Conference Session

Development Around Diversity

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Pamela K. Judge, Roger Williams University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

generally useful strategies for an engineering educator toimplement when planning their diversity and inclusion lesson for their respective course. Thesestrategies help ensure that that each student feels their opinion is heard and respected. 1. Provide literature regarding the case as a reading assignment several days ahead of any in-class activity. This allows students an opportunity to read the case over at their own pace, take notes, and collect their own personal thoughts. It also allows more time during the formal lecture session for discussion or collaboration with their peers. 2. Many engineering students may not belong to a racial minority; they may feel they do not possess any relevant knowledge to contribute. It

Conference Session

Capstone Design & Project Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Green, LeTourneau University; Paul Leiffer, LeTourneau University; Thomas Hellmuth, LeTourneau University; Roger Gonzalez, LeTourneau University; Stephen Ayers, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

interdisciplinary seniordesign experience. Since these tactics are derived from our own successes and failures, ourexperiences illustrate the tactics as a case study. Our goal as a general engineering programoffering a B.S. in Engineering with concentrations in Electrical, Mechanical, Computer,Biomedical, and Materials Joining, is to involve every student in an interdisciplinary designexperience with two or more concentrations.We have identified seven key elements that we believe must be coordinated across disciplines inorder to conduct an effective interdisciplinary senior design experience for all students.(1) Faculty roles must be defined, assigned, and appropriately credited. This may be handled bysomeone in a leadership position such as a dean or

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Potpourri

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Joseph C. Tise, Pennsylvania State University; Megan Huffstickler, Pennsylvania State University; Keefe B. Manning, Pennsylvania State University; Margaret June Slattery, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

and SurgeryDr. Margaret June Slattery, Pennsylvania State University Margaret Slattery Ph.D., has been a faculty member at Penn State University in Biomedical Engineering since 2007 and her career has focused on undergraduate students and their academic experiences. She currently is directing a new office within Undergraduate Education aimed to increase the visibility and support for General Education while helping to implement a new General Education program for all PSU undergraduates. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 The Impact of a Creativity-Focused Biomedical REU on Students’ Conceptions of Research and CreativityAbstract: Research

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Capstone Design Practices

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University; Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University; Hugh L. McManus, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

engineer’s undergraduateacademic career. The goals in capstone aim to integrate previous undergraduate coursework, encourageintellectual growth through the acquisition of new and relevant competencies, and provide a taste of real-world problem-based learning and its application. Capstone courses are ubiquitous in engineeringprograms. The authors in [5] received data from 444 programs and identified a potential 1724 programsnationally. Capstone courses are de-facto required by ABET, as General Criterion 5 requires “aculminating major engineering design experience that 1) incorporates appropriate engineering standardsand multiple constraints, and 2) is based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work” [6].The above goals map directly

Conference Session

Embedded Systems and Mobile Computing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simin Hall, Virginia Tech; Clifford A. Shaffer, Virginia Tech; Eric Fouh, Virginia Tech; Mai Hassan ElShehaly, Virginia Tech; Daniel Breakiron, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

difficulties encoun-tered with using OpenDSA during the first week of the experiment. Page 23.549.8F. Summary of Classroom ObservationsWe observed the treatment group to find out how the tutorials affect interactions between stu-dents, the content, and the instructor. On the first day, there were technical difficulties with theserver, making the system hard to log into and use. Thus, there were many questions about pro-cedural items such as logging in. These problems were resolved after the first day. However,generally, the same groups of students were interacting on the first and second days. While moststudents worked independently, the majority of

Conference Session

Instructional Technology

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Stephen Marionneaux; Michael Edmondson; Matthew McDaniel; Jay Daly; Eugene Ressler; Stephen Ressler

Session 2615 Using Information Technology for Nationwide Engineering Outreach to Middle-School and High-School Students: Assessing the Outcomes Stephen Ressler, Eugene Ressler, Jay Daly, Michael Edmondson, Stephen A. Marionneaux, Matthew McDaniel United States Military Academy/Newtown High School/ Northside High School/ Lexington Traditional Magnet School/Douglas MacArthur High SchoolIntroductionThis paper presents a description and comprehensive assessment of the West Point BridgeDesign Contest—a nationwide, Internet-based competition that has

