Conference Session

Issues of Diversity

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fonda Swimmer, Northern Arizona University; Karen Jarratt-Ziemski, Ft. Lewis College

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

involved in K-12 STEM education for American Indian students and connecting applications of traditional indigenous knowledge within science and engineering education. Dr. Jarratt-Ziemski is Mississippi Choctaw. Page 12.956.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Intersections between Science & Engineering Education and Recruitment of Female and Native American StudentsAbstractAuthors will present an extensive overview of women and minorities in science, technology,engineering and math; provide discussion of the importance of multicontextuality as a tool in theuse of effective pedagogy

Conference Session

Learning Styles of Engineers

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Malgorzata Zywno

different types of learners.Hypermedia and Student AchievementExisting studies on the efficacy of instructional hypermedia are still inconclusive 5, 6, 7, 8. A recentmeta-analysis7 of 46 studies of the effects of hypermedia on student achievement found 60% ofthem reporting positive results of hypermedia instruction, while 40% reported no significantdifferences or negative results. Few of the studies reported in the literature meet even rudimentaryscientific requirements for selection, manipulation and control of potential mediating variables 6, 9,10 . As well, educational researchers face many difficulties in trying to conduct controlled studies inuniversity settings, where threats to validity and reliability are often beyond the influence of

Conference Session

Disciplinary Engineering Education Research – Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew M. Grondin, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Michael I. Swart, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Arushi Renschler Pandey, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Katherine Fu, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

University. She received her M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon in 2009, and her B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Brown University in 2007. Her work has focused on studying the engineering design process through cognitive studies, and extending those findings to the development of methods and tools to facilitate more effective and inspired design and innovation. Dr. Fu is a recipient of the NSF CAREER Award, the ASME Design Theory and Methodology Young Investigator Award, the ASME Atlanta Section 2015 Early Career Engineer of the Year Award, and was an Achievement Rewards For College Scientists (ARCS) Foundation Scholar.Prof. Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin - Madison Mitchell J. Nathan is a

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Germysha Emily Little, Tennessee State University; Lesia L. Crumpton-Young, Tennessee State University; Shabnam Etemadi Brady; T'Shana DeShai Carter, Tennessee State University ; Lydia Davis, Tennessee State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

GPAs compared to theircounterparts who did not receive mentoring.2 Mentoring has the potential to progress students whilenurturing their academic success resulting in student persistence and graduation. Mentoring can lead topersonal and professional development. In a recent study, researchers found that 74% of participantsbelieved that their mentoring program led to personal development.1 For example, a mentee shouldgrow personally through a mentoring relationship by gaining confidence, communicating moreeffectively, and becoming more knowledgeable among other growth factors. Further, researcherssuggest that collaboration, shared decision making, and systematic thinking are important elements in acollaborative mentoring relationship.1 It is

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 8

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

-traditional students with limited time to spend on/off campus activities due to employmentneeds, while in previous schools, the student population, especially those who reside on campus,are better positioned to participate in the extracurricular and enrichment programs. Hence, thisresearch contributes a critical perspective to the literature: how a limited set of WiC supportprograms that can be implemented with small local to nonexistent funding but with dedicatedfaculty members can improve the experience of women students in computing degree programseven in and through a global pandemic.The short-term purpose of this research work is to improve the experience of the womencomputing undergraduates as they complete their degrees while the broader goal

Conference Session

Study Abroad, International Exchange Programs, and Student Engagements

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James L. Barnes, James Madison University; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kathryne Newton, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Susan Kubic Barnes, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

International

, Ireland, Scotland, England, France, Czech and Slovak Republics, Finland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Taiwan. His early experience involved teaching in Alberta and at universities in North Dakota and New Jersey.Dr. Kathryne Newton, Purdue University, West LafayetteDr. Susan Kubic Barnes, James Madison University Susan K. Barnes is an Assistant Professor in the College of Education at JMU and Director of Operations for Barnes Technologies International, LLC (BTILLC). She has more than 18 years of experience in education, assessment, and evaluation. Barnes served as a third-party evaluator for projects funded by U.S. Department of Education, including Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE) grant

