Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elsa Camargo, Virginia Tech; Ashley Wood, Virginia Tech; Margaret E. Layne, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

increase the number and success of women faculty in science and engineering. She is currently Assistant Provost reporting to the Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs, where her responsibilities include faculty recruitment, development, and reporting. Prior to accepting her current position, Ms. Layne worked as a diversity consultant for the American Association of Engineering Societies and as director of the program on diversity in the engineering workforce at the National Academy of Engineering. She also spent a year as an AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow in the office of Senator Bob Graham. Ms. Layne has degrees in environmental and water resources engineering and science and technology studies. She spent 17

Conference Session

Green and Susainable Manufacturing Practices

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); Carlos Michael Ruiz, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Smarth H. Chadha, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Shraman Kadapa, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Based upon theneed for increased skills in renewable energy and green manufacturing technologies, this paperdiscusses a project based learning approach taken, along with a series of workshops held in thefield of Green Energy Manufacturing to enhance student professional success. In the followingsections of this paper, a detailed explanation of the project used for project based learning as a partof green energy manufacturing class and green energy manufacturing workshop series are given.WORKSHOP GOALS AND AIMSThe workshop on four topics was conducted by Drexel University to support and expose minority-engineering students towards cultivating their skills in emerging green energy manufacturingtechnologies. The workshop was organized and

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FPD) Technical Session 2: Designing Creativity - Innovation Through First-Year Maker Projects

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Artre Reginald Turner, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jason Morphew, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Kerrie A Douglas, Purdue University – West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FPD)

recreational games can enhance problem-solving abilities, aiming to bridge the gap between leisure activities and academic performance.Dr. Jason Morphew, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI) Dr. Jason Morphew is an assistant professor at Purdue University in the School of Engineering Education. He serves as the director of undergraduate curriculum and advanced learning technologies for SCALE and is affiliated with the INSPIRE research institute for Pre-College Engineering and the Center for Advancing the Teaching and Learning of STEM. He serves as the course curator for the Freshman semester engineering design course that serves over 2,500 freshman engineering students every year. His award-winning teaching has been

Conference Session

Principal Skinner's Secrets: Cultivating STEM in Remote Locations, Steamed Hams!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcelo Caplan, Columbia College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

knowledge of the content presented during the course.4.2 Student Attitudes Toward STEM (S-STEM) SurveyThe Student Attitudes Toward STEM (S-STEM) Survey was used to answer the project's second researchquestion. This survey was developed at the Friday Institute for Educational Innovation – College ofEducation North Carolina University [18] to collect and interpret information about students’ attitudestoward science, technology, engineering, and mathematics subjects, postsecondary pathways, andcareer interests. This instrument is free to access and modify for educational use and can be adapted tolocal conditions as long as the source is cited.Given that the audience of the course is Spanish-speaking, the project used, translated, and adapted aversion

Conference Session

Mathematics in Transition

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Linder, Math Out of the Box; Donna Gunderson, Math Out of the Box/Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

federal funding has been allocated towards preparing ourstudents, teachers, and future professionals in the areas of science, technology, engineering, andmathematics (STEM)2. Much of the research associated with this funding has focused on K-12education and more specifically with increasing student achievement in STEM areas beginningin Kindergarten. This growing concern to increase student achievement has resulted in a pushfor practitioners to utilize what has been termed, inquiry instruction, in the classroom. The term inquiry has been used in numerous journal articles, textbooks, pre-serviceeducation courses, and professional development workshops. The National Research Councilidentified the use of inquiry as an integral part of

Conference Session

Mentoring Practices and Project Teams

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Cao, Oregon State University; Christina Smith, Brown University; Benjamin David Lutz, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

practice as well as exploring students’ conceptions of diversity and its importance within engineering fields.Dr. Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University Milo Koretsky is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Oregon State University. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from UC San Diego and his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, all in Chemical Engineering. He currently has research activity in areas related engineering education and is interested in integrating technology into effective educational practices and in promoting the use of higher-level cognitive skills in engineering problem solving. His research interests particularly focus on what prevents students from being able to integrate and extend the knowledge developed

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd France, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

student-directed situations which require them to initiateinquiry, direct investigations, manage time, and use technology productively.Furthermore, capturing the benefits of an inquiry learning model necessitates a foundation offactual knowledge.1 A strong knowledge base helps students flexibly retrieve information withlittle effort, providing cognitive capacity to organize thoughts, interpret observations, connectconcepts from other disciplines, reason, problem solve, and develop explanations.16,17 Inengineering design courses, whereby an iterative cycle is embedded into the process (sometimesreferred to as trial-and-error), it is imperative that students apply this tactic mindfully.18 Suchmindfulness calls for detailed observations and logical

