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Displaying results 19021 - 19050 of 19508 in total
Conference Session
Integrating Social Justice in Engineering Science Courses
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James L. Huff, Harding University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
signals and Page 26.866.9systems. By the ninth week of the semester, we were discussing how we might use the Fouriertransform to represent a signal in relation to frequency and detect unwanted noise from thefrequencies. At this point, I was contending with the guilt of not upholding my earliercommitment to humanize the technical concepts of this course.I decided to guide the class through Riley’s22 framework of thinking through sociotechnicalconcepts in engineering science courses, that is for students to (1) engage a topic, (2) analyze asituation related to the topic, (3) reflect on a question that was generated through analysis, and(4) change
Conference Session
Case and Scenario in Engineering Ethics Instruction
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Edwin R. Schmeckpeper P.E., Norwich University; Michael B. Kelley P.E., Norwich University; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Jay Patrick McCormack, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
(EPSA)1 method within the ‘ethics’ section of a senior level “Professional Issues” course.During the four years that the course instructors have been using the EPSA method, they havefound that the interdisciplinary EPSA scenarios generate more enthusiastic and higher leveldiscussion than case studies that focus solely on ethics. After using the EPSA scenarios, interestwas expressed by the students in writing their own scenarios for future use in the class. Since theEPSA materials include a tool for developing as well as assessing EPSA scenarios, draftingstudent-authored scenarios was added to the course in 2015.BackgroundEngineering programs often contain a senior level “Professional Issues” course to cover topics,such as ethics, which are
Conference Session
Innovative Approaches to Ethics Instruction
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohamed B. Trabia, University of Nevada - Las Vegas; Julie A. Longo, University of Nevada - Las Vegas; Susan Wainscott, University of Nevada - Las Vegas
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
graduate career. The Technical Writer and the Engineering Librarian are not tenure-trackengineering faculty; however, both have been working closely with engineering faculty andgraduate students for several years, which made them familiar with the College's needs.In March 2015, the Associate Dean, the Technical Writer, and the Engineering Librarian metto plan the ethics workshop. While the Technical Writing workshop series engaged studentsin a non-compulsory manner, other formats for ethics instruction used at other institutionswere considered, including 1) a college-mandated, compulsory, extracurricular trainingsession; 2) incorporation of ethics instruction by faculty in existing courses; and 3) invitingguest speakers to existing courses to
Conference Session
Assessment of Engineering Leadership Skills
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto; Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto, ILead; Robin Sacks, University of Toronto
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development Division
engineer) and situations (task, team, aspiration/satisfaction). Parts five through seven ofthe survey invited individuals to identify and evaluate the skills and traits of three colleagues intheir organization who exemplified each of the three leadership orientations—technical mastery,collaborative optimization and organizational innovation. We derived our list of skills from thetwelve graduate attributes named by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (similar toABET) [48, 49], and the core engineering competencies against which internationally trainedengineers are evaluated, as defined by Engineers Canada [50]. We were less systematic about ourtrait selection. The research team generated 20 traits we believed to be characteristic of
Conference Session
Influencing the Next (Third!) Edition of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allen C Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Thomas A. Lenox , Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, American Society of Civil Engineers; Kenneth J. Fridley, University of Alabama; Richard O. Anderson P.E., Somat Engineering, Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
in terms of mandatedmaximum units in an undergraduate program and additional requirements imposed by a stategovernment or a university. Conversely, the ABET accreditation criteria (general plus program)define the minimum requirements for a program to receive accreditation. There will naturally bea gap between those two standards.For the cycle of change to be successful, the insights and lessons learned from the developmentof the CEPC should be communicated with the BOKTC and vice versa. This paper attempts todo that. The paper will define the gap between (1) the BOK2 and (2) EAC/ABET accreditationcriteria (General Criteria plus proposed CEPC as well as newly revised General Criteria plusproposed CEPC) and make recommendations for closing the
Conference Session
Circuits and Systems Education 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shiny Abraham, Tuskegee University; Naga Korivi, Tuskegee University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
