Conference Session

Graduate Education and Undergraduate Research in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Schneider, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

An Undergraduate Research Experience in Engineering TechnologyAbstractTo initiate the development of an autonomous vehicle to participate in the Intelligent GroundVehicle Competition, a multidisciplinary undergraduate research course was established duringthe summer of 2005 within the Engineering Technology Department. This was the first time anundergraduate research component has been offered to students within the EngineeringTechnology Department at the University of Dayton. The course was conducted using anindependent study format with several team meetings to monitor individual student progress andto provide collaborative feedback to the students. The participants were expected to performactivities related to

Collection

2007 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Keith M. Gardiner

described. Students are introduced to the concept that the classroom can be used as an analog of the industrial workplace. Individual and team assignments and projects are structured with the required output as the product. To be successful in the process of product realization students must engage in project planning and management individually and in teams as may be appropriate. Output, or products, may range from brief ‘executive’ analyses or reports relevant to course objectives to comprehensive ‘publication ready’ technical papers or reviews prepared in response to initial requests for proposals (RFP). Research topics reported range from organizational planning and control, manufacturing

Conference Session

Enhancing Teaching and Research

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Karin Jensen, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Gary Lichtenstein, Arizona State University; Kelsey Watts, Clemson University; Evan Ko, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Balsam Albayati

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, engineering stu- dent career pathways, and engagement of engineering faculty in engineering education research. She was awarded a CAREER award from the National Science Foundation for her research on undergraduate mental health in engineering programs. Before joining UIUC she completed a post-doctoral fellowship at Sanofi Oncology in Cambridge, MA. She earned a bachelor’s degree in biological engineering from Cornell University and a Ph.D. in biomedical engineering from the University of Virginia.Dr. Gary Lichtenstein, Arizona State University Gary Lichtenstein, Ed.D., Director of Program Effectiveness for the Entrepreneurial Mindset initiative at the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University. He is

Conference Session

Faculty Track - Technical Session IV

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Scott Franklin, Rochester Institute of Technology; Eleanor C. Sayre, Kansas State University; Mary Bridget Kustusch, DePaul University

Tagged Topics

Faculty

projectcentering on a separate high school teacher professional development project. Participants wouldspend the morning observing the teachers, taking field notes and organizing video recording.Afternoons were spent analyzing the data, forming and discussing research questions anddeveloping the broader project. Inspired by I-RISE, our experience initially formed around aprogram, Integrating Metacognitive Practice and Research to Ensure Student Success(IMPRESS), that supports the persistence of first generation (FG) and d/Deaf or hard-of-hearing(DHH) STEM majors through explicit metacognitive activities. Students in IMPRESS spend themorning engaged in authentic scientific investigations, developing models, designing andconducting experiments, and

Conference Session

Multidisiplinary Student Research Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natacha Depaola, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Fouad Teymour, Illinois Institute of Technology; Paul R. Anderson, Illinois Institute of Technology; Roberto Cammino, Illinois Institute of Technology; Bonnie Haferkamp, Illinois Institute of Technology; Jamshid Mohammadi, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

several programmatic offerings in regards to undergraduate research. The most recentof the efforts, and the subject of this article, is the Armour R&D program offered under theumbrella of a Distinctive Education Initiative within the college of engineering. The programsupports students conducting supervised research with faculty based on a proposal developed andsubmitted by the student-faculty team. The emphasis placed on formation of student-professorteams is one of the important aspects of this program. A survey of research teams consisting ofundergraduate students and faculty reports a high level of satisfaction by all constituents, andfurther reports greater levels of achievement and skill enhancement10. The Armour R&Dprogram consists

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Pedagogy of Lab-Oriented Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natacha Depaola, Illinois Institute of Technology; Roberto Cammino, Illinois Institute of Technology; Bonnie Haferkamp, Illinois Institute of Technology; Paul R. Anderson, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Jamshid Mohammadi, Illinois Institute of Technology; Fouad Teymour, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Illinois Institute of Technology,under the umbrella of a Distinctive Education Initiative within the Armour College ofEngineering, we challenged ourselves to build on these more traditional mechanisms forexposing students to research in a manner that would: 1) increase the opportunity for inquiry- Page 26.651.3based learning and creative engineering thinking; 2) prepare students for subsequent placementin a research laboratory; and 3) provide all engineering students at our institution an opportunityto perform mentored, self-directed research. Furthermore, as an engineering college within ouruniversity, we also felt that our solution should address