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Tomislav Bujanovic; Prasanta Ghosh

the pedagogical characteristics to understand the equipment operationalaspect of teaching in response to changes in the power industry. capabilities and limitations. Students use simulation packages to validate the experimental results while at the same time Index Terms—discrete Fourier transform, harmonics, least learn through hands-on experiments how varioussquare error, optimization equipment/sensors can be used in the design of power system for steady state, dynamic, and transient conditions as well as

Conference Session

Computers in Education 6: Best of CoED

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeremy Stairs, University of Toronto; Raman Mangla, University of Toronto; Manik Chaudhery, University of Toronto; Janpreet Singh Chandhok, University of Toronto; Hamid S. Timorabadi, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

in classroom settings. As an anecdotal example, a professor at University of Notre Damedescribes teaching virtually during COVID-19 lockdown as follows: “I am continually repressing my lifelong, trained habit of uttering simultaneous encouragement through ‘continuers,’ those back-channel cues that encourage the speaker to go on.” [11]Group feedback including laughter, fatigue, visual engagement, head tilting, and auditory cues are nolonger accessible to teachers during COVID-19. This may have a serious negative impact on the ability ofteachers to adapt their teaching to the responses of the class. For instance, in physical classrooms, when ateacher notices students becoming drowsy, they may opt to ask questions of the class or add some

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Martha Wilson

studies resources 5. Develop new 4. Match programs, if student needs necessary to programs Figure 1. The MethodologyNext, the institutional resources available to assist women in engineering were identified. Thecollege sponsors a mentoring program that is administered through the office of the college dean,and a student organization, Women in Engineering and Science (WES), sponsors socialactivities. Although these existing programs may meet the needs of some students, it is possiblethat new programs may need to be developed to

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland; Chris Smaill, University of Auckland; Lawrence Carter, University of Auckland; Elizabeth Godfrey, University of Technology Sydney; Bernard Guillemin, The University of Auckland; Mark Andrews, University of Auckland; Waleed Abdulla, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, USA.7. Smaill, C., Rowe, G. B. & Godfrey, E. (2009). How much do they really understand? An entry-level test on electricity and electromagnetics. Proc. ASEE Annual Conference, Austin, USA.8. Tait, H., & Entwistle, N. (1996) Identifying students at risk through ineffective study strategies. JSTOR Higher Education, Vol. 31, No 1, 97-116.9. Webster, T. J. & Dee, K. C. (1998). Supplemental Instruction Integrated Into an Introductory Engineering Course. Journal of Engineering Education, 87(4), 377-383.10. Steif, P. S. & Hansen, M. A. (2007). New practices for administering and analyzing the results of concept inventories. Journal of Engineering Education, 96(3), 205-212.11. Felder, R.M. & Brent

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Maass, Arizona State University; Stephen J Krause, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

diagram instruction and a conceptposttest was given after phase diagram instruction was completed. The concept test consisted ofthree beakers of water with varying amounts of sugar in each solution as indicated by density ofdots in the beaker. The unsaturated solution showed a low density of dots. The saturated solutionshowed a moderate density of dots and with a small mound of saturated sugar at the bottom ofthe beaker. The supersaturated solution had a high density of dots that represented excess solutein solution beyond the equilibrium solubility limit. Students were told to choose the correct label(unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated) for each beaker and give the reasoning for theirchoice. Four different interventions were tested

Conference Session

Assessing, Expanding, and Innovating Information Literacy

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Erin Rowley, University at Buffalo; Lauren Kuryloski, University at Buffalo; Kristen Moore, University at Buffalo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

information sources.The aim of this study was to make library resource instruction an integral portion of a requiredundergraduate engineering communication class to determine if this targeted instructionimproved students' understanding of alternative information sources. Specifically, this studyintegrated standards and the ASTM Compass database into the course through 1) case studyassignments, 2) targeted instruction by the engineering librarian, and 3) the integration ofstandards as information and research sources into both.The authors presented students in select class sections with a case study lesson dependent onstandards. Students were then visited by the Engineering Librarian on two occasions; bothsessions were tied directly to the assignment

Conference Session

Faculty Development Research

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Fethiye Ozis P.E., Northern Arizona University; Kyle Nathan Winfree, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division

