Collection

2013 GSW

Authors

Amen I. Omoragbon; Gary J. Coleman; Lex Gonzalez; Brandon Watters; Bernd Chudoba

;C) FAA certification & safety assessment of the proposed transport. The baselineselected for the study is the long-haul wide-body mission (325 PAX, 8,000nm at M0.85)represented by the B777-300ER. The baseline B777-300ER as well as the modified TVC B777are sized and compared. The results show a 17% increase in L/D, a 17% reduction of emptyweight, a 27% decrease in fuel weight and an 18% decrease in Direct Operating Cost (DOC)from the TVC B777 to the baseline. The S&C analysis shows that the aircraft needs to be flownunstable in order to reduce the control power burden on the engines. It also shows thatdirectional control in cross wind is the most design-constraining flight condition (DCFC) andthat the vehicle is uncontrollable with

Conference Session

Knowing our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Winters, Virginia Tech; Holly Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Ruth Streveler, Purdue Universtiy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, engineering classes are often very large, lecture-style classes. Consequently, manyengineering students experience relatively little student-teacher relationship building and lessindividualized instruction, but more controlling settings created by the need for uniformity inassignments and grading. This presents a potential mismatch between students‟ needs andexpectations and the learning environment. Since we know that relationships and classroomengagement-factors are critically important in college student development, persistence, andacademic success10-13, it is important to better understand this potential mismatch in students‟needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness and the college learning environment.Through the National Survey of

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

William Bambrick

-manage individual work activities within a process. This concept corresponds to the tasks defined in a work breakdown structure that is developed for large projects or programs. Tasks to create specific deliverables can be defined and assigned to a responsible organization or individual with a scheduled completion date in a Project Management system and electronically sent to the PDM system for Page 4.141.10 execution. The PDM workflow manages the execution of the tasks. Each task will have its own requirements for the review, approval, and release of its deliverable. Individuals and functions responsible for

Conference Session

Arduinos, Microcontrollers, Inexpensive Robotics, and Other Tech Bytes

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University, San Marcos

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

AC 2012-3343: HANDS-ON PROJECT-BASED LEARNING ON A SHOESTRINGBUDGET: YOU DON’T HAVE TO BUY A ROBOTICS KITDr. Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University, San Marcos Kimberly G. Talley is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Technology at Texas State University, San Marcos, and a licensed Professional Engineer. She received her Ph.D. and M.S.E. from the University of Texas, Austin, in structural engineering. Her undergraduate degrees in history and construction engineering and management are from North Carolina State University. Talley teaches courses in the construction science and management program, and her research focus is in active learning and project-based learning in engineering and

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Gregory Kulczycki, Virginia Tech; Steven Atkinson, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division

content for Virginia Tech’s highly-regarded Master of Information Technology program. Dr. Kulczycki has various publications on topics including formal specification and verification, web services, and software reuse. His interests include object-oriented programming, software specification and reasoning, design patterns, and online learning.Dr. Steven Atkinson, Virginia Tech Dr. Atkinson works in industry as a Senior Software Engineer for Netflix and in academia as an Instructor at Virginia Tech for the Computer Science Department. He was one of the first employees at LinkedIn, and his industrial experience spans 21 years, including work at startup companies in fields ranging from enter- prise document management

Conference Session

Understanding Students' Authentic and Reflective Experiences of Ethics Education

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Luan M. Nguyen, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Cristina Poleacovschi, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Kasey M. Faust, University of Texas at Austin; Kate Padgett Walsh, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Michaela Leigh LaPatin P.E., University of Texas at Austin; Scott Grant Feinstein; Cassandra Rutherford

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

education tends to focus on teaching technical content over ethics tostudents; focusing on building technical background alone is not enough, however, becauseengineers must consider broader impacts that their projects have on society [1] [2]. In fact,focusing only on technical background while neglecting ethical decision-making has led tomultiple engineering disasters (e.g. the Union Carbide explosion in Bhopal in 1984, theChernobyl nuclear accident in 1986, and the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle in 1986)[3]. Promoting ethical development alongside technical development should be a goal ofengineering programs. 1 Ethical

