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Displaying results 19921 - 19950 of 22810 in total
Collection
2011 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Pooyan Asadollahi; Ahmet Zeytinci
Sustainable development of infrastructures using underground spaces: role of academia By: Pooyan Asadollahi and Ahmet Zeytinci Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, the University of the District of ColumbiaAbstractThis paper presents how placing infrastructures under the ground can improve living conditionsand minimize environmental impacts. Status of tunneling education in the USA has beeninvestigated and compared with the industrial needs. Adjustments to the current CivilEngineering programs have been proposed. Furthermore, a curriculum has been suggested for aMS program in Tunnel Engineering. Finally, the paper briefly presents some examples thatacademic research
Conference Session
Practice/Industry Partnership
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Enno Koehn
, FortWorth, Texas 76101.5. Koehn, E. (1991). “An Ethics and Professionalism Seminar in the Civil Engineering Curriculum.” J. Prof.Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, ASCE, 117(2), 96-101.6. Martin, M.W. and Schinzinger, R. (1989). Ethics in Engineering. 2 nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company,New York, NY.7. NSPE/PEE’s Modules for Ethics Instruction. (1992). Murdough Center for Engineering Professionalism, TexasTech University, Lubbock, Texas.8. Professional Development Program. (1960). Texas State Board of Registration for Professional Engineers,Austin, Texas.9. Rabins, M.J. and Harris, E. (1992). “Introducing Ethics Case Studies Into Required Engineering UndergraduateCourses.” Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Pannapa Herabat; Sue McNeil; Adjo Amekudzi; Kristen Sanford Bernhardt
infrastructure preservation and improvement needs, limited agencybudgets, and public resistance to new construction, civil engineering education focuses almostexclusively on teaching students to design new facilities. Analytical ability and knowledge ofdesign standards and approaches are necessary but not sufficient tools for managing civilinfrastructure in the 21st century. Students must learn to integrate this traditional civilengineering knowledge base with an understanding of deterioration science, economics, finance,decision and management theory, maintenance management, and public policy. This paperdescribes efforts to address this gap in civil engineering education. The authors began with a
Collection
2005 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Roy A. McCann
composites: • There is student interest in emerging technologies. • Students are concerned with improving employment prospects by having an awareness of new products and trends. • The study of micro and nano-level technologies often reinforces basic concepts learned in previous engineering and science courses.There has been an overall favorable response to including content as outlined in Fig. (1b). Addi-tional curriculum changes are under consideration, particularly with respect to educational out-comes and objectives for the undergraduate curriculum as a whole.V. ConclusionThe outline and benefits of a revitalizing the core undergraduate electrical energy conversioncourse has been presented. The approach taken is in
Conference Session
Socio-cultural Dimensions of Community Engagement
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aimee S Navickis-Brasch P.E., University of Idaho, Moscow; Anne Liu Kern, University of Idaho; Jillian Rae Cadwell, University of Idaho ; Laura Laumatia Laumatia; Fritz Fiedler, University of Idaho, Moscow
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
. Anne L. Kern is an assistant professor in curriculum/instruction, science education at the University of Idaho. She researches methodologies in education, specifically in science teaching and learning, science teacher development, and science integration in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathemat- ics). Her research focuses on using place-based pedagogies in understanding STEM content, particularly with American Indian students and communities. She is the Principle Investigator for the NSF funded Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers, Back to the Earth.Dr. Jillian Rae Cadwell, University of Idaho Dr. Jillian Cadwell was an assistant professor in the Civil Engineering department at
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Richard Gilbert; Andrew Hoff, University of South Florida; Marilyn Barger, Hillsborough Community College
Engineering; as well as input from local industries. The proposedcurriculum (including the 12 new technical courses) approved and the curriculum outline with itssemester sequence is provided in Table 1. Highlights from this curriculum directly related to theNSF grant and Tech 4 are provided. -Hazardous Materials A 2-semester credit hour course, Process Safety and Hazardous Materials was designed as a component of the A.S. Manufacturing Technology Program at HCC. Three MATEC modules relating to Safety and Hazardous Materials were incorporated into the course. The interactive CD-ROM based courseware package by Marcon for Safety and Hazardous Materials was also selected. The complete curriculum materials for
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; William Travis Horton, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