, stimulate their curiosity, and engage them in hands-on activities that are notlimited to the laboratory 1. This paper proposes the integration of an activity-based learning approach in the EEcurriculum with the use of Analog Discovery Boards (ADB) by Digilent Inc. This enhancementallows students to build, analyze and visualize circuits using the USB-powered AnalogDiscovery platform, a personal computer, and a basic analog parts kit. This opens the door for avariety of learning activities that include in-class experimentation, take-home exercises, groupactivity sessions, and design-and-learn projects among many others. Our work aims to create anenvironment for a student that is conducive to innovation and creative thinking; while providingan
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer I
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James A. Mynderse, Lawrence Technological University; Andrew L. Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University; Liping Liu, Lawrence Technological University; Selin Arslan, Lawrence Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
skills in: 1. Making reasonable simplifying assumptions. 2. Analyzing the causes of heat generation. 3. Identifying and determining the modes of heat transfer (which ones are dominant, which ones are negligible). 4. Determining different and effective methods of heat removal. 5. Reporting the solution to a customer. Page 26.1174.11 Table 3. Survey results assessing technical skills in Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer. EME 3123 Fluid Mechanics EME 4013 Heat Transfer Question # Standard Standard Mean
Conference Session
Focus on the Classroom: Innovative Pedagogies
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael E. Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College; Linda A. Desjardins, Northern Essex Community College; Paul Chanley, Northern Essex Community College; Il (Johnny) Yoon, Northern Essex Community College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
session. Students are allowed torevise and resubmit work if they receive less than perfect scores on the assignments.From the first day of the course, students are told that each and every graph, flow chart, andMATLAB program submitted via Blackboard must include a text box with names of members ofthe team and date on which the submitted item was created.EXCEL is used during the first three weeks to construct charts and graphs for various sets ofdata. In the second week, students generate data by taking measurements of current and voltagein simple DC electric circuits involving a single resistor or a single incandescent light bulb. Inthe third week, EXCEL plus an oscilloscope is used to determine the velocity of sound from a40k-Hz ultrasound
Conference Session
Shaping the Future: Structured Mentoring for Today's Diverse Engineering Student Populations
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jessica Alyce Wilson, University of South Florida; Jonathan Elliot Gaines, University of South Florida; Deonte Cooper, Bulls-Eye
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
andEydgahi (n.d.) approach this issue as it relates to curricula, by recognizing that non-STEM fields such as Social Sciences andHumanities “emphasize more on ‘soft skills’ and ‘social service’ and as such have naturally embraced ‘service-learning’” (p. 1). As aresult, integrating academic fields with “service-learning” that emphasizes, “‘technical’ and ‘scientific’ skills such asEngineering…[is] rare”33. Another difference in the definition of service learning provided through an evaluation of Jacoby (1996), who defines servicelearning as a “form of experiential education in which students engage in activities that address human and community needs togetherwith structured opportunities intentionally designed to promote student learning and
Conference Session
Teaching the Business Side of Construction
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio
Tagged Divisions
Construction
careers. After couple years of employment, constructiongraduates realize that they need more than technical knowledge for their advancement. Theyare expected to lead diverse group of people in every single project including owners,architects, engineers, subcontractors, suppliers and many more. Their conduct throughout theproject cultivates relationships and generates potential business opportunities with existingclients. In addition to that, there is a need for structured effort to identify and contact potentialclients in every organization. Construction project management is a profession where Page 26.413.2professionals are busy with
Collection
2019 CIEC
Authors
Nabin Sapkota; Laurie Morrow
Session ETD 315 Earn and Learn: Best Practices of a True Apprenticeship Nabin Sapkota and Laurie Morrow Engineering Technology Department, Northwestern State University of Louisiana/Central Louisiana Technical Community College AbstractNorthwestern State University (NSU) of Louisiana and Central Louisiana TechnicalCommunity College (CLTCC) joined hands in a work/study program in collaboration withlocal and regional manufacturers to offer the Advanced Manufacturing Technician (AMT)program. AMT program provides the opportunity for a learn/earn
Collection
2019 CIEC
Authors
Maher Shehadi
Copyright ©2019, American Society for Engineering Education Session ETD 5451) Biweekly reports: constituted 15% of the final GPA. These reports summarized the work of the previous two weeks. Each report was recorded on a log-book that included minutes of meetings, weekly list of achieved and pending goals, notes from outside research, calculations, sketches and drawings, test plans, collected data, and analyses. Each of the biweekly reports had a general theme as follows: Report 1 Proposal Report 2 Conceptual Design Report 3 Preliminary Design Report 4 Critical