Conference Session

FPD12 -- Novel Approaches to First Year Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Meyer, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; Nancy Lamm, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; Joshua Smith, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2007-2476: RETAINING FRESHMAN ENGINEERING STUDENTS THROUGHPARTICIPATION IN A FIRST-YEAR LEARNING COMMUNITY: WHAT WORKSAND WHAT DOESN'TJanet Meyer, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis Janet Meyer, MA, is an Academic Specialist and Part-time Lecturer in the Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, IUPUI. She has an undergraduate degree in Metallurgical Engineering from Purdue University and a Masters degree in religion. She is completing a second Masters in Higher Education at Indiana University. She first developed the engineering learning communities at IUPUI in 1999 and continues to teach them.Nancy Lamm, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis Nancy Lamm, MSE, is

Conference Session

Understanding Student Development in Design

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Kenny Feister, California State University, Channel Islands; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); David Torres, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

andpractitioners,3 there has been less definitive progress on integrating ethics into pedagogy andpractice.13,14 We adopt the “everyday ethics” view from science and technology studies (STS)14,15that views ethics as inherently interwoven throughout the design process and manifest in themicro-decisions and practices of design work. As a step toward developing more effectiveintegration of technical and ethical considerations in student design work, this study explores howthese two design considerations emerge as relational components of team-based design work.That is, we probe how perceptions of team members’ technical and ethical competence mayimpact the social environment in which design work is achieved. We specifically considered thecommunicative

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Bethany Oberst; Russel Jones

Session xxxx Canaries in the mineshaft: engineers in the global workplace Bethany S. Oberst, Ph.D., James Madison University and Russel C. Jones, Ph.D., P.E., World Expertise LLCAbstractWe need to get beyond the overheated rhetoric about the offshoring of jobs and look seriously athow engineers and the engineering profession want to live and act in society. This articleoutlines the current debate about the migration of jobs overseas and the dismemberment ofengineering and technology jobs into commodifiable pieces. It is written so as to provide

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON) Technical Session 2 - Engineering for One Planet (EOP)

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cherish C. Vance, The Ohio State University; Patrick J. Sours, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON)

Engineering minor were developed and are currently taught by personnel in ourdepartment. After engaging in formal and informal activities to build interest and support, aproposal was developed and presented to the Academic Affairs Committee and is slated forapproval within the next few months.The proposed course creation and revisions incorporated learning outcomes spanning severaltopics within the EOP framework, including Design, Critical Thinking, Social Responsibility,Communication and Teamwork, and Environmental Literacy. The EOP framework provided theguiding principles as we developed and modified curriculum for inclusion in the Engineering forSustainable Development specialization. We sought to create programmatic elements thatbalance student

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Technical Session - Effective Teaching 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cade Person, Michigan State University; Christiana Kiesling, Michigan State University; George H. Berghorn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

Needs Cade Person1, Christiana Kiesling1, Kristen Cetin1 and George Berghorn2 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 2 School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MIAbstractMass timber is an emerging construction technology growing in popularity in the United Statesand throughout the world. This is because of the various benefits of mass timber, such asstructural stability, fire performance, ease of construction, low carbon footprint, and biophilicaesthetic. One identified obstacle in the gradual adoption of mass timber construction is thelimited availability of qualified engineers

Conference Session

Topics in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Miller, Society of Automotive Engineers International; Elizabeth Bachrach, Goodman Research Group, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

intelligence toward thestudy of science, technology, engineering and math— widely regarded as imperative skills in the21st Century. This is evident given that fewer than one-third of U.S. 4th grade and 8th gradestudents performed at or above a level called “proficient” in science, and nearly one-fifth of the4th graders and one-third of the 8th graders lacked the competence to perform basicmathematical computations1. US 4th Grade Math Achievement (NAEP)US 4th Grade Science Achievement (NAEP)US 8th Grade Science Achievement (NAEP) US 8th Grade Math Achievement (NAEP)The inability to engage students, even those as young as elementary school, in these coresubjects has resulted in an emerging

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Zebin Pepin; Douglas E. Dow

2025 ASEE Northeast Section Conference, March 22, 2025, University of Bridgeport, Bridgpeort, CT, USA. Automated Queueing System using Facial Recognition Applying AI and Computer Vision to Queue Automation Zebin Pepin Douglas E. Dow Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Wentworth Institute of Technology Wentworth Institute of Technology Boston, Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts Abstract— Theme parks

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan M Lord, University of San Diego; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Richard A. Layton; Marisa K. Orr, Clemson University; Russell Andrew Long, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Joseph Roy, American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

inelectrical engineering and information technology [20]. In September 2022, we presented aworkshop and paper at the Southern Association for Institutional Research (SAIR) Conference inNew Orleans, LA [21 , 22]. In October 2022, we presented a paper about international anddomestic students in the five most popular engineering disciplines, chemical, civil, electrical,industrial, and mechanical, at the Frontiers in Education (FIE) conference in Sweden [23].AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful for the support of the National Science Foundation through Grants 2142087 and214903.References[1] M. W. Ohland, S. D. Sheppard, G. Lichtenstein, O. Eris, D. Chachra, and R. A. Layton, “Persistence, engagement, and migration in Engineering,” J. Eng. Ed., vol. 97