). Female-Friendly Science. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY.6. Rosser, S. V. (1995). Teaching the Majority: Breaking the Gender Barrier in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering. Teachers College Press, New York, NY.7. Matyas, M. L. & Malcolm, S. (1991). Investing in Human Potential: Science and Engineering at the Crossroads. AAAS, Washington, D.C.8. Oakes, J., Gamoran, A., & Page, R. N. (1992). Curriculum Differentiation: Opportunities, Outcomes, and Meanings, from the Handbook of Research on Curriculum, edited by P. W. Jackson, New York: Macmillan.9. Lima, M. (2000). Service-learning: A unique perspective on engineering education. In E. Tsang (Ed.), Projects that matter: Concepts and models for service learning in engineering (pp
Conference Session
LEES Session 9
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cayla Ritz, Rowan University; Cheryl Bodnar, Rowan University; Melissa Montalbo-Lomboy, Rowan University
the introduction of EE in the curriculum of higher education [19]. At the beginning of the21st century, many disciplines outside of business took an interest in integrating entrepreneurshipinto their curricula, including engineering [17]. These programs have a wide variety of goals,spanning from creating new business ventures to developing an entrepreneurial mindset instudents [20]. Most recently, there has been a push for incorporating EE into the curriculum forundergraduate engineering students, which includes developing students’ entrepreneurial mindset(EM) [20]-[24].A variety of methods have been explored for integrating EM into the undergraduate engineeringcurriculum. EM interventions are often found in classes that involve problem
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Robert Brown; Francine Battaglia; Donald R. Flugrad
a process for continuous quality improvement was implemented. Thispaper focuses on our development of assessment tools, which includes fives components: designpanels to judge reports from design-oriented courses; targeted assessments in all core andtechnical elective courses; student assessments to receive feedback from students in our courses;graduating senior surveys to allow students completing our curriculum to provide an overallprogram assessment; and alumni surveys of former students who are three years into theirprofessional careers.I. IntroductionThe faculty and staff of the Mechanical Engineering (ME) Department at Iowa State Universityhave recently devised a new curriculum that includes assessment of program outcomes. Thesteps
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lulu Sun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Christina Frederick, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
; Exposition, Charlotte, NC.3. Morrell, D. (2007). Design of an Introductory MATLAB Course for Freshman Engineering Students. Paper presented at the 2007 American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Honolulu, HI.4. Naraghi, M.H.N. & Litkouhi, B. (2001). An Effective Approach for Teaching Computer Programming to Freshman Engineering Students, Paper presented at the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, New York.5. Solomon, J. (2004). Programming as a Second Language. Learning & Leading with Technology, 32(4), 34-39.6. Tran, L. (2014) Computer Programming Could Soon Be Considered a Foreign Language in One State. Retrieved March 7
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marisa Orr, Clemson University; Baker Martin, Clemson University; Haleh Brotherton, Clemson University; Jessica Manning, Clemson University; Katherine Ehlert, Clemson University
academic lives. There are three goals that are updated in this paper. Our firstgoal is to explore the curriculum pathways through understanding the concept of overpersistence(when a student persists in a particular major but does not make the required progress in a timelymanner). Our second goal is to develop our decision-making competency instrument and sharethe results of a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the most recent phase of data collection.Finally, our progress continues on the third goal of developing the features of the AcademicDashboard. As the main goal of the dashboard is embracing the student-centric approach, wehave identified key features to include in the Academic Dashboard. Some of these featuresinclude metacognition
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Anton Pintar
Page 4.479.1and, hopefully, will be used in other courses in the future.INTRODUCTIONThe Bhopal Disaster in December of 1984 (C&E News, 1985) pointed out the need for anemphasis on process safety in the chemical engineering curriculum. In response to the BhopalDisaster, the AIChE created the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) [CEP, 1985]. Oneitem to be addressed by the CCPS was “Safety Training.” A series of chemical plant fires andexplosions in the late 1980’s further accentuated the need for chemical process safety in thecurriculum. The CCPS eventually created the Safety and Chemical Engineering Education(SACHE) consortium, which began the development of instructional materials on chemicalprocess safety. Finally, the recently
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Robin H. Lovgren; Michael J. Racer; Anna P. Phillips
