Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES) Technical Session 1: Critical Reflections on Teaching and Learning

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Desen Sevi Özkan, University of Connecticut; Todd Campbell, University of Connecticut; Pamela C Detrois, University of Connecticut

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

Instruction at the University of Connecticut.Pamela C Detrois, University of Connecticut ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025Characteristics and Discourses about Energy Transition: Insights fromCrossdisciplinary Student TalkAbstractDiscourses of energy and energy transition have become increasingly prevalent in informal and formallearning spaces. Energy transitions differ across regions, contexts, and technologies. The contextualnature of energy is an opportunity for a sociotechnical approach to its study. Energy transition is not onebig change effort but instead is made up of countless decision points negotiated by and throughgeography, technology, culture, and people. In this study, we examine the

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darryl Dickerson, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Tasha Zephirin, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

, Technology,Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). National data suggests that an urgent, sustained,comprehensive, intensive, coordinated, and informed national effort is necessary to increasesuccess of underrepresented minorities (URMs) in STEM [2]. URM is the classification given tothe following groups: African American, Hispanic American or Latino, Native American, NativeHawaiian or Pacific Islander. In the US, these groups comprise 31.1% of the population [3], yetthey are only 17.4% of the student population pursuing engineering degrees [4]. In general, the successful pathway to a career in STEM typically requires “the acquisitionof knowledge, skills, and habits of mind; opportunities to put these into practice; a developingsense of

Conference Session

Track: Collegiate - Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Julian Viera Jr., University of Texas, El Paso; Elsa Q. Villa, University of Texas, El Paso; Christina Convertino; Erika Mein, University of Texas, El Paso; Sarah Hug, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Collegiate, Diversity

learning on the first-year math course performance of engineering students,” In Proc. American Society for Engineering Education Conference Proceedings, 06, 2013, pp. 1-15.[11] L. Sheryn, and F. Ell, “Teaching undergraduate mathematics in interactive groups: how does it fit with students’ learning?” International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, vol. 45, no.6, pp. 863-878, 2014.[12] R. Brusi, A. Portnoy, and N. Toro, “Student engagement and completion in precalculus precalculus mega section: Efficiently assisting student engagement and completion with communications and information technology,” Journal of STEM Education: Innovations and Research, vol. 14 no. 1, p. 20, 2013

Conference Session

NASA Fellowship Program

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Abhijit Nagchaudhuri

isavailable for free of cost for downloading from the internet. Figure 2 shows an image acquired duringthe November 1, 2002 launch from a height of 500 ft. and its’ analysis using Multispec for land usepatterns. The fall colors of November are clearly visible in the image. Goal (iv) was also demonstrated during this launch. With the support of Information Technology staff on UMES campus, the UMESAIR team was successful in transmitting the blimp launch over the internet using a web cam. Figure 3

Conference Session

Design And Manufacturing Experiences I

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Timothy Hunt; Eduardo Ortega; David Miller; Alfred Striz

: Mechanical Example - Altimeter Bay AssemblyThe process was repeated several times down the side of the nosecone. Each additional hole waspositioned in a spiral pattern, which radiated back away from the tip of the nosecone, to insurethat measurement ports would not disrupt airflow to ports downstream.A shortage of high-power solid rocket motors from Aerotech induced a search for anothersupplier. Upon finding a source for a motor, we were informed that the internal pressures fromthe new propellant would be higher than the specifications of our current motor housing. Thisresulted in the need for a stronger motor casing. The new supplier fabricated this casing such thatit could utilize the existing interface to the rest of the rocket system.Electronic

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Denny Davis; Larry McKenzie; Steve Beyerlein; Michael Trevisan

Session 2625 Enhancing Scoring Reliability in Mid-Program Assessment of Design Denny Davis, Michael Trevisan, Larry McKenzie Washington State University Steve Beyerlein University of IdahoAbstractFor the past six years, faculty across Washington State have worked to define and measuredesign competencies for the first two years of engineering and engineering technology degreeprograms. A three part performance-based assessment to assess student design capabilities at themid-program level was developed for this