Conference Session

Identity Formation and Engineering Cultures

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Duane Reedy, University of Maryland, College Park; David Tomblin, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

consequence of thephysical structure and partially a reflection ofdominant mindsets in engineering. Competitiveness isoften rooted in a meritocratic mindset, where successis perceived as a direct result of individual effort andtalent unaided by privilege and/or differential accessto forms of social, cultural, or economic capital [39].This belief is further entrenched by the notion thateducational resources, opportunities, and letter gradesare finite, thereby incentivizing students to try tooutperform their peers. It is in large lecture halls andlabs, where physical structures often lead to minimalstudent-teacher interaction and intensify the focus on Figure 4: Image of an Engineering Labindividual performance. Thus, we see how thephysical

Conference Session

Knowing our Students, Part 1

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi Loshbaugh, Colorado School of Mines; Brittany Claar, Regis University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

an element of CAEE; the research conducted and described in this paper is anoutcome of the APS.To better capture the common experiences as well as the institutional differences in engineeringeducation, data has been collected at four engineering colleges. Identified by pseudonym, theseinstitutions are Mountain Technical Institute (MT), a small public university specializing inteaching engineering and technology; Oliver University, a private, historically black mid-Atlantic institution; University of West State, a large public university in the Northwest; andUniversity of Coleman, a medium-sized private university on the West Coast. All data for thispaper were collected at MT, a small, public STEM institution, located in the Rocky

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Andy Fox, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

both of these software programs are compared for consistency andvalidation purposes. Due to space limitations only a sample tutorial based on HyperForm ispresented below. Students’ feedback indicates that the developed tutorial is very useful for theireasy understanding of both meshing and analysis of large deformation metal stamping analysis. Page 15.407.2Modeling, Meshing, and Simulating a Bracket Used in an Instrument Panel using(UGS NX 5.0 / HyperMesh 9.0 / HyperForm 9.0)1,2This tutorial creates and analyzes a sheet metal stamped part that is used to hold a steeringcolumn onto an instrument panel shown below. A solid model of the part is

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Susan Freeman; Beverly Jaeger; Maurice Aburdene

value of the demonstration. The student participants stand at the frontof the classroom, representing coding constructs, such as functions, variables, and memory locations(addresses). The professor directs the logical flow of the activity, emulating the flow of logic through themain function of a C++ program. The function students then theoretically “works” on the other student’svariables to generate a result from the function’s operations.The call-by-value method in Figure 1a generates a copy of the relevant variable and allows the functionperform its task on the copy, thus preserving the original variable. Simulation of this mechanism isaccomplished with three students: one student with a file folder containing a paper which represents

Conference Session

Engineering as a Professional Calling

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph M LeDoux, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jacquelyn E. Borinski, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kimberly Danielle Haight, Georgia Institute of Technology ; Elaine Catherine McCormick, Georgia Institute of Technology; Alisha A.W. Waller, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

residential portion of the travel abroad program. The student co-authors of this  paper believe that the travel portion of their study abroad experience helped prepare them to bemore accepting of the unique nature of this course, to be more willing to critically assess theirown ways of thinking, and to reconsider their pre-existing stereotypes of how engineers, andnon-engineers, think about things.PedagogyThe pedagogical approach for the course was informed and inspired by Finkel’s book TeachingWith Your Mouth Shut [1] As the title suggests, Finkel advocates a student-centered learningenvironment in which the teacher is largely silent. Finkel calls for instructors to let the readingsand students do the talking. The teacher and students engage with

Collection

2008 GSW

Authors

Zhengmao Ye; Habib P. Mohamadian

the stability range, which is easy to understand, to compute, and to offer thestudents a better comprehension on this subject. The program in MATLAB language, based onvarious proposed methods, design examples, and class assessments, has been provided widely inorder to help the pedagogical issues. At the same time, online course materials will be helpful forstudent learning. Since the learning initiative is taken in an e-learning environment, the student-centered course materials become more critical. The online courses may be prepared based on anindividual student’s learning expectation and academic background5. Building blocks can bedeveloped by open-source software tools and integrated into a single system for the real-lifeexperimental