Conference Session

Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Holistic Students

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simon Thomas Ghanat, P.E., The Citadel; Stephanie Laughton, The Citadel; Nandan Hara Shetty, The Citadel; Dena Garner; M. Kristen Hefner, The Citadel; Mostafa Batouli, The Citadel; Thad Le-Vasicek, The Citadel; Todd Wittman

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

involving your mentee in all parts of the scientific process? • What are the ways that you are using to introduce your mentee to new opportunities? • Any challenges you have faced?The complete narratives are included below. Common themes include: • Use of initial tasks or conversations to increase student interest in the research field and/or specific project • Gradual scaffolding of research tasks throughout the research experience to correspond with increasing student researcher self-sufficiency and skills • Mentors emphasize customization of meeting formats and project deadlines to the student – thus needing to first gain an understanding of the student's personal accountability, communication style

Conference Session

Research and Graduate Studies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne W. Walter, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

, Page 25.608.6two had their proposals accepted by their committee, but one did not and remained in the MEngprogram. Three or four students each year who have taken Research Methods will procrastinateon refining their proposal and presenting it to their committee until Week 11 of the quarterbefore they need to register for thesis credit. This rarely results in a quality proposal, and requirestheir committee to spend time reviewing it when they are the busiest grading exams.Table 1 shows the history of the course since it was initiated in the spring quarter of the2003/2004 academic year. Note that there are four designations for graduate students: Master ofEngineering (EMEG 6), Master of Science (EMEM 6), and dual degree Bachelor ofScience/Master

Collection

2020 ASEE North Midwest Section Annual Conference

Authors

Douglas W. Jacobson, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Diane T. Rover, Iowa State University; Joseph Zambreno, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Allegra Frickel, Iowa State University

)AbstractBackground: This virtual initiative, called Summer Engagement in Cyber UndergraduateResearch Experiences (SECURE), was established as a response to support students who mayhave lost summer internships and/or have financial hardships due to COVID-19. Several studentsin the program were NSF S-STEM scholars, a mix of computer engineering, cyber securityengineering, electrical engineering and software engineering students.Purpose/Hypothesis: The main question addressed by this initiative was whether we couldbuild a virtual undergraduate research experience that enabled students to apply their studies andknowledge similarly as they would in a traditional summer internship. Goals for the experienceincluded providing small-group mentoring as well as

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Paul, University of Manitoba; Nikita Dawe, University of Toronto; Sherry-ann Ram, University of Toronto; Mandeep Pandey, University of Calgary; Victoria Thomsen, University of Manitoba; Reed Forrest, University of Manitoba; Jillian Seniuk Cicek, University of Manitoba; Renato Alan Bezerra Rodrigues; Nicholas Rupar; Robyn Paul, University of Calgary

this paper occurred in the summer of 2021 at a virtual student meet-up of theCanadian Engineering Education Association - Association Canadienne de l’éducation en génie(CEEA-ACEG), where we commiserated on the difficulty in describing our research to morepositivist engineers3. This led to our initial idea and research question: How can we synthesizeour existing attempts to describe EER, and develop an approach to define our own research in anaccessible and clear manner?Over the next few months, we trialed and iterated various explanations of EER with each otherand our colleagues. This paper is the culmination of our current efforts and is presented in threeparts. First, we will provide an overview of our process and provide the current version

Conference Session

Integrating Research into Teaching

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Nicole LaRocque; Terri Lynch-Caris

Integrating Physical Fitness Research into the Ergonomics Classroom Terri Lynch-Caris, Nicole LaRocque Kettering UniversityAbstractThe intent of this paper is to describe the integration of a research project into theergonomics classroom. The class evaluated a personal strength assistant device that ismeant to increase core and upper body strength. The entire ergonomics class of 19students worked on the group research project and final write-up. The experimentalgroup in the research project was comprised of members of the ergonomics class while acontrol group was assembled consisting of students outside the class. A strengthimprovement device was used for a maximum of five