Conference Session

Capacity Building: Engineering for Development & Megatrends

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Russel Jones

curriculum, has created productive ties withlocal industries and successful Moldovan entrepreneurs, and is taking steps to reinvigorate scientists,engineers and researchers whose livelihood was destroyed in the political and economic aftermath of thebreakdown of the Soviet Union. In its comprehensive design and strategic collaborations, the Center canserve as a model for other universities which seek to identify their role in their country’s economicgrowth and recovery.The notion of teaching entrepreneurship in economies emerging from the former Soviet Union is new.For more information, readers are referred to the websites of the Technical University of Moldova(http://www.utm.md) and the Black Sea Universities Network (http://www.bsunonline.org

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Wells, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

board process engineering, printed electronics, applications of RFID technologies and manufacturing engineering pedagogy. Through his research, Dr. Wells has supervised the completion of twelve graduate degrees in the past six years. His publication history includes nearly seventy print publications and over forty invited presentations. He has addressed professional audiences in Ukraine, Japan, India, Brazil, Peru, Mexico and Canada, as well as in many United States venues. For many years, he has been active in the national leadership of Society of Manufacturing Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education, and ABET. Over the past twenty-six years, he has been a

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session: Pedogogy and Training

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gita Andhika Swastanto, Purdue Polytechnic Graduate Programs; Fiodesy Putri, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Julius Keller, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Edward Faith, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Paper ID #38068Student Paper: Study of COVID-19 Impact on AviationMaintenance Training in IndonesiaGita Andhika Swastanto Gita Andhika Swastanto is a MS Aviation and Aerospace Management student in the School of Aviation and Transportation Technology at Purdue University. His study is fully funded by Fulbright Scholarship by the U.S. Department of State. He earned his B.Sc. in Engineering Physics from Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia. Mr. Gita has five years’ work experience in Aircraft MRO company as an aircraft development engineer.Fiodesy Putri Fiodesy Gemilang Putri is a MS Technology (Aviation

Conference Session

Investigating Student Pathways to and through Undergraduate and Graduate Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samantha Splendido, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

rely on the growth of technology to improve their researchcapabilities and further their findings within studies. Qualitative research fields, specifically, havebenefitted from growing technology, especially relating data collection (e.g. audio/visualrecordings, transcription services) and analysis (e.g. statistical software packages, word processingtechnology) [1]. However, an area that is underutilized by qualitative researchers is artificialintelligence (AI). AI and its sub-fields present a space for qualitative researchers to build uponexisting research to enhance future studies through computational methods and modeling. In thispaper we will focus on the potential for agent-based modeling (ABM), one such sub-field of AI,to contribute to

Conference Session

Multidisiplinary Student Research Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Fevre, Elizabethtown College; Tomas Estrada, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Design,” IEEE Transactions on Control System Technology, vol. 13, no. 4, Jul. 2005.5. D. P. Crismond, and R. S. Adams, “The Informed Design Teaching and Learning Matrix,” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 101, no. 4, Oct. 2012.6. B. Layng, D. Cain, K. McNulty, R. O’Connor, and T. Estrada (faculty mentor), “Design of an Autonomous, Line Following Pace Car for Athletic Training,” Zone 1 ASEE Confereence, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Connecticut, April 2014.7. J.E. Speich, S. Yingfeng, and K.K. Leang (2008, December). “Low-Cost IR Reflective Sensors for Submicrolevel Position Measurement and Control,” in IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 13, pp. 700-709.8. M. P. Hans, AAAI

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymundo Arroyave, Texas A&M University; Miladin Radovic, Texas A&M University; Jefferey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

National Academy of Engineering at least half requiredesign and development of new materials1, 2. Making solar energy more economical, forexample, requires the development of photovoltaic semiconducting materials with broaderabsorption ranges3. Fusion power generation is even more challenging as sustained andcontrolled release of fusion energy has yet to be demonstrated even at the laboratory scale. Evenif the many technological and scientific hurdles related to controlled fusion power can beovercome, practical deployment of this possibly game-changing technology requires thedevelopment of materials capable of withstanding unprecedented operating conditions4, 5. In thebiomedical field, materials science has emerged as an essential tool for the