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis Godoy, University of Puerto Rico

approach), or usingnew information and communication technologies within the framework of an active approach.This research attempts to meet the need of integrating lessons learned from case studies ofstructural failures by developing new learning materials to be used as part of an existing course.Specifically, we attempt to create new learning materials for active learning in a simulatedenvironment. The main goals are to improve students’ awareness about the causes and effects ofstructural failures in engineering, and to help them develop skills on conducting failureinvestigations.To achieve this, the present research develops a computer-based learning system, in whichstudents learn on structural failures by performing in a simulated environment

Conference Session

How to Effectively Teach Using Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Burian, University of Utah; Pedro Romero, University of Utah; Steven Bartlett, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

their undergraduate education2. Because most undergraduatecivil engineering curricula were developed with little consideration for incorporatingcommunication, management, and leadership, addressing the emerging need has beenaccomplished with new courses3,4, special programs5, and creative teaching tactics. Many civilengineering departments do not have the luxury to introduce required courses into thecurriculum; consequently, the importance of developing and implementing new teachingmethods and educational activities into existing courses to address communications, teaming,management, and leadership is paramount6. Recent ideas include the use of role playing7 and theenhancement of team design experiences8. In this paper we present the approach

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Ravi Jain

programs (Saikali and Jain, 1996). The study provides a synopsis of thekey features of each program surveyed and comparisons among the programs (See Table 1). Tofocus on the objectives and goals of establishing an international engineering program, it isimportant to understand the need in a global context.Clearly, the United States of America is entering a “new world order” without its customaryleadership in technology, industry, and economy. The changing international role of this countrydemands that leaders of educational institutions ensure that their graduates have adequateknowledge of global issues (Smickler and Sommers, 1989).In a modern global economy, international trade is essential for continued economic growth of anation. Figure 1

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 1 - Women in Computing

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tiana Solis, Florida International University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

the personalattention necessary for student persistence and a sense of belonging. The project setup adoptedsome potential solutions inspired by the success of peer mentoring [3].2. Context2.1 UTAs Implementation and SettingsIn this study, the role of UTA is a paid position exclusively available to enrolled undergraduatestudents. The funding for the UTA's salary is part of broader participation in a three-year grantproject [10], with the expectation of continued internal funding from our institution once thegrant expires. Programming I (CS1) is a prerequisite course for bachelor's degree studentsmajoring in Computer Science, Information Technology Software, and Computer Engineering.Additionally, some non-science majors may take the course to

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation of K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Ann Rursch, Iowa State University; Douglas W. Jacobson, Iowa State University; Andy Luse, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

written a textbook on network security and is completing a second book on computer security literacy. He is director of the IT- Adventures program and oversees the cyber defense competitions hosted at ISU. His research is targeted at developing large scale attack simulation environments and is the Director of the Internet-Scale Event and Attack Generation Environment (ISEAGE) test bed project.Andy Luse, Iowa State University Andy Luse is a Ph.D. student in business and technology specializing in management of information technology at Iowa State University. Luse received his Ph.D. in human computer interaction and computer engineering from Iowa State University in 2009. His research interests include computer and

Conference Session

Early College Retention Programs

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Wayne Burleson; Theodore Djaferis; Paul Dobosh; Orin Hoffman

course. In Page 10.948.15our case, we believe our emphasis on the “systems perspective” not only expanded the“Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition” Copyright  2005, American society for Engineering Educationskills, technology, and engineering fields that students were exposed to but also improvedupon the hands-on design process itself, providing the students with new tools, strategies,and skills that enabled them to more effectively progress and benefit from the designprocess.Work partially supported by the Rochlis Foundation, the Engineering Information

Conference Session

Transgression, Conflict, and Altruism

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joey Valle, Purdue University; Lazlo Stepback, Purdue University; Polly Parkinson, Utah State University; Fawn Groves, Utah State University; Angela Minichiello, Utah State University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

, male engineer-managers with close ties to industry owners exerting control over state apparatuses, engineering academies, and professional societies. Business professionalism has been made the official ideology of the organized engineering profession, one which reproduces a culture of disengagement. This focuses efforts toward individual careers and upward mobility in corporate hierarchies rather than collective or systemic change toward safer, healthier, and more just workplaces and worlds. 3. Engineers’ societal status and timing of unionization – US engineers nominally enjoy a high societal status owing to their associations with business and technology that are both highly valued in US society