Conference Session
Labs & Hands-on Instruction I
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Andrew Phillips, The University of Glasgow
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
constraints on the schedules of external speakers and industrial and cultural visits. Adescription of the experiments including a bill of materials is provided in Table I. An Table I: Description of Experiments and the Bill of MaterialsExperiment Activities Bill of Materials 1. Construct a circuit to power an Arbitrary function generator LED in pulsed operation and a DC voltage supply second circuit to detect output of Oscilloscope an integrated photodetector- 2 solderless breadboards (400 tie) amplifier. 1 each: red LED with 2 θ1/2 = 15o 2
Conference Session
Manufacturing Materials and Processes
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ergin Erdem, Robert Morris University; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
been chosen as the teaching medium. Three main aspects of theteaching methods include: 1) In-class teaching of lecture material (i.e., casting processes) 2)Hands-on sand casting laboratory where students are engaged in conducting and assisting invarious steps of sand casting process (i.e., premixing, mold preparation, actual casting process,trimming sprues, runners, gates etc.) 3) Numerical and graphical analysis of the casting processthrough simulation. The integrated methodology would be comprised of classroom and labactivities, in which two sessions are conducted in the classroom environment, and one session isconducted in the casting lab. The first classroom lecture incorporates describing the variousaspects of the casting processes such
Conference Session
Models and Practices of Community Engagement for Engineering Faculty
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffrey Paul Walters, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kaitlin Litchfield, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
system structure might influence behavior.12 Additionally,qualitative system dynamics modeling is often most appropriate when model variables cannot beaccurately quantified, as is often the case for exploratory modeling, similar to what was done inthis study.The general goal of qualitative SD modeling is to develop a causal loop diagram (CLD) whichdescribes the causal structure hypothesized to drive the dynamic behavior of a system. Thisdynamic behavior is hypothesized to emerge through the formation of feedback loops. Anexample feedback loop could be: an increase in population causes an increase in people beingborn, which causes an increase in population, and so on (see Figure 1). CLDs are created bysystematically identifying the polarity of
Conference Session
Writing and Communication II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julia M. Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Bernadette Longo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Dave M. Kmiec, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
course(taught by an engineering subject matter expert). We will also discuss how practicing engineers canuse this book and accompanying online workflow materials as they develop their own workplaceprojects.Bibliography[1] D. Kmiec, B. Longo and J. M. Williams, "Extended abstract: Using project workflow to teach engineeringcommunication," Professional Communication Conference (IPCC), 2015 IEEE International, Limerick, 2015, pp. 1-2.[2] D. Winsor. Writing Like An Engineer: A Rhetorical Education. New York: Routledge, 1996.[3] R. Spilka. “Orality and Literacy in the Workplace: Process- and Text-Based Strategies for Multiple-AudienceAdaptation,” Journal of Business and Technical Communication 4 (1990), pp. 44-67.[4] C. Spinuzzi. Tracing Genres
Conference Session
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Aero and Mechanical Engineering
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gerald Sullivan, Virginia Military Institute; Jon-michael Hardin P.E., Virginia Military Institute
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
crafts from leaf blowers and other basic suppliesWelding Lab Introduced students to welding 1 wkIn addition, three weeks of the course were consumed by lectures covering the policies of theMechanical Engineering department and the university in general. Surveys of students from thecourse showed a strong preference of students that remained in mechanical engineering aftertheir freshman year, for the labs involving design projects such as the Hover Craft and the LegoClock, as opposed to more procedural labs like the rocket lab or engine lab23. The influence ofthese early experiences in mechanical design can be seen clearly as students progress through theME curriculum
Collection
2019 CIEC
Authors
Mingli He; Debora Gilliard; Rebecca Trammell
programs or other industry training.In order to exam the feasibility and usefulness of such program, MSU Denver conducted a seriesof survey. Survey responses would only be used internally at MSU Denver to direct curriculumdevelopment and potentially market the new degree. In this paper we use secondary survey data.The first survey aimed to understand the interests in such degree from employers’ point of view.1Distributed with the help of the Presidents of the Rocky Mountain chapter of the AssociatedBuilders and Contractors and the Associated General Contractors of Colorado, the result of thesurvey indicated strong support for the type of degree proposed, referring to Figure 1. Surveyresponse: importance of a pathway to a 4 year BA degree in