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Potpourri II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen R. Hoffmann, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University; Ranjani L. Rao, Purdue University; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

1989 4 [21] response to SD Focus on educational contexts of sustainability ITESM (Monterrey University / educational, learning outcomes 2005 12 [22] Institute of Technology) From International Conference on Barcelona Principles Engineering Education for Sustainable 2004 15 [23] Development (EESD)Through emergent coding, we then developed a series of specific codes that described theprinciples, and organized them into the six themes. The first pass through the data established theprovisional set of codes, with free

Conference Session

Student Success and Support Mechanisms in Engineering Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jemal Bedane Halkiyo, Arizona State University; Abdisa Bedane Halkiyu, Bule Hora University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

students in focus in the United States higher education institutions. In addition, Mr. Halkiyo is interested in broadening the participation of engineering education in Ethiopian universities to increase the diversity, inclusivity, equity, and quality of Engineering Education. He studies how different student groups such as women and men, rich and poor, students from rural and urban, and technologically literate and less literate can have quality and equitable learning experiences and thrive in their performances. In doing so, he focuses on engineering education policies and practices in teaching and learning processes, assessments, laboratories, and practical internships. Mr. Halkiyo has been teaching different Civil

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Zahraa Krayem Stuart, Stony Brook University; Monica Bugallo, Stony Brook University; Kathleen Dinota, Stony Brook University; Hechuan Wang, Stony Brook University; Amanda Esposito, Stony Brook University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

verbal questions. Ultimately, these lecture presentationsprovided participants with the information needed in order to complete the activity.Lastly, the Crosscutting Concepts dimension provides participants with a framework for thinking acrossdisciplines. As shown in the activities described above, participants were able to incorporate cause and effectrelations, systems and system models, and energy and matter [3] in their learning by utilizing concepts ofengineering design, engineering practices, coding, and material science. The influence of science, engineering,and technology on society and the natural world was presented through the activities that resembled real-worldchallenges engineers face and try to solve.Survey InstrumentQuantitative

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

worthwhile"9, related to the engineering discipline9, the difficulty of beginningwith very open-ended problems4, and choosing "modern and emerging technologies with whichmost of the students would have some familiarity"10.Research Questions and Reviewed ArtifactsTo better answer the questions "Does project selection impact outcomes in capstone courses?"and "What aspects of projects positively impact capstone outcomes?" data archived from ABETevaluation activities at a large, public research university were reviewed. This data includedwritten and oral project reports, rubric-based evaluation of the reports by faculty and outsideevaluators, written project descriptions given to students, and scores from rubrics used forproject demonstration evaluation

Conference Session

Medley of Undergraduate Programming and Pedagogies

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kimia Moozeh, University of Toronto; Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto; Nikita Dawe, University of Toronto; Rubaina Khan, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

for pedagogical innovation and transdisciplinary engineering education.Nikita Dawe, University of Toronto PhD student in the Collaborative Specialization in Engineering Education and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto.Ms. Rubaina Khan, University of Toronto Rubaina is a Ph.D. student within the Department of Curriculum, Teaching, and Learning at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto. She is also pursuing a collaborative spe- cialization in Engineering Education. Rubaina received her M. Sc. Degree in Computer Control and Automation from the Nanyang Technology University in Singapore in 2008. She went on to work for an MIT research

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 7

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sonia Travaglini, Stanford University; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

Paper ID #38127Engaging Aerospace Students with Experiential Learning in HybridProject-based CoursesDr. Sonia Travaglini, Stanford University Dr. Sonia Travaglini specializes in the intersection of engineering and active learning, and is an educator passionate about new technologies and collaboration. Sonia enjoys supporting engineering outreach and diversity in engineering.Dr. Sheri Sheppard, Swarthmore College Sheri D. Sheppard, Ph.D., P.E., is professor of Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. Besides teaching both undergraduate and graduate design and education related classes at Stanford University, she