engineering is vital to the effective, efficient operation of anyorganization. This is provided to the community via two sources - students and faculty.1. The primary product of the INSE Program is the student. In this regard, INSEgraduates will: o Be highly competent in mathematical understanding o Develop a systems-oriented approach to problem analysis o Be aware of process design, as well as product design o Possess and be able to apply problem-solving skills o Be effective in all segments of society o Possess decision-making skills o Be able to solve new problems, in unfamiliar areas, as well as solve old, familiar ones o Be able to apply their INSE skills in a wide variety of areas: engineering, management
Collection
1998 Annual Conference
Authors
Michael D. Murphy; Kristen L. Wood; Kevin Otto; Joseph Bezdek; Daniel Jensen
incremental concrete experiences with the methods. Nor do such courses allow for suitable observation and reflection as the methods are executed. In this paper, we describe a new approach for teaching design methods which addresses these issues. This approach incorporates hands-on experiences through the use of “reverse-engineering” projects. As the fundamentals of design techniques are presented, students immediately apply the methods to actual, existing products. They are able to hold these products physically in their hands, dissect them, perform experiments on their components, and evolve them into new successful creations. Based on this reverse-engineering concept, we have developed and tested new
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session I
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Zachary Clay, University of Texas at Austin; Molly H Goldstein, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Charles Xie; H. Onan Demirel, Oregon State University; Zhenghui Sha, University of Texas at Austin
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Assistant Professor and Product Design Lab Director in Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering at the Grainger College at the University of Illinois. She is also courtesy faculty in Mechanical Science and Engineering, Curriculum & Instruction (College of Education) and Industrial Design (School of Fine and Applied Arts). Dr. Goldstein’s research focuses on student designers through the study of their design actions and thinking.Dr. Charles XieDr. H. Onan Demirel, Oregon State University Onan Demirel is an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Oregon State University. He received his Ph.D., MS, and BS degrees from Purdue University. Dr. Demirel’s research interests lie at the intersection of human
Collection
2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference
Authors
Rahul Sharan Renu, Austin College
author. Results fromthis analysis are used to modify the LLM-generated PIs. Future work includes using the modified PIsfor SO assessment in a new engineering program. Introduction and MotivationThe evaluation of an educational program’s success and efficacy is often performed based onpredefined student outcomes. ABET, a well-reputed organization that accredits engineeringprograms across the world, defines student outcomes to be statements that “describe what studentsare expected to know and be able to do by the time of graduation. These relate to the knowledge,skills, and behaviors that students acquire as they progress through the program.”1 An educationalprogram may choose design a curriculum that achieves
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Robert D. Knecht; Barbara M. Moskal; Michael J. Pavelich
., Fleder, R., Frair, K., Froyd, J.E., Hoit, M., Morgan, J. &Wells, D. L., "First-Year Integrated Curricula: Design Alternatives and Examples,” Journal of EngineeringEducation, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 435-448, (1999).9. King, R.H., Parker, T.E., Grover, T.P., Gosink, J.P. & Middleton, N.T., "A Multidisciplinary EngineeringLaboratory Course," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 311- 316, (1999).10. Douglas, J.M., Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York,(1988).11. Pahl, G. and Beitz, W., Engineering Design A Systematic Approach, Second Edition, Springer, London, England,(1996).12. Horenstein, M., Engineering Design A Day in the Life of Four Engineers, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Sarah Appelhans, University at Albany-SUNY; Rebecca Thomas, Bucknell University; Stewart Thomas, Bucknell University; Robert Nickel; Stu Thompson, Bucknell University
supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.EEC-2022271. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation.References[1] National Science Foundation, “IUSE/Professional Formation of Engineers: Revolutionizing engineering and computer science Departments (IUSE/PFE: RED),” vol. 2017, no. May 15d. 2017.[2] D. Kotys-Schwartz, D. Knight, and G. Pawlas, “First-Year and Capstone Design Projects: Is the Bookend Curriculum Approach Effective for Skill Gain,” American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. Louisville, KY, 2010.[3] B. Akbar, J. L. Brummet, S
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Rahul Bargava; Michael Rosenblatt; Howard M. Choset; Amy Graveline
