantitative and qualitative data on the results to aid them in implementingJigsaw Learning successfully into their courses.Background:Both the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET)9 and the AmericanSociety of Engineering Education (ASEE)10 seek education standards which: encourage studentsto communicate, provide teamwork practice and encourage learning techniques for self-directedcontinuing professional development.Long lecture classes can be tedious for the student and a

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine C. Chen, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lizabeth T Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Emily E Liptow, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Jaclyn Duerr, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Helene Finger P.E., Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo; Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Univer- sity, San Luis Obispo. She is also an Associate Professor in Ethnic Studies and Faculty Director of the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority and Underrepresented Student Participation in STEM Program at Cal Poly. She previously served as elected co-chair of the Science & Technology Taskforce of the National Women’s Studies Association, and as a Postdoctoral Research Officer at the Centre for Informal Learn- ing and Schools (CILS) at King’s College, University of London. Her graduate training is in Science & Technology Studies and Women’s Studies at Virginia Tech. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 I get by with a little help from my PEEPS: Learning from an

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 8 - Design Methodologies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Creese, West Virginia University

Paper ID #37391Design Equations Developed by Geometric ProgrammingRobert C. Creese (Professor Emeritus) He was born and raised in Pittsburgh, PA, Graduated from Penn State in Industrial Engineering in 1963, Graduated from Berkeley in 1964 with a MS in IEOR, worked for US Steel from 1964-66, returned as a full time Instructor in the Department of Industrial Engineering and was a PhD Student in Metallurgy and graduated in1972. He taught Metallurgy at Grove City College and started a Management Engineering Program from 1972-1976 and returned to Penn State in IE from 1976 to 1979. He went to West Virginia University

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Capstone Design

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Youssef, San Diego State University; Vladimir Arutyunov, California State University Northridge

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Northridge were able to graduate as mechanical engineerstrained to think, design, and operate using system-level skills.Bibliography[1] Kirkpatrick, A., & Danielson, S., ASME VISION 2030’S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MECHANICALENGINEERING EDUCATION. Paper presented at 2012 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition[2] Youssef, G., & Kabo, J. M., Machine Design: Redesigned Paper presented at 2015 ASEE AnnualConference and Exposition[3] Katz, R., Integrating Analysis and Design in Mechanical Engineering Education Procedia CIRP, Volume36, 2015[4] Towhidnejad, M., & Hillburn, T., An Overview of GRCSE: Graduate Reference Curriculum for SystemsEngineering Paper presented at World Congress on Engineering Education 2013[5] Lee, T

Conference Session

WORKSHOP I: Integrating Service Learning into First-Year Engineering Courses: A Hands-On Workshop

Collection

FYEE 2025 Conference

Authors

Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University; Brian Patrick O'Connell, Northeastern University; Anne Shea, Northeastern University; Kennedy Gallagher, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

FYEE 2025

Integrating Service Learning into First-Year Engineering Courses: A Hands-On WorkshopPurpose of the workshopService-learning provides a powerful opportunity to enhance first-year engineering education byconnecting coursework with real-world impact. However, establishing sustainable service-learningpartnerships and effectively aligning them with engineering curricula presents significantchallenges. This interactive workshop will equip educators with the tools and strategies to developsustainable service-learning partnerships and integrate them effectively into their courses.AudienceThis workshop is suitable for educators from diverse institutional backgrounds—whether they arenew to service learning or looking to refine existing programs—and

Conference Session

Teaching Courses in Renewable Energy Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Weissbach, Pennsylvania State University-Erie; Isaac Aunkst, General Dynamics Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

recently been hired to work on power electronic system design for General Dynamics Electric Boat Division. Page 12.64.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 A Microcontroller-Based Solar Panel Tracking SystemAbstractRenewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource as fossil fuel pricesfluctuate. At the educational level, it is therefore critical for engineering and technology studentsto have an understanding and appreciation of the technologies associated with renewable energy.One of the most popular renewable energy sources is solar energy. This paper describes acapstone design project where

Collection

2012 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Cullen A. Jones

reality. Engineering students need threedimensional representations so they can see and touch what their instructors are teaching to facilitate theirunderstanding of these new concepts. Instructors always try to represent these concepts in 2-D drawings on theirblackboards but supplementing those with physical models is essential to bring these principles into the reality ofpractice.KEYWORDS: ENGINEERING EDUCATION, REINFORCED CONCRETE, TRAINING AIDS, CLASSROOM DEMONSTRATIONS INTRODUCTIONStanding at the border where principle meets practice, teaching a senior level design course can be a daunting task.But it is also an exciting and challenging time for the instructor and the students as they take the

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-oriented Studies Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kip D. Coonley, Duke University; Alexander Gregory Culbert, Duke University; Aaron Franklin, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

2005, he has been the Undergraduate Laboratory Manager in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Duke University, Durham, NC. His interests include undergraduate engineering education, energy harvesting, RFID, power electronics, plasma physics, and thin films.Mr. Alexander Gregory Culbert, Duke University Alexander Culbert is currently a product engineer at TrackX Technology, LLC. He received his B.S.E. in biomedical and electrical and computer engineering from Duke University in 2019. His past research includes utilizing additive manufacturing in pre-clinical medical imaging and using magnetic resonance imaging to verify pulmonary diseases. He is interested in medical imaging and devices