Conference Session

Student Division Technical 3: Mixed - Research, Engineering Design, Design Thinking, and Curriculum Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Scribner, University of Colorado Boulder; Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado Denver; Jean Hertzberg, University of Colorado Boulder

of student work can be found on the coursewebpage https://www.aesdes.org/.The AesDes class was first taught at the large public research university in 2014 and has beentaught every spring semester since. Although the class is taught through the mechanicalengineering department students from all engineering disciplines are allowed to enroll in it. Tomeasure the effects AesDes has on its students’ matching entry and exit surveys were developedwhich student participants take prior to and after taking AesDes. A previous study was performedon the initial offering of AesDes to determine the effects on the students. In this study, it was foundthat AesDes was successful in what it set out to do: students were experiencing an affective gaintowards

Conference Session

Elementary Engineering

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole J. Glen, Bridgewater State University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

design: transformation or assimilation?” Paper presented at the annual meeting ofthe American Society for Engineering Education.[18] National Association for the Education of Young Children. (NAEYC) 2009.Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children fromBirth through Age 8. Position Statement.http://www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/file/positions/PSDAP.pdf[19] B.M. Capobianco et al. 2011. “What is an engineer? Implications of elementary schoolstudent conceptions for engineering education.” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 100, no.2, pp. 304-328.[20] C.M. Cunningham et al. 2005. “Assessing elementary school students’ conceptions ofengineering and technology.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Emma Torbert; Eleanor Abrams; David Bourgeois; Carmela Amato-Wierda; Anneliese Mueller; Christopher F. Bauer

. Mooreadvocated a laboratory-centered curriculum, as well as student active learning, a flexiblecurriculum, and a course better integrated with other disciplines.30 Although project-basedlaboratory instruction tends to be an integral part of many engineering programs, it has been usedless systematically in chemistry, particularly in General Chemistry. A literature search ofChemical Abstracts uncovered many descriptions of “project laboratories” concerning isolatedtopics, but individual work rather than collaboration was the norm and interdisciplinary focuswas lacking. More activity along this line is also evident in recent NSF proposal awards.31-34Objectives of the Chemprojects CurriculumThe Chemprojects curriculum has technical and pedagogical

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

olu Fasesan, Texas Tech University; Segun Ogunsanya, Texas Tech University; Lloyd Heinze, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

7.25 Case B Page 11.899.9 Figure 5: Distribution of Surface Pipe Cementing Scenerios In the Permian Basin Case C 5% Case B 30% Case A 65%Assessment of Student learningThe main objectives of this approach are: 1. To provide faculty with the ability to assess the program and how student

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Evaluating Student Behaviors and Attitudes

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University; Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Paul D. Mathis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

innovative solutions. In this study, we assessed the behavioral tendencies of162 engineering students and compared them to an established sample of 382 professionalinnovative entrepreneurs. When compared to expert innovators, students scored lower onquestioning and networking. Overall, students scored lower on networking compared to the threeother behaviors. We also interviewed a sample of nine engineering students from the pool ofsurvey respondents in order to gauge the challenges they face in employing these behaviors in anengineering setting. Results indicated that students face critical challenges in each discoverybehavior along themes of educational context, individual mindset, lack of skill/expertise, andlack of perceived utility of the

Conference Session

Engineering Social and Human Ethical Impacts

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Debra S. Fuentes, Brigham Young University; Stephanie Claussen, Colorado School of Mines; Gregg Morris Warnick, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

mentioned as having influenced their ethical perceptions were codedfor common themes. In the first group of ten interviews, it was determined these experienceswould be coded to answer Research Question 2, which attempts to consider the types ofexperiences that are influential during the engineering undergraduate program. However, it wasalso determined that the experiences needed to be clustered in ways that would facilitate analysisand interpretation of these experiences, considering the large amount of data collected in thisstudy. The influencing experiences were clustered according to the type of experience asfollows: (a) academic, (b) extracurricular, (c) family, (d) international, (e) professional or workrelated, (f) religious, (g) service or