students who enroll in thiscourse? How can we do it in a way that closely parallels the carefully chosen curriculum ofthe course? We attempted to answer these questions by setting out to design an improvedversion of the course. This new version of the course was offered in the Fall of 1999.In the process of answering these questions we contrasted the instruction-based approachemployed in the first offering of the course with the ideas of constructionism, a veryhands-on individual approach to education. In doing so, we learned a lot about learning,and identified our biggest challenge: how do we meld the ideas of constructionism with thetraditional institutional constraints of curriculum, class size, and limited resources. Toanswer this challenge
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hilkat Soysal, Frostburg State University; Oguz Soysal, Frostburg State University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
offered in Frostburg StateUniversity to discuss the interactions of science, technology, and society. The course wasdeveloped in summer 2005 as part of the general education program mainly for nonscience or engineering majors.The course introduces the main characteristics of scientific investigation and engineeringdesign problems through various applications of technology that have transformed themodern society. The outline of the course, teaching approach, materials, and classactivities are presented with examples. The experience gained in the first and secondsemesters is discussed.IntroductionThe continuous change of the modern society driven by science and technology hasmotivated higher education institutions to develop curricula to enhance
Conference Session
Writing and Communication I
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Lisa McNair; Ben Miller; Judith Norback
on Georgia Tech’s NSF-sponsored project tobring workplace communication into a Technical Communication course. Personal interviewshave been conducted with computer science engineers; supervisors; and senior executives. Theresults of the interviews have been used to tailor Technical Communication to the computerscience discipline. These findings will be described along with the course content andpreliminary student assessment data.I. IntroductionGeorgia Tech is engaged in a collaborative effort that combines approaches from the College ofComputing (CoC), the School of Literature, Communication and Culture (LCC) and a workforcecommunication project originated in the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering. The goalis to integrate the
Conference Session
First-Year Programs: Integrating Computing into the First Year
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa DeWitte, University of Florida; Pamela L. Dickrell, University of Florida
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
in them  The “Hands On” approach is an effective way to learn new things. 3. Qualitative Free Response Questions:  Have you had any previous experience with circuits, microelectronics, or sensor integration?  What did you like and dislike about the exercise?  Would you suggest any improvements to the exercise?  What is your opinion on incorporating more interactive demonstrations into engineering courses?  Which branch of engineering (not presented in the in class demonstrations) would you like to learn more about in the future?Conclusion This introductory program of three demonstrations primarily focused on Civil, Industrial, andChemical
Conference Session
Innovative Classroom Techniques
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
David Silverstein
uses the same (or possiblyan inappropriate) model. This paper discusses an approach of “learning through failure”,where students develop simulations for systems that produce results not matching reality.The goal is to make students aware of the need to critically validate any results obtainedfrom a process simulator.IntroductionProcess simulation has become a core element of chemical engineering education. Recentsurveys have indicated that simulators are used in most chemical engineering curricula,with an increasing use outside the capstone design course. Equilibrium stagedseparations, process control, and thermodynamics courses are the three most commonsettings for incorporating simulation into the curriculum outside the capstone
Collection
2008 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Lawrence Whitman; Zulma Toro-Ramos; Dan Allison; Colin Davidson; Martha Shawver; Shelly Belles; Chris Wilkinson
is motivated by both a new programat Wichita State University to broaden our engineering graduates and motivatedby Industry as well as the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology(ABET) criteria.The SGDC is a collaboration between Spirit AeroSystems and two universitypartners: Wichita State University and the University of Manchester. SpiritProceedings of the 2008 Midwest Section Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education 2AeroSystems is the largest tier 1 supplier in the aerospace industry. Spiritprovides the aerospace industry aero structures and systems. Spirit has worldwidefacilities
Conference Session
NSF Grantees' Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Bonnie H. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; Dianna Newman; Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University; Mohamed F. Chouikha, Howard University; Deborah Walter, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