Collection
2019 CIEC
Authors
Nicholas Hempenius; Te-Shun Chou; Lee Toderick
ofthat data to the player. The subsections below explain the approach and considerations fortheoretical technical solutions that address each step. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration Copyright ©2019, American Society for Engineering Education Session ETD 475 Figure 1. ASMB Model3.1. Continuous Data CollectionIt was important to first understand that the data referred to in this section, and sections tofollow, are collected from specified data points that were deemed necessary in measuringlearning objectives. For example, the data point for
Collection
2019 CIEC
Authors
Charles Feldhaus; John Buckwalter; Elizabeth Wager
©2019, American Society for Engineering Education Session ETD 415As a result of the need for high quality assessment of student learning and the expectation fromaccrediting bodies for programs to show what students know and are able to do, more recentlyuniversities have adopted the integrative learning model for assessment of student outcomes.According to Budwig and Jessen-Marshall (2018), integrative learning for the college studentcomprises 1) the useful blending of knowledge and skills from different disciplinary areas, 2)putting theory into practice, 3) considering multiple perspectives to advance collaborativeproblem solving, 4) adapting the skills
Conference Session
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Aero and Mechanical Engineering
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Joseph F. Mandara, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
lecture time spent in thelab sessions to aid in project concept understanding, but most time is dedicated to hands-ondesign within student teams.The course syllabus states that the learning goal for engineering students is to demonstrateeffective design processes, which include generating multiple engineering design solutions,applying sound engineering principles to choose the best solution and see that solution through tocompletion, and using parametric design to optimize an artifact or process. Some of the learninggoals for the writing arts portion of the course include: writing effectively in engineering genres;using conventions of academic writing in engineering; developing technical writing skills indescription, data presentation, data
Conference Session
Communication as Performance
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John W. Brocato, Mississippi State University; Amy Barton, Mississippi State University; Kelly Agee, Mississippi State University; Ed Dechert, Mississippi State University; Greg Carlisle, Morehead State University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
cause of this engagement problem is not complicated; public speaking has been a top fear ofpeople in the United States for years, often anecdotally but also in a more documented sense,most recently in Chapman University’s “Survey on American Fears,” where public speakingplaced fifth (9.1%) just behind “Being [a] victim of mass/random shooting” (also 9.1%)1.Another persistent problem is lack of experience. As much as any other ability, effective publicspeaking requires repeated practice at delivering talks before audiences and, more importantly,reflection after a talk on what went poorly and the willingness to do it again, better. Assessingthe presentation experiences of, e.g., the general public or U.S. college students is beyond thescope of
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Teamwork
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ada Hurst, University of Waterloo; Erin Jobidon, University of Waterloo; Andrea Prier, University of Waterloo; Taghi Khaniyev, University of Waterloo; Christopher Rennick, University of Waterloo; Rania Al-Hammoud P.Eng., University of Waterloo; Carol Hulls P.Eng., University of Waterloo; Jason Andrew Grove, The University of Waterloo; Samar Mohamed, University of Waterloo; Stephanie Joan Johnson M.Ed, University of Waterloo; Sanjeev Bedi P.Eng., University of Waterloo
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
different performance objectives and whereconflict situations are intentionally created. In the second workshop, students are assigned differentteam roles and challenged to build a simple LEGO structure under different conditions of verbaland written communication channel effectiveness. The combined learning outcomes of the firsttwo workshops are understanding the characteristics of effective teams, developing strategies foreffective teamwork, building active listening skills, and asking effective questions.As the workshops are developed and implemented, ongoing assessment of their effectiveness inimproving students’ teamwork-related KSAs is focused on the workshops’ impact on (1) students’knowledge of generic teamwork competencies (or “declarative
Collection
2019 CIEC
Authors
Sanjida Haque; Seth Nowak; Robyn Callaghan; Ashim Mukerjee; Rahul Prasad; Mosfequr Rahman; Aniruddha Mitra
Society for Engineering Education Session CIEC 421 From a model provided by JMPT, it is analyzed that the top and bottom faces of the bolts are fixed. There should be no penetration contact between the load cell and the rollers. The downward forces as the result of the weight of the tank body, water and catalyst would act on the top face of the mounting block as shown in Figure 2. Fig 2. Force on Load Cell with EZ Mount 1 The structural integrity of the 200-GM-013 Loader was assessed by the Finite Element Method by two of the most popular software, ANSYS, and SolidWorks. Table 2: EZ Mount 17823 Load