Conference Session

Energy Resources, Efficiency, and Conservation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Riddell, Rowan University; Peter Mark Jansson; Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; Harriett Benavidez, Rowan University; Julie Haynes, Rowan University; Dan Schowalter, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, Rowan University Harriett Benavidez teaches Public Speaking, Interpersonal Communication, and Sophomore Engineering Clinic II. Her research interests include small group and team communication and the role of interpersonal communication in military family life.Julie Haynes, Rowan University Julie Haynes teaches Images of Gender in Popular Culture, Mass Media and Their Influences, Rhetorical Criticism, and the Seminar in Communication Studies. She also teaches Public Speaking and Public Speaking for Engineering students. Her research interests include: rhetorical dimensions of media and popular culture, rhetorical constructions of gender and feminist resistance rhetoric, rhetoric

Conference Session

Learning about Power Systems and Power Consumption

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kala Meah, York College of Pennsylvania; Wayne Blanding, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, power engineering education, and energy conversion.Wayne Blanding, York College of Pennsylvania Wayne Blanding received his B.S. degree in Systems Engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1982, Ocean Engineer degree from the MIT/Woods Hole Joint Program in Ocean Engineering in 1990, and PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 2007. From 1982 to 2002 was an officer in the U.S. Navy’s submarine force. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at York College of Pennsylvania. His research interests include target tracking, detection, estimation, and engineering education

Conference Session

Improving ME instructional laboratories

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; James Mayhew, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. 4. (narrow the project focus) Working prototypes of project experimental apparatuses are appearing after 4 to 5 weeks under the new organizational scheme compared to 6 to 8 weeks under past schemes. 5. (narrow the project focus) The oral presentations given at the end of the term are more credible. We no longer see results such as a drag force less than zero. We are in the process of collecting data over time in order to assess the improvement in technical credibility. The evaluations of these oral presentations are used in our ABET program outcomes documentation. 6. (rewriting the experiment script) Students were more actively engaged in using the lab equipment and are forced to

Conference Session

Fluid Mechanics Experiments and Laboratories

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MURAT OKCAY; BILGEHAN UYGAR OZTEKIN

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

PIV systems. It is believed that such asystem may be a great asset in high level education. The ePIV system addresses theshortcomings of existing PIV solutions and allows access to the highly visual PIV technology ineducation. In the following sections, details of the ePIV hardware as well as the software will bepresented. Then class design of this technology, examples, and ABET outcome assessment willbe discussed. Finally, discussion and concluding remarks will be presented.2. Particle Image VelocimetryPIV technique has been used extensively in research environments and has been available formore than two decades5. A typical PIV system consists of a digital camera, a pulse laser such asa Class IV Nd-YAG laser, an optical arrangement such as

Conference Session

Student Division (STDT) Technical Session 2: Student Success and Resources

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hao Li, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Anette Hosoi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

Utilization at MIT. She is a Radcliffe Institute Fellow and a Fellow of the American Physical Society. Her research interests include fluid mechanics, bioinspired design and locomotion, with a focus on optimization of crawling gastropods, digging bivalves, swimming microorganisms and soft robotics. Prof. Hosoi is also an avid mountain biker and her passion for sports has led her to create MIT Sports Lab, a program that is designed to build an interconnected community of faculty, students, industry partners, alums and athletes who are dedicated to applying their technical expertise to advance the state-of-the-art in sports. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 An Approach to

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Dinh Cuong Nguyen; Gregory Lovisolo; Dan Tenney

are used to analyze how changes in individualchosen as the machine learning model. Random Forest is an features, such as Work-Life Balance or Job Involvement, affectensemble learning method that constructs multiple decision predictions for different instances [24]. Unlike PDPs, whichtrees during training and outputs the class that is the mode of show the average effect across all instances, ICE plots providethe classes (for classification) of the individual trees [25], [26]. a more granular view by showing the variation in predictionsIt is particularly suitable for handling large datasets with high for different employees[8], [24]. This technique helps HRdimensionality and provides robust performance

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Efrain O'Neill-Carrillo P.E., University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez ; James D. McCalley, Iowa State University; Anne Kimber, Iowa State University; Robert Haug, Public Power Services