Classrooms: Dimensioning the Behaviors That MatterThis research paper describes the findings from an exploratory study. Student retention inengineering disciplines, from program initiation through commencement, is recognized as achallenge by higher learning institutions across the US. Numerous studies have identified thatprofessors who can establish strong and positive rapport with their students have an immediateand positive impact on students’ learning, engagement, motivation and academic success,resulting in a positive long-term influence on retention. Previous work has defined fifteenspecific faculty behaviors that establish positive rapport between students and professors in otherdisciplines. However, these past studies may not be generalizable

Conference Session

Effective Methods for Recruiting Women to Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Atwood, University of California, Berkeley; Eli Patten, University of California at Berkeley; Lisa Pruitt, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

active, while men were slightly more visual, intuitive, and reflective.Our results suggest that incorporating outreach projects and emphasizing communication andinterpersonal skills appeals to women in undergraduate engineering programs. This course couldbe used as a model for first-year courses to recruit and retain women in engineering.Furthermore, the outreach activity not only allows engineering students to contribute to society,but exposes young K-8 women to engineering and role models.Introduction Page 15.933.2Women continue to be underrepresented in engineering and technology fields. According to datacompiled by the National Science

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Tammy Yut-Ling Chan; Gustavo Borel Menezes

Engineers,” 2005 ASEE AnnualConference and Exposition: The Changing Landscape of Engineering and Technology Education in a Global WorldConference Proceedings, Portland, OR, United States, pp. 14577-14585.8. Nickels, K., 2000, “Do's And Don'ts Of Introducing Active Learning Techniques,” 2000 ASEE AnnualConference and Exposition: Engineering Education Beyond the Millennium Conference Proceedings, St. Louis,MO, United States, pp. 2209-2214.9. Demirel, Y., 2004, “Effective Teaching And Active Learning Of Engineering Courses With Workbook Strategy,”2004 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition Engineering Education Researches New Heights ConferenceProceedings, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, pp. 4371-4384.10. Marshall, J., 2009, “Creating An Active

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Beever, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, it is exceedingly difficult to find a champion of this line ofargument: even philosophers seem to suggest by their silence that while philosophy might beimportant for engineering, they themselves as philosophers play no necessary role. MichaelDavis, in his well-cited 1998 Thinking Like an Engineer written from his perspective as a“trespassing” [22] philosopher, argues at least implicitly for this view position. “Philosophers,”he articulates in the introduction to his work, have long made themselves useful by pointing outthe obvious in fields not their own - which is all I intend to do” [23]. On these views, it is moreimportant that engineers come to identify, reason through, and resolve issues with their ownwork than it is to bring

Conference Session

Using Teams, Seminars & Research Opportunities for Retention

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

De'Jeune Antoine, Xavier University of Louisiana; Mica Hutchison, Purdue University; Deborah Follman, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

education and the retention of engineering students. She received her B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Idaho in 2002. Her research is directed by Dr. George M. Bodner and Dr. Deborah K. Follman.Deborah Follman, Purdue University Deborah K. Follman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She received a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from Cornell University in 1994 and a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from North Carolina State University in 2000. Her research interests include engineering education and gender equity, specifically regarding self-efficacy, issues of gender on student cooperative learning teams, and curriculum

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jia-Ling Lin, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Paul Imbertson, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Tamara J Moore, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, University of Minnesota, Twin CitiesProf. Tamara J Moore, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Tamara J. Moore, Ph.D., is the Executive Co-Director of the STEM Education Center and Associate Pro- fessor of Mathematics/Engineering Education at the University of Minnesota. Her research and teaching pursuits are situated in the learning and teaching of STEM fields through the integration of these subjects in formal and non-formal learning environments. Her particular focus is how engineering and engineering thinking promote learning in K-12 mathematics and science classrooms, as well as in higher-education engineering classrooms through the paradigm of STEM integration. She is creating and testing inno- vative