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Eddington, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Danielle Corple, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

inclusion (D&I) within professional formation inECE. We identified three tensions (push/pull dynamics of contradictions) that emerged from theparticipants’ experiences in the design sessions [10]. We conclude by discussing our emerginginsights into the effectiveness of design thinking toward cultural change efforts in engineering.BackgroundThe Evolution of Engineering CulturesTo enact organizational culture change, an understanding of the organization’s cultural valuesand norms is critical. Particularly within engineering contexts, Godfrey and Parker cautioned that“if the espoused values inherent in any proposed change did not reflect enacted values at an“operational level,” change would be difficult to sustain” [8, p. 19]. That is, any change

Conference Session

The Impact of Curriculum on the Retention of Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

?Transcripts from the 10 interviews were reviewed and coded to identify a number of themes,upon which themes across interviews were compared to identify trends. Throughout thepaper, embedded in the literature review, 8 common trends that emerged from the qualitativeinterview data are identified and explored.Women and STEMA Brief History and Current StatisticsWhile women have made great strides in the fields of science, technology, engineering, andmathematics (STEM), inequalities remain. As long as the inequalities exist at both theacademic and career levels, we will continue to miss the unique perspectives women canbring to the design of new technologies and scientific procedures.Females have traditionally been excluded from science and math, and this

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dominic Halsmer, Oral Roberts University; Nicholas Halsmer, Oral Roberts University; Robert Johnson, Oral Roberts University; James Wanjiku, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Page 13.1201.14 the origin of biological information. In accordance with this, the idea of biological information emerges as *the* fundamental concept in the physicochemical theory of the origin of life.49This is a very interesting state of affairs, considering the fact that it was also information that hadto have been present at the beginning of the universe for finely-tuned life-supporting laws andorderly structures to develop. It appears as though multiple aspects of our universe, from the verylarge, to the very small, reflect the influence of a transcendent, yet calculating, intentionalitywhich is concerned with at least one thing: the development and sustenance of intelligent life.One final reference concerning the

Collection

2007 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Amber J. Kemppainen; Alex S. Mayer; Jacqueline E. Huntoon

Introducing Sustainable Design into First Year Engineering Education Amber J. Kemppainen, Alex S. Mayer, Jacqueline E. Huntoon Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 Abstract Engineering students at Michigan Technological University are introduced to sustainability through completion of integrated coursework during their first semester engineering class. From this course, students are able to define sustainability, determine the sustainability of their individual lifestyles, and investigate the sustainability of technological advancements. In their second semester, students learn that engineers need to evaluate the economic, environmental and social aspects of their designs in order

Conference Session

Undergraduate Track - Technical Session II

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Adam Stark Masters, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Undergraduate Education

justice in engineering with particular attention to the experiences of women & LGBTQ+ engineering students. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 How Making and Maker Spaces have Contributed to Diversity & Inclusion in Engineering: A [non-traditional] Literature ReviewAbstractThe Maker Movement, complete with the opening of maker spaces around the country, has beenpositioned as an ‘equalizer,’ a way to give more people access to the science, technology,engineering, and math (STEM) fields. The movement has emerged concurrent with the push toinstitute active learning in educational spaces; both making and active learning give learnershands-on experiences. In addition

Conference Session

Humanitarian Engineering, Social Entrepreneurship and Communitarian Innovation in the Global South

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martha Janneth Salinas S, Minuto de Dios University Corporation; viviana Garzon, UNIMINUTO; IVÁN DARÍO GARCIA P.E., UNIVERSIDAD MINUTO DE DIOS; Miguel Gonzalez, Universidad Minuto de Dios