Conference Session

Recruiting and Building Diversity

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Nancy Horvath; Cecilia Lucero

. Shirley Ann Jackson has pointed to“a quiet crisis building in the United States”--the declining production of American scientificand technical talent “that could jeopardize the nation’s pre-eminence and well-being.” 1 Leftunchecked, “it could reverse the global leadership Americans currently enjoy.”2 Among thepriorities and actions that Jackson argues for is to nurture the graduate education ofunderrepresented groups, who must become an integral part of the U.S. technical workforce andmay serve as role models for younger generations.Overall, the status of students in graduate science and engineering programs has beendiscouraging. Data from the National Center for Education Statistics3 show that from 1993 to2000 the total graduate enrollment in

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Experiences and Assessment in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

(FAA) Environmental area 3PB Environmental & U.S. Any project; submitted for http://content.asce.org/files/pdf/Water Resource consideration 2012PBCompetitionFlyer_08.15.11.pdfStudent DesignCompetition (ASCEEWRI)U.S. EPA P3 U.S. Self-generated project http://epa.gov/P3/competition proposals (Phase 1); compete 3, 16 to win Phase 2Waste Management U.S. On-site hands-on http://www.ieenmsu.com/werc-2/Education and competition 6, 11, 17, 18Research Consortium(WERC)Water Environment Regional

Conference Session

Topics in Computer Science and Programming

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Mark J. Sebern, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

) tools are used to support the development process, which is built around the objected-oriented (OO) paradigm and will reinforce understanding of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Students participate in a team project to analyze, design, implement and test a complete software system. Course Outcomes: 1. describe the software engineering life cycle 2. analyze and generate simple use cases 3. apply object-oriented analysis techniques to small projects and represent them using UML 4. apply object-oriented design techniques to small projects and represent them using UML 5. describe the purpose of and apply basic design patterns 6. analyze and document software system requirements using OOA techniques

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Valerie Taylor; Sumalatha Adabala; Jose Miguel-Alonso; Jose Fortes; Rudolf Eigenmann; Renato Figueiredo; Nirav Kapadia; Luis Vidal; Jan-Jo Chen

Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright c 2001, American Society for Engineering Educationresources, new interfaces to cluster management systems allow access to a large number ofprocessing nodes of supercomputers and networks of workstations. In terms of content, newapplications are available on NETCARE, including tools for explicitly-parallel instruction setarchitectures. In terms of user interfaces, a new speci cation language allows for increased exibility in the generation of dynamic Web-based tool interfaces. These features are enabledby a new version 5.0 of the underlying PUNCH network-computing infrastructure.1 IntroductionAs the complexity of computing systems continues to grow, computer

Conference Session

Communicating Across Cultural and Epistemological Boundaries

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto; Robin Sacks, University of Toronto; Mike Klassen, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

students to their respective professional codes of conduct. Inaddition to teaching them important lessons about the legal context regulating engineeringpractice, we need to help them navigate the complex ethical dilemmas they are likely toencounter in their professional lives, paying close attention to systemic inequities in theirclassrooms, organizations, profession and society. By doing this, we will be helping professionalengineers supplement their technical integrity with a wide-ranging commitment to public good.References[1] G.C.Andrews,CanadianProfessionalEngineeringandGeoscience:Practiceand Ethics,Fifthed.Toronto:Nelson,2014.[2] M.S.Larson,TheRiseofProfessionalism:ASociologicalAnalysis.Berkeley,CA: UniversityofCaliforniaPress

Conference Session

Difference, Disability, and (De)Politicization: The Invisible Axes of Diversity

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy E. Slaton, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

preliminary thoughts about the history of disability,governmentality and experience. Educational Philosophy and Theory: 56-63.15. Hughes, B. (2009.) Wounded/monstrous/abject: A critique of the disabled body in the sociological imaginary. Page 23.247.14Disability & Society 24, 4: 399-410.16. Humphrey, J.C. (2000). Researching disability politics, or, some problems with the social model in practice.Disability & Society 15: 1- 36.17. National Science Board. (2010.) Preparing the next generation of STEM innovation. Washington, DC: NationalScience Board/National Science Foundation.18. Schwartz, R. B., Ferguson, R., and Symonds, B