Conference Session

COED: EE Topics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G Belu, Southern University; Lucian Ionel Cioca, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu; Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Graphicalrepresentation of the effect of changing system parameters, topology, boundary and initialconditions provides a dramatic reinforcement to the analytical system knowledge acquired in theclassroom. Good engineering education reaches beyond textbook delivery, clever presentation ofrelevant equations, homework assignments or utilization of innovative grading procedures. It caninfluence and favorably change student intellectual, analytical, innovative and integrativeabilities and motivations, helping to develop critical thinking on issues underlying a problem orsolutions. It is in this spirit that many engineering educators have felt the value of usingcomputational tools to complement analytical procedures, enhance subject interests and booststudent concept

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zakaria Mahmud, Lake Superior State University; Paul J. Weber, Lake Superior State University; Joseph P. Moening, Lake Superior State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

survey that each student in the course had theoption of completing.A brief summary of the results show that students identified a lack of time and poor time-management as key barriers to their learning. Furthermore, students viewed that immediatefeedback, and having repeated attempts of similar but different questions (akin to gamifiedlearning through trial and error) were very helpful in their learning. However, students alsoindicated that the game-like elements, on average, were minimally helpful towards theirmotivation. This is likely due, in part, to the limited amount of gamification that wasincorporated into the courses at this time. The results also show that the combination of gainingexperience points and “leveling up” (nor the two

Conference Session

Engineering Education; An International Perspective

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Bannerot

no industrial experience. In both courses, emphasis is put on the useand application of skills rather than on the acquisition of knowledge. Most of the learning isachieved through doing and a large percentage of the course content is therefore allowed to vary.In both courses, appropriate feedback and support are given to the students during their designjourney but no “recipes” are provided. Students are encouraged to explore and make mistakes.In summary, the differences between courses can be found in the level of homogeneity in the twostudent bodies, the more restrictive time constraints imposed on the Japanese course (The KITacademic year is composed of three ten-week “quarters” while the UH has two thirteen-weeksemesters.), the population

Collection

AEE Journal

Authors

Gail Goldberg

ENGINEERING EDUCATION You Be the Judge: When Competitions Employ an Engineering Design Rubric­assessment of writing (Yancy, 1999). Over subsequent decades, the use of rubrics to inform evalua-tive judgments about student performance extended to virtually every content area, particularly asopen-ended constructed response items and portfolios were added to the K-12 assessment toolkit.Ironically, the classroom use of rubrics to inform teaching and learning that was widely promotedin the 1990s and early 2000s grew, even as the use of these tools by high-stakes assessment pro-grams diminished when the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 prompted nearly all states toreduce or eliminate direct assessment. Rubrics were—and continue to be—celebrated as a

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division (OMED) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeroen Pruyn, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine Division (OMED)

theproper attention and should be reconsidered in light of the current developments.It should be noted that, unlike many American and British programmes, in the Netherlands,the content is not directed through e.g. a professional society like SNAME or IMAREST asrequested by ABET accreditation (ABET 2021). In the Netherlands, this is much more up tothe faculty to ensure relevant education is provided. The government requires independentassessment every 5 years, with internal interim assessments halfway between two officialassessments. Furthermore, an advisory board of professionals meets with the education stafftwice a year to discuss concerns, content, potential updates and support. As a result, morefreedom and responsibility lie with the programme

Conference Session

Engineers in Toyland - Come and Play

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Bertini; Steven Hansen

Internet totransportation engineering and planning students at PSU. This allows for a unique educationalopportunity whereby students can move beyond the LOS measures and get first hand experienceanalyzing actual transportation data collected throughout the region in which they live. Inaddition, it facilitates an opportunity for students to interact with transportation agency staff, andlearn about how an agency is operated. This close interaction will serve students well as theymove into the job search phase of their university experience. Communication skills developedthrough this means will also serve them well in their careers.This paper is organized as follows. First is a discussion of the educational context, followed by adiscussion of

Conference Session

ME Division 10: Innovation in the Sophomore Year

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donya Samadi Rahimi, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Markus Eger, UC Santa Cruz; Zahra Sotoudeh, California State Polytechnic University Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