Conference Session

Hurricane Katrina

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Robert Story, Virginia Tech; Brian LeCroy, Virginia Tech; Christina Pace, Virginia Tech; Michael Palmer, Virginia Tech; Leigh McCue, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

2006-469: CASE STUDIES: CATASTROPHIC VESSEL DYNAMICS IN EXTREMESEA CONDITIONSW. Robert Story, Virginia TechBrian LeCroy, Virginia TechChristina Pace, Virginia TechMichael Palmer, Virginia TechLeigh McCue, Virginia Tech Page 11.309.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Case Studies: Catastrophic Vessel Dynamics in Extreme Sea ConditionsAbstractNatural disasters have been at the public forefront for the past year, with examples ranging fromthe Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004 to a “freak wave” slamming the Norwegian Dawnat sea in April 2005 to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita during the summer of 2005. While

Conference Session

ASCE Liasion Committee Presents: All Things ASCE

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rubaya Rahat, Florida International University; Mohamed Elzomor, P.E., Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

Constr. Challenges a Flat World, Proc. 2012 Constr. Res. Congr., pp. 2129–2138, 2012, doi: 10.1061/9780784412329.214.[16] K. E. Björnberg, I. B. Skogh, and E. Strömberg, “Integrating social sustainability in engineering education at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology,” Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 639–649, 2015, doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-01-2014-0010.[17] R. Rahat, V. Ferrer, P. Pradhananga, and M. ElZomor, “Developing an effective front-end planning framework for sustainable infrastructure projects,” Int. J. Constr. Manag., vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1–18, 2022, doi: 10.1080/15623599.2022.2105282.[18] ISI, “Envision: Sustainable Infrastructure Framework Guidance Manual.” Institute for

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt A. Thoroughman, Washington University; Alessandra Hruschka, Washington University in St.Louis; Patricia Widder, Washington University in St. Louis

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

withmarket-driven wisdom.EVS III Module – Customer Awareness: This module features an expert who uses products inthe field, who works with customers and can teach the importance of being mindful of clientneeds. The expert will help students critically analyze solutions for technical feasibility,economic drivers, societal needs and individual benefits. We work with a professor of physicaltherapy, who introduces how she adjudicates potential technologies to use herself and in herteaching of PT students. This module helps students evaluate customer value, identifydistribution methods and supply chains, consider how innovations become meaningfullyintegrated into regular use, and collaborate to integrate practical within-field history and productuse into

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bryce Hughes, Montana State University - Bozeman; Sidrah MGWatson; Sarah Heller; Leilani Contos

technology talent at the crossroads. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2011.[2] S. E. Page, The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (in English), 2008.[3] R. A. Miller, A. Vaccaro, E. W. Kimball, and R. Forester, "“It’s dude culture”: Students with minoritized identities of sexuality and/or gender navigating STEM majors," Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, vol. Advance online publication, 2020, doi: 10.1037/dhe0000171.[4] K. M. Cooper and S. E. Brownell, "Coming out in class: Challenges and benefits of active learning in a biology classroom for LGBTQIA students," CBE—Life Sciences

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Joseph C. Hartman

Page 3.244.1completion (Step 6), should be emphasized. In this context, the principles of engineeringeconomy provide the foundation for these decisions. Associations with the design process,which is closely related, are also addressed in this paper.In addition to a re-emphasis of the decision process, it is also argued that engineering economyeducators must integrate research advances into the curriculum. While a variety ofbreakthroughs have occurred with relevant applications in replacement analysis and capitalbudgeting, it appears that these advances do not make it into the classroom. College anduniversity educators have the responsibility to disseminate the important advances of our field.The goal of this paper is to provide both motivation

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Vernal Alford, North Carolina A&T State University; Elaine Vinson, North Carolina A&T State University; Venetia Fisher, North Carolina A&T State University; Devdas Pai, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

2006-1972: ENGINEER STARTERS PROGRAM 2005Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State UniversityVernal Alford, North Carolina A&T State UniversityElaine Vinson, North Carolina A&T State UniversityVenetia Fisher, North Carolina A&T State UniversityDevdas Pai, North Carolina A&T State University Page 11.545.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Engineer Starters ProgramABSTRACT At North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, theEngineer Starters Program (ESP) serves as an avenue to target specifically thoseunderrepresented in the Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology fieldsand provide them with tools

Conference Session

Program and Curriculum Design Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, IN and at Morehead State University, KY. He is a member of IIE, SME, ASQ, ASEE, and Informs. Page 24.628.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Freshmen Engineering Course in an Oil & Gas UniversityAbstractIndustry engagements in engineering programs are becoming more common compared tothe past. The freshmen success seminar course at The Petroleum Institute introduces thestudents to the oil and gas industry and in general to Abu Dhabi National Oil Companyand its group companies in particular. Getting oil out of the reserves is not an easy task; alot of manufacturing

Conference Session

Innovations in Electrical Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; George Jonathan Roskovich, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #9179An intuitive approach to teaching key concepts in Control SystemsDr. Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic UniversityMr. George Jonathan Roskovich, Florida Atlantic University Page 24.173.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 An Intuitive Approach to Teaching Key Concepts in Control SystemsAbstract As technology advances, newer generations are developing with quicker access to greaterquantities of information than each one that precedes it. Congruently, research has shown areduction in patience, while