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

and policy alternatives for the future of Puerto Rico’s electric system, acting as the Group Coordinator from 2008 to 2010. He is a Senior Mem- ber of IEEE, an ABET Program Evaluator and a registered Professional Engineer. His views and work on integrative research and education activities, and his professional service have earned O’Neill-Carrillo UPRM’s Outstanding ECE Professor of the Year Award (twice), the Distinguished Electrical Engineer of the Year Award from the CIAPR in May 2004, an Early Promotion to Full Professor from UPRM in Nov. 2004, the IEEE/PES Walter Fee Outstanding Young Engineer Award in June 2005 and the Distinguished Engineer of the Year Award from the CIAPR (Mayaguez chapter) in 2018.Dr

Conference Session

Measuring Impact: Libraries, Librarians, Instruction, and Institutions

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nestor L. Osorio, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

and Clemens.1 Theanalysis is done by using three selected criteria for both the technical design quality andpedagogical design quality of the LibGuides.Methods and Data CollectionTwo important issues are discussed in this section. First, the method used for the selection of theLibGuides chosen for this study and second the selection of criteria for the assessment of theguides.Selecting a relatively small number of LibGuides represented a challenge, the LibGuidesCommunity site of Springshare reported that on01/04/2014 403,285 guides produced by 62,906 librarians have been published. The use of thesearch engine provides the listing of either electrical or mechanical engineering pages without afocus. After navigating though these results, it

Conference Session

Research on Engineering Design Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan C. Campbell, University of Washington; Ken Yasuhara, University of Washington; Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2012-5232: EXPLORING IF AND HOW KNOWLEDGE OF A HU-MANITARIAN DISASTER AFFECTS STUDENT DESIGN THINKINGRyan C. Campbell, University of Washington Ryan Campbell is pursuing his doctorate through the University of Washington Graduate School’s inter- disciplinary Individual PhD (IPhD) program, in which he combines faculty expertise in the College of Engineering and the College of Education to create a degree program in the emerging field of engineering education. Campbell earned his M.S. in electrical engineering from Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea, and his B.S. in engineering science from Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colo. Camp- bell’s research interests include engineering education, ethics

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 10

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Greg J. Strimel, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Liesl Klein, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sydney Taylor Serban, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

attractiveness of the day-to-day operations thatchildren viewed firsthand during the tours. Most of the activities for the workshop and expofocused on activities related to the realm of digital manufacturing, such as programming,robotics, electronics, additive manufacturing virtual reality, and computer-aided design. As such,there may be a disconnect between the hands-on activities that the manufacturers supply toengage children and the day-to-day activities of the manufacturer employees. Consequently, theyounger participants’ perceptions are likely based on the small activities that they completedduring the event as they did not receive the tour experience. One must question whether thebroad range of careers in the manufacturing industry are accurately

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 11 Empathy and Human-Centered Design 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelley Dugan, University of Michigan; Shanna Daly, University of Michigan; Charlie Michaels, University of Michigan; Steve Skerlos, University of Michigan; Ann Verhey-Henke, University of Michigan

Paper ID #37373Investigating a Socially Engaged Design Process ModelKelley E Dugan Kelley E. Dugan is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan. Her current research focuses on exploration of design process models, assessment of socially engaged engineering skills, and assessments of systems thinking skills. Her research interests include complex problem solving, front-end design practices, and design behavior for sustainability. She has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from The Ohio State University. Prior to starting graduate school, she worked in the consumer

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4- COVID and Virtual Learning

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessie Marshall Zarazaga, Southern Methodist University; Janille Smith-Colin, Southern Methodist University; Cindy Hua

Paper ID #37930‘Socially Distanced Community Engagement’ –Teaching GISSite-Analysis during COVIDJessie Zarazaga (Sustainability & Development Program Director)Cindy Hua Hello! I am a Ph.D. student in Applied Science for Engineering at Southern Methodist University. My research interests center on how community-based STEM can impact learning patterns and interest in STEM careers. I am equally interested in how such learning can also become a tool for student voice. During my time as a Human Rights Fellow, I created a STEM education program, STEM+Z: Investigating an Undead Apocalypse, using aspects of popular