: Toward a Completely Online Electrical Engineering Curriculum,” 2013 ASEE Conference. 2. Y. Astatke et al, “Improving ECE Education in Sub-Saharan Africa Using the Mobile Studio Technology and Pedagogy,” 2013 ASEE Conference. 3. Y. Astatke et al, “Using Mobile Laboratory Technologies and the Flipped Classroom Pedagogy to Improve Engineering Education,” 2013 ASEE Conference. 4. J. Auerbach, B. Ferri “The Costs and Benefits of Using Alternative Approaches in Lecture-Based Courses: Experience in Electrical Engineering,” presented at the IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Washington DC, October 2010. 5. B.S. Bloom (1956), Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain, New York
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ricardo Jose Morocz, Georgia Institute of Technology; Bryan D Levy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Craig R. Forest, Georgia Institute of Technology; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Wendy C Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University; Julie S Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
curriculum for the Department of Engineering. The research and teaching interests of Dr. Nagel tend to revolve around engineering design and engineering design education, and in particular, the design conceptualization phase of the design process. He has performed research with the US Army Chemical Corps, General Motors Research and Development Center, and the US Air Force Academy, and he has received grants from the NSF, the EPA, and General Motors Corporation.Dr. Wendy C Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr Wendy C. Newstetter is the Director of Educational Research and Innovation in the College of Engi- neering at Georgia Tech.Dr. Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University Dr. Kimberly G. Talley is an
Conference Session
Government Policy, Manufacturing Education, and Certification
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marilyn Barger, Hillsborough Community College; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida; Eric Owens
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Curriculum Frameworks which govern the content of A.S. degree curriculum.FLATE’s effort has redefined manufacturing and related curriculum in Florida at the statelevel. FLATE, working with FLDOE Division of Career and Adult Education, Floridacommunity and state colleges, and Florida industries, created a new degree program in2006, with a FLDOE assigned Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) number in2007 (1,2). Today, this unique A.S. degree program in Engineering Technology (ET)supports eight second-year specialization tracts, 15 technical college credits, and is theonly statewide 2-year degree which also articulates 15 credits toward graduation toanyone holding a Manufacturing Skills Standards Council (MSSC) nationally recognizedworkforce
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: Workforce Development
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Andrea L'Afflitto, Virginia Tech; Wei Sun, University of Oklahoma; Jiyoon Lee, Rose State College; Steven L. Fowler, Rose State College; Wayne Jones, Rose State College
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
, Tinker AFB, OK 1980 – 1991 Engineering Chief, Computer Resources Division, Tinker AFB, OK 1974 – 1980 Project Engineer (Boeing, Honeywell, Motorola) Wichita KS and Phoenix AZr PRODUCTS Jones, Wayne, 2009, Project Risk Assessment – Fuzzy Logic Approach, VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. Jones, Wayne, 2001, PhD Dissertation, Identifying Cost, Schedule, and Performance Risks in Project Planning and Control – A Fuzzy Logic Approach, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma Jones, Wayne, 1977, MS Thesis, Honeywell Super Computer (H6000) Remote I/O Interface Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 1977 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Ted Aanstoos; Steven Nichols
Stakeholders, show the Relevance toEngineering Professionalism, estimate their own Career Impact arising from this topic, andpresent Conclusions and Recommendations. Not surprisingly this assignment yielded manyinteresting and well-researched reports.Bridging the Gap Page 6.244.3“Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition,Copyright 2001, American Society for Engineering Education”Methods and Approaches. In arriving at a perception of their expected level of preparednessfor the workplace, students began by analyzing their own four-year curriculum for the BSMEdegree at UT Austin, and comparing
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 3; The Best of All the FPD Papers
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gerald W. Recktenwald, Portland State University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
students become clear about whether engineering (and Mechanical Engineering in particular) is a desirable career?Before we discuss the survey, we describe the curriculum and the history of enrollment in thefreshman engineering course sequence.CurriculumLiving with the Lab (LWTL) is a project-based, hands-on curriculum for first year engineeringstudents. The overall approach is consistent with recommendations for improving engineeringeducation 4,5,6 . The only mathematical prerequisite is college-level algebra. No prior experiencewith computer programming is required. At Louisiana Tech, all freshman engineering studentsare required to take the LWTL curriculum. At Portland State, only Mechanical Engineeringstudents are required to take the LWTL