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

accreditation processes. Electronic Engineer, Specialist in Quality Management with disciplinary and investigative training in project management, process op- timization through the integration of mobile technology solutions, Hand Held, information management, implementation of new technologies, maintenance, installation and debugging of electrical systems in production, planning and installation of electrical and data networks.Miguel Gonzalez, Universidad Minuto de Dios Director of Project Management Office at the Social Innovation Science Park. Master in Organizational Management. More than 5 years of experience working in social innovation projects related with green business, innovation in education and housing. Research

Conference Session

Research to Practice: STRAND 4 – K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design (Part 1)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Avneet Hira, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Morgan M Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

can potentially fill in the gap between technologies that targeteducation, and learning that goes on in classrooms. The Maker movement is a popular topicthat has emerged over the last few years. Its initiation dates back to 2005 when Dale Doughertyfounded the Make Magazine 2. However, dialogues around the space alone will not ensure itsinclusion in making learning better. Making in classrooms following an interest-basedframework is a step in the direction of filling the aforementioned gap. Page 26.294.6ImplementationThis section looks at the implementation of the proposed framework in the future. We will firstpresent examples of what design

Conference Session

Online Learning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael E. Auer, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences; Diana Vasilica Pop; Danilo Garbi Zutin P.E., Carinthia University of Applied Sciences

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

leading member of numerous national and international organizations in the field of online technologies. He is Founder and Chair of the an- nual international ICL and REV conferences and Chair or member of the program committees of several international conferences and workshops. He is editor-in-chief of the International Journals of Online En- gineering (iJOE, http://www.i-joe.org/), Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET, http://www.i-jet.org/), and Interactive Mobile Technolgies (iJIM, http://www.i-jim.org/). Auer is Founding-President and CEO of the International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE) since 2006, a non-governmental organi- zation that promotes the vision of new engineering working environments

Conference Session

CE Body of Knowledge

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Walter Massie

Session 3115 Justifying a Body of Knowledge Walter W. Massie, MSc, P.E. Offshore Engineering Curriculum Leader Delft University of Technology Delft, The NetherlandsAbstractThere has recently been a lot of discussion going on within the membership of the AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers (ASCE) about credentials for professional practice. The AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is now starting its own discussion on this same topic.At the same time, few, it seems, have attempted to

Conference Session

Undergraduate Research & New Directions

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Aranggan Venkataratnam; Ashok Goel

Session 1332 Undergraduate Research in Nanotechnology Circuit Design Ashok Goel, Constance Rimatzki, Dean Gores and Aranggan Venkataratnam Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI 49931 AbstractUndergraduate research in the area of nanotechnology circuit design is described. Twoundergraduate students worked with electrical engineering graduate students and afaculty member on projects related to designing nanoscale logic gates and circuits usingsingle electron transistors

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Valerie Vance; Michael Cornachione; Harriet Cornachione

. Page 9.12.1Introduction Oregon Institute of Technology (OIT) is a public institution focused on undergraduateeducation with limited graduate offerings. The main campus is located in southernOregon on the high desert, eastern Cascades region, approximately 300 miles south ofPortland, Oregon and 350 miles northeast of San Francisco, California. Programs arealso offered at a Portland campus and in Seattle, Washington. The civil engineering degree program is the only engineering program currentlyoffered at OIT and is limited to the Klamath Falls campus. The department also offers adegree in geomatics and maintains a student population of about 130-150 students, with100-120 majoring in civil engineering. Other engineering-related programs

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Andrew Wilkerson P.E., York College of Pennsylvania; Yargo Teixeira Gomes de Melo, York College of Pennsylvania; Alex Suarez, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

, integrating a varying chord length to ensure a uniform Re along the blade span. Thisprototype was produced using 3D printing technology with Polylactic acid (PLA) andsubsequently treated with MonoKote plastic shrink wrap for finishing. It was during this processthat the limitations of the institution's manufacturing resources became evident, guiding thedecision towards a composite rotor-prop as the most effective solution for this project.Throughout this process, the student leveraged his expertise in drone racing and design tonavigate the project's trajectory. Faculty guidance was instrumental, offering a dialogue thatfostered informed decision-making and encouraged the application of theoretical knowledge topractical challenges, such as discussions