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Kathleen Meehan, University of Glasgow; Dianna L. Newman, University at Albany/SUNY; Deborah Walter, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Bonnie H. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University; Mohamed F. Chouikha, Howard University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Paper ID #9861Collaborative Research: Center for Mobile Hands-On STEMProf. Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteDr. Kathleen Meehan, University of GlasgowDr. Dianna L. Newman, University at Albany/SUNY Dr. Dianna Newman is Research Professor and Director of the Evaluation Consortium at the University at Albany/SUNY. Her major areas of study are program evaluation with an emphasis in STEM related programs. She has numerous chapters, articles, and papers on technology supported teaching and learning as well as systems change stages pertaining to technology adoption.Dr. Deborah Walter, Rose-Hulman

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Naseem Ishaq; Salahuddin Qazi

have revolutionized opticalcommunications at 1550 nanometers wavelength. Work was extended to the development ofpraseodymium doped fiber amplifiers and lasers which are needed at the commonly used wavelengthof 1300 nanometers in optical communications. Some work in the area of mode-locking of fiberdoped lasers and use of fiber grating is currently in progress. The authors were able to avail theopportunity of summer faculty programs twice followed by two extension programs to initiate theresearch at SUNY Institute of Technology. Page 3.315.2 2The results of the research and equipment obtained was

Conference Session

Sustainability Issues

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Patricia Mosto; Gina Tang; Courtney Richmond; Joseph Orlins; Catherine Yang; Demond Miller; Beena Sukumaran; Kauser Jahan; Anthony Marchese; Mariano Savelski; Paris von Lockette; Stephanie Farrell; Yusuf Mehta; William Riddell

for three consecutive summers. Theinitiative is based on current global initiatives to integrate sustainability into the science andengineering curriculum. Students need to be exposed to enriching experiences that require themto have concerns for human conditions and the environment that are conservative and protective.The REU site allows eleven undergraduates to participate in pollution prevention andsustainability research activities at Rowan University for eight weeks during the summer.Engineering and science faculty participate in mentoring activities along with Rowanundergraduate and graduate students. Social building skills such as community outreachseminars, workshops, social picnics, field trips and communication strengthening

Collection

2006 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

José L. Torres; Vijendra Agarwal

like CSI motivate more and more students to undertake UR projects andthrough faculty mentoring steer students in STEM disciplines.At CSI, the academic administration has been and continues to be proactive to institutionalizethe benefits of support for and encouragement of undergraduate research efforts. The Collegehas always recognized that students who engage in research learn through inquiry andexperience with an intensity and depth not likely encountered in the classroom. With that inmind, the College has supported and encouraged UR with faculty mentors. The College ofStaten Island has promoted undergraduate research under three specific initiatives in the last tenyears: Summer Research Fellowships, NSF-REU Grant support and the

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD) Technical Session 4: Outreach & Collaboration

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyunjung Lee, Cornell University; Sarah Lane, Cornell University; Christina Sheley, Cornell University; Jill H. Powell, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD)

and a B.A. from Emory University.Christina Sheley, Cornell University Christina Sheley is the Director of Business, Engineering, and Entrepreneurship at the Cornell University Library, where she leads strategic initiatives for several libraries on campus, entrepreneurship, and Cornell Tech/New York City programs and works with the College of Engineering’s Engineering Communications Program. Prior to Cornell, she was the Head of the Business/SPEA Library at Indiana University Bloom- ington and supported research and teaching in business, public affairs/administration, and economics. Christina has a B.S. in Communications and Psychology and an M.S. in Library and Information Science, all from Indiana University

Conference Session

Impacts of Public Policy on Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering; Kamyar Haghighi, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

include the Leonhard Center for the Enhancement of Engineering Education atPenn State founded in 1990 and the Center for Engineering Learning and Teaching at theUniversity of Washington founded in 1998. These and other centers, along with engineeringschools that are implementing innovative educational programs, are focusing on importantaspects of engineering education scholarship ranging from foundational research to innovativeapproaches to curriculum, learning, teaching and assessment.In 2001, the National Science Foundation initiated support for higher education-focused Centersfor Learning and Teaching (CLTs). There are currently three CLTs specifically concerned withhigher education, two of which — The Center for the Advancement of

Conference Session

International Engineering Education II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Mowry, University of St. Thomas-St. Paul