Conference Session
Engineering Economics New Frontiers
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul C. Lynch, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Cynthia Bober, Penn State University; Joseph Wilck, East Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy
could to the casestudy teams in attendance while also taking questions from the students. After the Q&A session,the course instructor worked with a senior engineer for the U.S. retailer to provide a list ofanswers to commonly asked questions that came out of the Q&A Session. The answers wereboth distributed in class and posted on the course webpage for all teams to have access to. Theinstructor wanted all teams to have the exact same set of given information to work on the casestudy. The instructor felt as though it was unfair for certain teams to have additional informationor data from the retailer that other teams did not have access to. After the Q&A session answerswere distributed to all teams, no additional technical questions
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Course Development
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jodi Reeves, National University; Brian Arnold, National University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
, very similarto small group discussions in an onsite class.We applied this online, synchronous, small group discussion technique to the thermodynamicsmodule of EGR 320L. Before the students conduct the hands-on thermodynamics lab at home,the instructor distributed a lab report to the online class with instructions to analyze its strengthsand weaknesses. During the synchronous (real-time) chat session, the instructor then divided theonline students into small groups and placed them separate chat rooms where their task was tograde the lab report using the rubrics that the instructor usually uses. Using the LMS technologydescribed previously,10 the instructor could then visit the individual chat rooms (shown as Room1, Room 2, etc. in Figure 1
Collection
2019 CIEC
Authors
Immanuel Edinbarough; Jesus Alberto Gonzalez-Rodriguez; Adriana Rios Santiago
developed a user-friendlyprogram that automatically generates an inspection plan for the CMM. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration Copyright ©2019, American Society of Engineering Education Session ETD 315Integrated CAD and Computer Aided Inspection Planning.The following feature based design approach was used to develop an inspection plan for theCMM. 1. Generation of data based on Initial Graphics Exchange Specifications (IGES) [2] & Standard for the Exchange of Product (STEP) of the CAD file. 2. Retrieve inspection information such as dimensions, and tolerances from the IGES
Conference Session
Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Chiou, Drexel University ; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Radian G. Belu, University of Alaska, Anchorage; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University; Regina Ruane Ph.D., Drexel University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
theory,conduct experiments, and use real-world experience to interpret, analyze, and solve current andemerging technical problems in green energy manufacturing.1. IntroductionThere is a need to instill sustainability awareness and concepts among undergraduate students, inorder to ensure that sustainable production will be achieved in the near future. Sustainability hasfour basic aspects: the environment, technology, economy, and societal organization.Conventionally, engineers are taught to deal with technology development and economicanalysis assessing the viability of a process, a product, or a project, being less familiar with theoptimization of environmental factors. However, schools with undergraduate engineering orengineering technology
Conference Session
Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Polinpapilinho Katina, Old Dominion University; Joseph M Bradley, Leading Change, LLC
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
explicit and test tacit structures and Schön 43 44 patterns which generate system behavior Sociotechnical Work system analysis and redesign based on joint optimization Trist and Bamforth 45; Systems of the social and technical subsystems for performing work Cherns 46 Total systems A system problem solving approach based on creative thinking, Flood and Jackson 47; Intervention appropriate method selection, and implementation of method Flood 48; Jackson 49 based change proposals to resolve complex issuesComplex System GovernanceComplex System Governance (CSG) takes
Conference Session
Capstone Design Courses II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Pezeshki, Washington State University; Jacob William Leachman, Washington State University; Michael Richey, The Boeing Company
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
of 5 students.Project 3 is currently being staffed by 11 students, at four different locations, withtechnical specialty subdivision being scripted early on in the development process.Evidence of interaction for Project 1 was taken from the Ph.D. advisor’s notes. ForProjects 2 and 3, students used a project management software platform called Basecamp.This was reviewed. Additionally, for Project 3, a Sharepoint platform containing allorganizer’s directives, and technical presentations of the students was referred to.In Project 1, supervised by the second author, and Projects 2 and 3, supervised by the firstauthor, both professors emphasized a very ‘light touch’. Further in the paper,differentiation in design process will be discussed. A core