Interactive Simulations for Dynamics Education (InSiDE). The goalis to improve students' intuitive understanding of motion for complex dynamical systems. Weheld a workshop to introduce InSiDE to other Dynamics instructors. We have assessed theimpact of these simulations through multiple means: comparing students’ performance in atreatment and control class, analyzing students’ surveys, and analyzing faculty workshopparticipant surveys.1. Introduction and MotivationsWe developed a set of Interactive Simulations for Dynamics Education (InSiDE)1 to enhancestudent understanding and encourage active learning. Simulations are used in various disciplines,allowing for visual representation of difficult concepts and interactivity. For example, studentsenter

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 10: Understanding Student Experiences

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Candice Bolding, Clemson University; Jennifer Harper Ogle, Clemson University; Catherine Mcgough Spence, Clemson University; Joseph Murphy, Clemson University; Rachel Lanning, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

work toward outward indicators of success, such as grades(Performance Approach), working towards learning and understanding (Mastery Approach), and thepreference for working on academic tasks that can be completed in a short amount of time (Work Avoid).Career outcome expectations describe general attributes of a future career. Grit describes the tendency topersevere through challenges on tasks. Identity has three sub-constructs: Physics Identity, Math Identityand Engineering Identity; these identities pertain to the students’ perceptions of themselves as a “physicsperson,” “math person,” or “engineer,” respectively. Agency beliefs pertain to a student’s beliefs abouthow a career in engineering could make a positive impact in the world. The

Conference Session

CE Body of Knowledge

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Stuart Walesh

to today’s basic undergraduate civilengineering programs, the outcomes prescribe significantly more technical and professionalpractice content. The 21st Century civil engineer must demonstrate:1. an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering. (ABET a) Commentary: A technical core of knowledge and breadth of coverage in mathematics, science and civil engineering topics is stressed in this outcome. Underlying the professional role of the civil engineer as the master integrator and technical leader are most of the following: mathematics through differential equations, probability and statistics, calculus-based physics, biology, chemistry, ecology

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND) Technical Session 3

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micheal Oketunde Okegbola, Morgan State University; Pelumi Olaitan Abiodun, Morgan State University; Oludare Adegbola Owolabi P.E., Morgan State University; Abiola Olayinka Ajala, Morgan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

collaboration across disciplines. Recommendations to improve diversity and engagementincluded enhancing intercultural exchanges, expanding faculty cultural competency training, andincreasing field-based learning opportunities. This study concludes that fostering a moreinclusive and supportive environment through these strategies will lead to improved studentengagement, retention, and academic success, contributing to the broader goal of increasingdiversity and inclusion in STEM fields at HBCUs.Keywords: Diversity, Inclusiveness, Engagement, International Graduate Engineering Students,HBCU, Participation, STEM Education​INTRODUCTIONHistorically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have been a vital resource for the studentswith diverse backgrounds [1

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 25

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jordan Nickel, University of Waterloo; Gregory Litster, University of Toronto; Christopher Rennick, University of Waterloo; Ada Hurst, University of Waterloo; Carol Hulls P.Eng., University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

to being engagedwith design tasks in a WIL setting. The remaining sections of this paper are a background onself-efficacy domains and their development in WIL settings, the research methods employed inthis exploratory study, results, discussion and conclusion.2 Background2.1 Self-efficacy and affect in learningA key factor in skill development is self-efficacy, which refers to a person’s belief in theircapacity to succeed at a task. Self-efficacy beliefs vary across tasks and situations, and canchange over time, for better or for worse. Bandura [5] describes four mechanisms to developone’s self-efficacy beliefs: 1. Mastery experiences – persevering through challenges, completing difficult tasks, learning from failure

Conference Session

They need more than technical skills!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, Guruji Education Foundation; Anil Dattatraya Sahasrabudhe P.E., All India Council for Technical Education

Tagged Divisions

International

college introduced a sophomorelevel program on liberal learning. It required a radically different paradigm. The Indian K-12 education systemdoes not prepare students for such a program and the Indian engineering education system does not require sucha program. The college initiated the program with a careful crafting of a comprehensive framework and executedit successfully. The framework requires students learning liberal areas of their choices, which were analyzed tobetter understand students.This paper discusses background of liberal learning and explains the framework. Its process consists of define,harvest, synthesize and share phases; and its data consists of student, area, faculty, sub-area, and cluster entities.The paper also discusses