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Stephanie Farrell

) using environmentally benign agents such as CO2 isan emerging technology in the field of drug delivery. SFT has been used to prepare drugdelivery systems of various types: polymeric particles, plain drug particles, drug-containingliposomes, and inclusion complexes of drug and carrier. In comparison with traditional Page 10.494.7techniques for preparation of these types of systems, SFT enables more control over formulation,thereby allowing more precise control of drug release from delivery systems [ 17].Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition Copyright

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Ashraf Ghaly

”related to their majors. These courses are meant to provide engineering students with abackground in history, the arts, and social or behavioral sciences. The liberal arts students, on theother hand, are not necessarily required to take courses in aspects related to engineering ortechnology. The recent technological advances of the information age have touched the society ina tangible way. The importance and vitality of engineering and technology to a smoothlyfunctioning society cannot be overstated. Despite this major role played by engineering andtechnology in the daily lives of many people, the undergraduate education curriculums have notcreated a proportionate room to accommodate and represent these factors. It is argued that anexposure of

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Krishnanand Y Maillacheruvu, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

. He has also published papers on learning and teaching related to civil and environmental engineering education. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the Executive Director of the Center for Emerging Technologies in Infrastructure and a Professor of Civil Engineering at Bradley University. He earned his BS in Civil Engineering and MS degree in Construction Management from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He received a second MSCE in soil dynamics and a Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the co-author of 11 engineering textbooks including Nu- merical Methods, geotechnical, Statics and Dynamics, and software application. These books were used

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Cross-cultural Awareness and Social Impacts

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt M. DeGoede, Elizabethtown College; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Momodou Jain

Tagged Divisions

International

sustainable and appropriate technologies, in the context of a total design approachincluding long-term factors such as energy consumption, local materials, durability, maintenanceand economic sustainability of the project.While the first academic year of this collaboration produced several tangible results and greatfirst steps, if this year's results were the conclusion, we would be disappointed. However wefind encouragement from the founder of the EPICS program at Purdue University “When youstart [an engineering Service-Learning program], start small and imperfect…Start withsomething and build.” 1 The past 15 months represent very successful “imperfect” first steps in along collaborative intervention.Model for CollaborationA few simple ideas from

Conference Session

Student Experiences and Development – Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rawle D. Sookwah, University of South Carolina; Sona Gholizadeh, University of South Carolina; Shanta A. Jerideau, University of South Carolina; Lindell D. Diez; Ryan G. Carlson, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

throughout engineering studies [40]. Healthy interpersonal developmentwithin a family improves one’s capacity to effectively communicate and function in the extendedsocial network of college [41], [42]. A feature that differentiates social capital analysis andBowenian system conceptualization is the degree of attention paid to emotional processes withinthe social network. Bowenian theory posits parallels between the emotional patterns developedin family interaction and the resultant capacity to thrive in social environments.2.2 Intergenerational Family PatternInteractions between system members shape attitudes and beliefs that inform communicativepatterns with extended social systems [24]. Self-efficacy emerges from successful familialinteractions

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria Matthew, VentureWell/Epicenter; Thema Monroe-White, SageFox Consulting Group; Shelly Engelman, SageFox Consulting Group

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the collective impact approach. Thebenefits of networks, and specifically inter-organizational networks, include learning, capacitybuilding, a collective ability to exert pressure to foster change and support each other in thatchange30. These benefits can lead to a greater sense of commitment to shared goals.In communities of practice, membership is always voluntary. Members elect to join because theybelieve they have something to contribute and to gain from the community. Other members areinvited in because current members perceive them to be a good fit. For organizations looking tofoster communities, potential communities can emerge from informal groups that have an area ofinterest or domain in common. Rather than being managed, communities

Conference Session

Focus on Faculty Development

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura D. Hahn, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Cinda Heeren

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

topichas been the newly established promotion practices, and those few who have navigated thatprocess have been generous in sharing their experiences.Second, we offer ideas and experiences that will help teaching faculty develop professionally.An engineering education expert provided a session on the basics of education research, andcontinues to meet separately with a subset of our participants to flesh out ideas for researchprojects. Newly emerging is an interest among participants in exploratory practice, a frameworkfor professional development based on structured reflective practice.28 Through this frameworkwe have informally and collaboratively examined some of our challenging teaching experiencesas “puzzles” to be worked out through

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1: In the Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reza Kamali, Utah Valley University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

technical data requirements is covered. Students who take this lesson should knowthe fundamentals of wireless communications. II. History of Radio RegulationThe first radio regulation started with maritime service. The Wireless Ship Act of 1910 requestedthe ocean-going ships traveling to, or from the United States to have transmitting equipment ifmore than 60 passengers were on board the ship12. The first comprehensive regulation was theRadio Act of 1912, which was the first attempt to address emergency services for internationaltreaty obligation. The tragic sinking of Titanic motivated the requirement for licensing not onlystations, but also operators. The 1912 Act also required regulations for modulation type,protection of the private messages