Tagged Divisions

International

implemented, then Moldova would serve as an ideal location fortesting such a system. Research on such a system is underway. Furthermore, since the generalpopulation of Moldova is educated, the wide spread implementation of such systems could bemaintained and given sufficient system design foresight, the isolated wind turbine installationsmight ultimately be connectable into a country-wide rural power grid. Finally, the possibility ofmanufacturing such systems in Moldova might help the local economy and serve as a test-casefor economic development in other countries.Research in MoldovaThe funding for this exploratory research opportunity in Moldova was enabled by an INTREUgrant7, 8. The initial contact and round of exploratory discussions with the

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Evan C. Lemley, University of Central Oklahoma; James E Stewart; Aric M. Gillispie, University of Central Oklahoma; Grant M Armstrong; Lillian Gabrielle Seay

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

 students at UCO are one of the most active majors across campus in UGR activities and programs. Here we discuss the suite of programs in place to support UGR and the authors’ specific experience with UGR over several years.  UCO has served a model institution in the area of Transformative Learning and has helped define this area especially in engaging students inside and outside of the classroom. This is very evident when one considers that UGR has been part of the Central Six in the transformative practice of Problem Solving (Research, Scholarly and Creative Activities).  One primary driver that initially embedded UGR in the UCO culture was a National Science Foundation (NSF) STEP (STEM Talent Expansion Program) grant. We have had this funding

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard Evans, National University; Shekar Viswanathan, National University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

motivating and assisting faculty to conduct research andscholarly work at what has traditionally been a highly teaching-focused university. As part ofthis initiative a number of novel institutional programs have been devised and implemented. Thisinitiative encompasses programs such as creating faculty professional development funds;offering faculty awards in the form of money and time allocation; presenting distinguishedscholar awards; publicizing and celebrating scholarly work; formally incorporating researchgoals in annual plans at the college/school, department, and individual faculty levels; and otherincentives. The impact of these efforts has resulted in a significant, measurable increase inresearch and scholarly work over the last four years

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

William Jemison; James Schaffer; William Hornfeck

occasions the faculty mentor may initiate theconversation. Much of the information about the research opportunities and facultyparticipants is passed by word-of-mouth either from student to student or throughinformal lunchtime presentations with food provided by the sponsoring engineeringdepartment. If a faculty member agrees to work with a student, the faculty member Page 6.1036.3 Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2001, American Society for Engineering Educationsubmits a proposal to the Faculty Academic Research Committee, which meets once eachmonth to review

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Matthew Hayes; David Pittner; Bryon Formwalt; Daniel J. Pack

planning around detected obstacles.1 The velocity of the motor is controlled by adjusting the duty cycle of the pulse width Page 2.451.6modulated voltage signal which drives the robot motor. When the decision was first made to initiate the project under the guidance of thementor, the student had no previous knowledge of kinematics, inverse kinematics,dynamics, or artificial intelligence. He began work on the project by doing some researchin the field of walking robotics. After a brief examination of previous research in thisfield, the mentor and the student negotiated a simple set of criteria which would governthe design. The robot would have six

Conference Session

Programmatic Issues in Physics or Engineering Phys

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Evan Lemley, University of Central Oklahoma; Baha Jassemnejad, University of Central Oklahoma; Matthew Mounce, US Navy; Jamie Weber, Parsons; Sudarshan Rai, Unknown; Willy Duffle, University of Central Oklahoma; Jesse Haubrich, University of Central Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

arbitrary junctions. Some computational work had been carried out onthis problem at UCO prior to the senior design project, but the team was to construct and test asystem for validation experiments. These students were highly motivated and met mostdeliverables for the project. This project was an unqualified success. The students even beganmaking initial measurements for research use at the end of the project. Additional systemimprovements were undertaken after the project's completion and currently the system is beingused to make the measurements needed for the research grant.The project entitled “Design of a Laser Tweezer Apparatus” was carried out by a group of threestudents in Fall 2007 and Spring 2008. The project was to design, construct, and

Conference Session

Robots and K-12 Computer Applications

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert L. Avanzato, Pennsylvania State University, Abington

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

multi-robot systems, and that much technologyneeds to be developed in the area of multi-robotic systems in general.Due to the importance of multi-robot solutions, it is equally important that undergraduateeducation and undergraduate research facilities have access to low-cost, reliable and robust robotcommunication technology, and have access to the associated educational resources in order toeffectively expose this technology to students. As an example of existing educational initiatives,educators at Rice University have recently developed and deployed low-cost robots that supportproblem-based learning and foster student collaboration with multi-robot assignments andprojects.4 The multi-robot approach has been successfully incorporated into a