Conference Session

Software Engineering Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James N. Long, Oregon Institute of Technology; Linda Sue Young, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

.  By age 21, the average person will have spent 10,000 hours playing on-line games.  For the average child in the United States, 10,080 hours is the cumulative amount of time spent in school from 5th grade till high school graduation assuming perfect attendance.  According to Malcom Gladwell’s book, Outlyer, any individual spending 10,000 hours at an endeavor by age 21 will be a virtuoso at that endeavor.3The current Internet enabled technical environment is raising a generation of Virtuoso gamers.How can this talent be captured to obtain a useful outcome? In universities, it is widely acceptedthat much learning occurs outside the classroom, but universities have no coherent gaming thesystem strategy for leveraging that

Conference Session

Supporting Underrepresented and LGBTQ Students

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alberto Cureg Cruz, California State University, Bakersfield; Amin Malek, California State University, Bakersfield; Andrea Medina, California State University, Bakersfield; Melissa Danforth, California State University, Bakersfield

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

with the Flipped Classroom ModelI. Introduction Modern students are increasingly non-traditional. Definitions vary, but it generally refersto postsecondary students who meet some of the following criteria: being older than 25 years old,having a gap between post-secondary education and high school graduation, being financiallyindependent from their parents and having dependents. These conditions require them to workfull or part-time while pursuing their degree. This presents a significant challenge, as balancingwork and school lead to increased stress, fatigue, and a reduced ability to focus on academics [1].In some cases, students may drop out due to the demands of their job. According to the

Conference Session

Software Engineering Topics

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

areas: i. Communication Skills: Students gain experience in technical communication skills through collaborative learning, role-plays (videos and exercises), and technical presentations. This is consistent with IEEE/ACM Curriculum Guideline # 812. ii. Applied Knowledge of Methods: Students use V&V methods in the lecture and hands-on sessions. With case-studies, role-plays (videos and exercises), hands-on exercises, observing practitioners at work, and expert lecture sessions, students gain the ability to translate theory to practice. Students also create a set of test cases to perform black box testing. This is consistent with IEEE/ACM Curriculum Guideline # 412. iii. Applied Knowledge of Tools: Students use

Conference Session

Exemplary Outreach Programs in Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela Lottero-Perdue, Towson State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

summer club, the SEAS Club was quite unlikeschool in the following ways: 1. It was not compulsory. Children were free to stop attending the club at any time, as stipulated on the permission forms, and did not need parental permission to quit. 2. It ‘competed’ with the games room and time spent in the gym. The classroom looked out onto the games room, an area in which other children were playing board games, pool, ping-pong and other games while the SEAS Club was running. Furthermore, children were pulled out of activities like the games room and gym to attend the club sessions. Although they had many hours each week to play games and play in the gym, even the most engaged of SEAS children were disappointed to be

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Sreekanth Gopi, Kennesaw State University; Nasrin Dehbozorgi, Kennesaw State University; Md Abdullah Al Hafiz Khan, Kennesaw State University

prize Winner! 2. Llama 2 ClarifAI LablabAI hackathon SECOND prize winner! Published papers: 1. FIE 2023 IEEE conference, Texas, USA: EEG Spectral Analysis and Prediction for Inattention Detection in Academic Domain 2. AIMC 2023, Brighton, UK: Introductory Studies on Raga Multi-track Music Generation of Indian classical music using AI.Nasrin Dehbozorgi, Kennesaw State University I’m an Assistant Professor of Software Engineering and the director of the AIET lab in the College of Computing and Software Engineering at Kennesaw State University. With a Ph.D. in Computer Science and prior experience as a software engineer in the industry, my interest in both academic and research activities has laid the foundation to

Conference Session

External Factors, Shifting Identity Trajectories, Persistence Analysis of Cultural Models, and Exploring the Experiences of Black University Students

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claude Brathwaite, City University of New York, City College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

Education, 2023 CAREER OUTCOMES TRACKING NEW YORK CITY LOUIS STOKESALLIANCE FOR MINORITY PARTICIPATION RESEARCH SCHOLARS 1993 TO 2022AbstractFrom 1998 to 2018 over 1900 Research Scholars participated in the New York City Louis StokesAlliance for Minority Participation (NYC LSAMP) at the City University of New York (CUNY).NYC LSAMP Scholars formed the select group of students who were encouraged to move tograduate study. Participation in the NYC LSAMP was defined as being a Research Scholar andincluded students of the Community, Comprehensive and Senior colleges of the NYC LSAMP.VISION NYC LSAMP, an initiative to incorporate the NYC LSAMP Alums seeks to engagealumni of the program. Two in-person VISION NYC LSAMP sessions were

Conference Session

Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Pillars of Student Development

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kejun Wen, Jackson State University; Na Li, Jackson State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

research experiences (CUREs) for undergraduate students somake research accessible to a more diverse group. In this study, they can succeed in STEM. Three models of CUREs will bethe introduction-level lecture was given to freshmen as part of the developed in this project to engage students in addressingUNIV 100 Student Success class. Data was collected during thefirst academic year before and after the I-CUREs course common and diverse research questions,implementation at Jackson State University. Research projects including 1) Introductory-level CUREs (I-CUREs), 2)related to a range of cutting-edge technologies including advanced

Conference Session

Work in Progress Papers in ECE

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian F. Thomson, Temple University; Cory Budischak, Temple University; Maryam Alibeik

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

variable input values, (c) question two asking for different result with different inputsIn Fig. 1(a), the variable quantities are the voltage source Vs and current source Is. The studentsassume Vs and Is are given and generate models / expressions that produce solutions for 𝐼𝐼1 , 𝐼𝐼2 , 𝑉𝑉1 ,and 𝑉𝑉2. In Fig 1(b) and 1(c), the students are asked to enter numerical results of their solutionsfor two different cases. They are asked to find 𝐼𝐼1 when Vs = 7.4, Is = 8.7 in Fig 1(a) and find 𝐼𝐼2when Vs = 6.7, Is = 6.6 in Fig 1(c). This emphasizes having an accurate mathematical model andexpressions for their solutions. If students have these correct, then updating numbers for eachquestion is simple.From the instructor’s perspective, setting up

Conference Session

Design Across the Curriculum 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado Denver; Susan Garver Stirrup, University of Colorado Denver

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

each mode and worked with the students in their design teams to helpthem understand the modes and create robust solutions. Students received feedback from “users”during informal conversation with one other design group and again during a small grouppresentation to three to four other groups. The culminating activity was a poster session in whichstudents displayed their work and college faculty and staff were invited to attend. Students wererequired to have a physical prototype to display and interact with during the poster session. TheDesign Challenge increased to 20% of the students’ overall grade and quizzes and examsdecreased to 60%.Table 1: Changes to the course design of Chemistry for Engineers, with numbers of students andsurvey response

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Chen Xu, New York City College of Technology; Ohbong Kwon, New York City College of Technology; Juanita But, New York City College of Technology; Benito Mendoza, City University of New York; Janet Liou-Mark, New York City College of Technology, CUNY; Robert Ostrom

results showed that the pass rates (ABC grades) for workshop participants in Precalculuscourses were 30% higher than the non-participants with the same instructor and the withdrawalrates were 7.5% lower among workshop participants than for non-participants. Furthermore, theparticipants reported that the engagement with peer leaders and with other workshop participantscreated an inviting and encouraging environment to work on mathematics problem sets.4 Shefurther pointed out that six components, such as 1). workshops are integral to the course, 2). peerleaders are trained and supervised, 3). a faculty is involved with the workshops, 4). materials areappropriately challenging, 5). suitable time and space are designated for workshop sessions, and6

Conference Session

FPD4 -- Hands-on & Real-World Studies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Menicucci, Montana State University; James Duffy, Montana State University; Betsy Palmer, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

= Some improvement 5 = A great deal of improvement Solving engineering problems 4.1 Using EXCEL to plot and analyze data 3.9 Creating and reading graphs 3.6 Actively contributing to a group project 3.2 Leadership ability in group settings 3.1 Creating a presentation using POWERPOINT 3 1 2 3 4 5On the post-course assessment we also asked students to respond to some general attitudeitems which were created to correspond with overall course