Collection

2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Dan Bumblauskas

,improvements in video capturing technologies and delivery methods have created a marketplacefor undergraduate and graduate engineering coursework and research. Many universities haveextension and outreach departments which serve the local community and states in which theyare based. Engineering distance education programs have been an organic growth opportunityfor such extension divisions. For example, Stanford University’s Stanford Center forProfessional Development (SCPD) in1998 announced the first entirely online degree program inelectrical engineering1. In addition to entirely online degree programs, hybrid programs whichinclude both on-campus and off-campus work are gaining popularity. While initially containedto executive and corporate business

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Frank T. Fisher; Hong Man

-engineering to span the multiplelength scales necessary to realize nanoscience pheneomena in real-world devices. The USNational Nanotechnology Initiative recognizes the importance of the preparation of a diverse andeducated workforce with the necessary training and background required to meet this challenge.To partially address this challenge, in development are Virtual Research Experiences forUndergraduates in Nanotechnology (VREUN) modules to introduce undergraduate students(focusing on the freshmen year) to concepts of nanotechnology in the context of active research.These self-contained multimedia learning modules are based on video documentation ofundergraduate researchers contributing to the nanotechnology research currently underway in ourlabs

Collection

2009 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

B. Samanta; Chiraag Nataraj; Sanjeev Reddy; Mark Woods; C. Nataraj

students to pursue careers in engineering, science, and technology through participationin a sports-like, science and engineering-based robotics competition. Villanova is also aparticipant for GEAR UP, a teacher training program to increase teacher and studentunderstanding of math subjects and to help them use robotics to accomplish their math goals.To provide educational and research experiences to high school students, an exploratory (pilot)project on swarm robotics was initiated in Summer 2008 in the Department of MechanicalEngineering at Villanova University, Villanova, PA with a team of two high school students anda senior Villanova Mechanical Engineering undergraduate under the supervision of two Facultymembers. The plan was to test the

Conference Session

Technical Session 1: Collaborating with Engineering Students and Faculty

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander J. Carroll, North Carolina State University; Bertha P. Chang, North Carolina State University; Honora N. Eskridge, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

for their user community by “saving healthprofessionals’ time,” providing literature searches that “are relevant and useful,” and“contributing to better informed decisions.”53 While we do not anticipate that future assessmentsof our service will demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in research productivity orstudent success, we believe that creating a service that saves our researcher’s time by providinghigh-quality, real time information will represent a noteworthy achievement in its own right.Evaluators of clinical librarian programs suggest using robust, qualitative mixed-methodsapproaches that capture both “performance and impact outcomes,” such as surveys, focusgroups, and interviews.54 Because this initiative was designed

Conference Session

Undergraduate Research and a Force and Moment Lab

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Audrey Pang, Sandia National Laboratories; Carolyn Conner Seepersad, University of Texas, Austin; Sheldon Landsberger, University of Texas, Austin, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

rates and the likelihood ofcontinued research participation and higher education. A new initiative at the University of Texasat Austin (UT Austin), the Freshman Introduction to Research in Engineering (FIRE) program,offers a select group of first-year students with an opportunity to participate in semester-long,faculty-sponsored mechanical engineering research and development projects. In addition to theirresearch, students attend bi-monthly lectures that introduce them to various topics in mechanicalengineering and current research in the field, the successes (and roadblocks) in engineeringresearch and how to overcome them, and career opportunities in engineering. An end of semesterposter session allows students to showcase their research

Collection

2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

. Instructors were encouraged to usestudent-centered teaching techniques such as active learning strategies and backward course design tofurther promote the success of FYS-CUREs. Undergraduate researchers in the laboratory of facultyinstructors, Learning Assistants, and students were provided internship units for their work as part of theinstructional team.Graduate students or postdoctoral fellows, and staff as part of the instructional teams having faculty asinstructors of record taught the FYS base CUREs (FYS-CUREs). FYS based CUREs (FYS-CUREs) wereoffered as 2-unit, letter-graded courses, meeting for two consecutive hours each week for 10 weeks.FYS-CUREs enrollment was managed on a first-come, first-served basis, and seats were initially reservedfor