Collection

2021 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Meeting

Authors

Thomas S. Soerens, Messiah University

a new contribution in your field.The University does not have a graduate program in engineering. The motivation for moving to agraduate research group model for the class was to give the students a microcosm of graduateresearch group experience.The goals of implementing this model were to increase capabilities, skills, and learning needed to 1. Digest and disseminate new information in a clear and organized manner 2. Select appropriate illustrations and exercises to teach the topic to others 3. Critically evaluate a research journal article from the literature 4. Delve deeply into a topic of interestThe model was implemented in an upper level environmental engineering class of eight students.Course

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arun Ravindran, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Patricia Tolley, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Arindam Mukherjee, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

required for the course areprogramming using a high level language such as C/C++ or Java and an understanding of logicdesign, both which a typical undergraduate computer engineering student acquires at thesophomore or the junior level. An associated laboratory component was also developed, whereweekly hands-on laboratory sessions serve to reinforce the ideas learned in the lecture. Thecourse projects are drawn from a variety of disciplines which use high performance computingincluding bioinformatics, scientific computing, and signal processing. The course was assessedthrough pre and post tests, focus groups, and external evaluators drawn from faculty from otherdepartments. Our assessments indicate that the course has had a significant impact on

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computer-Oriented Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle Lutes, Purdue University; Alka Harriger, Purdue University; Jack Purdum, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

choice among high school students, especially young women.Jack Purdum, Purdue University Dr. Jack Purdum has authored over 13 programming texts, numerous magazine articles and technical papers, and has over 25 years of teaching experience. He served as the director of development for a software company that produced programming tools, compilers, and statistical software for PC's coupled wit almost 30 years of consulting experience. Page 14.496.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Do Introverts Perform Better in Computer Programming Courses

Conference Session

Industry Collaborations in Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Alvarado, Texas A&M University; Michael Golla, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution at Texas A&M University, wehave implemented a new collaboration model to engage industry partners with a vested interest in ourcurriculum, students, and our overall facilities and resources. The model’s vision consists of engagingindustry partners in a way where value can be generated by and for all key stakeholders. The model canbe broken down into the following key phases: 1. Identification of industrial distributors and their associated industrial manufacturers’ network. 2. Initial industry contacts and visits to their facilities. 3. Identification of the distributors or manufacturers needs including human resources and training. 4. Understanding of the distributors’ or

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Hoffbeck, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

up a group, so that each group has4*26 = 104 bits. Figure 6: Blocks and GroupsThe checksum bits are a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and are computed by multiplying themessage bits by x10 and then dividing (modulo 2) by the generator polynomialg ( x ) = x 10 + x 8 + x 7 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + 1 . By adding (modulo 2) the remainder to the message bitsmultiplied by x10 , a 26 bit block is formed that has the property that if it is divided by the Page 13.1351.7generator polynomial, the remainder will be all zeros. This property can be used to check for biterrors.The checksum is also used to determine the

Conference Session

Epistemic Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Golnaz Arastoopour, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Naomi C. Chesler, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Cynthia M. D'Angelo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; David Williamson Shaffer, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Jamon W. Opgenorth; Carrie Beth Reardan, Epistemic Games; Nathan Patrick Haggerty, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Clayton Guy Lepak

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Nephrotex. The remaining 75 students(24 female, 51 male; control group) participated in team-based research projects. The 45 studentsthat participated in Nephrotex were divided into two modules. Module 1 was run first with 25students, and module 2 was run second with 20 students. Class sessions were held in a computerlab where each student worked at his or her own computer. Conversations among students andbetween students and their design advisors were conducted in a chat program. Some studentsmet virtually through the chat program or in person outside of class to finish assignments or planfor upcoming tasks. 29 out of 45 students self-identified as prospective biomedical engineering

Conference Session

Real-World Applications

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Molu Olumolade

find on their way to reaching the goal’s solution, there is a goodchance that important information will not be studied. Dolmans et al.1 found in their study,correlating student directed study and faculty objectives, that students did not stay on track andmany important objectives were omitted.Motivation:In our program, engineering technology students have to go through a course of industrialinternship before they graduate, which they normally complete during the summer session. Inthe past couple of years, it has become difficult to find appropriate industrial projects for thesestudents. It is therefore feared that if this continues, students may be spending more than thenecessary number of years to graduate. But in order to keep the students