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Displaying results 24991 - 25020 of 27788 in total
Conference Session
Teaching Circuit Theory and Electronics
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Braun, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
design a system, component, or process to meet desired needswithin realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health andsafety, manufacturability, and sustainability” has gained sufficient value to deserve its ownABET Program Outcome, Criterion 3(c). This work presents a strategy to introduce students tothe relevant issues before senior design coursework, thereby providing practice and enablingthem to achieve such a program outcome more skillfully in senior level classes. Key practicalchallenges arise when attempting to add learning content to a one-quarter electronics coursealready bursting at the seams with conceptually challenging learning outcomes: 1. No extra class time exists in which to
Conference Session
NSF Grantees’ Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhiqiang Wu, Wright State University; Bin Wang, Wright State University; Chi-Hao Cheng, Miami University; Deng Cao, Central State University; Ashraf Yaseen
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
Paper ID #10399Software Defined Radio Laboratory Platform for Enhancing UndergraduateCommunication and Networking CurriculaDr. Zhiqiang Wu, Wright State University Dr. Zhiqiang Wu received his BS from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 1993, MS from Peking University in 1996, and PhD from Colorado State University in 2002, all in electrical engineering. He has worked at West Virginia University Institute of Technology as assistant professor from 2003 to 2005. He joined Wright State University in 2005 and currently serves as associate professor. Dr. Wu is the author of national CDMA network management
Conference Session
ERM WIP IV: Examining Undergraduate Recruitment & Retention
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jorge Baier, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Gabriel Astudillo, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Carolina López, Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile; Luis Eduardo Vargas-Vidal, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Isabel Hilliger P.E., Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
Isabel Hilliger is Assistant Professor of Practice and Associate Director for Assessment and Evaluation at the Engineering Education Unit in Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile (PUC-Chile). Isabel received a BEng and PhD in Engineering Sciences from PUC-Chile, and an MA in Policy Organizati ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 WIP: Does this course need a well-being teaching assistant?AbstractThe well-being teaching assistant (WTA) program is an intervention implemented since 2021by a large and selective school of engineering in Latin America, in response to an increasingneed to assist students facing academic and personal difficulties. WTAs are members of theteaching staff
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Robert Montgomery
working on a Matlab textbook, and many of thelesser objectives were well designed to support this major effort. The highest priority of theseother objectives was to teach a first-year engineering course in which Matlab was a central topic.Other objectives included learning about programming in a scripting language and doing a “stateof the art” survey of practices in engineering honors programs. My sabbatical activities were also well planned on the personal side. I had been active inboth vocal and instrumental music for years, and had recently gotten back into bicycling forexercise. I had even obtained my doctor’s approval for the exercise regimen. Immediately upongetting settled in San Jose, I resumed the music activities, and it was only
Conference Session
Computers in the Laboratory
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Biswanath Samanta, Georgia Southern University; Jonathan G. Turner, Georgia Southern University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
. Control (MENG 5536) d. Mechatronics I (TMAE 7136) e. Mechatronics II (TMAE 7137)Of these courses, the first two are at the undergraduate level. The first course is offered inMechanical Engineering Technology program and the second course is introduced in the newMechanical Engineering program. The third course is open to senior undergraduate and graduatestudents in the Department. The last two courses are offered to graduate students. Experimentsare designed at appropriate levels for the courses. For example, for the first two courses, studentsconduct experiments in the areas of basic instrumentation and measurement, data acquisition andsignal processing (using NI DAQ-6010 and LabVIEW), digital logic and microcontrollerprogramming (mainly
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Audrey Rorrer; David Pugalee, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Praveen Ramaprabhu; Terry Xu, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Mesbah Uddin, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; H. P. Cherukuri, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Kamalapriya Srinivasan
. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from theuniversity Research Compliance Office prior to conducting the interviews, which were audiorecorded and transcribed for analysis. The interview protocol was designed to gather perceptionson the overall experience in the PAtENT program, based upon the five dimensions of scale [1].Responses were analyzed thematically from field notes [2], which is a legitimate approach giventhe sample size [3]. Representative quotes are provided.Presentations were conducted at three departments outside of the College of Engineering toshowcase the project and solicit feedback from faculty members about the pathway option.Additionally, the university assessment office met with the project leadership team at the start
Conference Session
Professional Papers
Collection
2025 ASEE Southeast Conference
Authors
Oguzhan Oruc, The Citadel; Eva Singleton, The Citadel Military College ; Andrew B. Williams, The Citadel; Kevin Skenes, The Citadel
Tagged Topics
Professional Papers
control system design for underwater and surface vehicles, machine learning-based adaptive control, AIenabled haptic devices in biomechanics. Dr. Oruc’s specialization is System Dynamics and Control and System Identification in particular. His studies involve nonlinear system identification model-based control, and navigation and guidance of ocean vehicles.Dr. Eva Singleton, The Citadel Military College Dr. Eva Singleton is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Leadership and Program Management (ELPM) in the School of Engineering at The Citadel Military College in Charleston, SC. She is a certified Project Management Professional with experience in various industries, including publishing
Conference Session
Computers in Education Division Technical Session 10: STEM Outreach
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Mahmoud K. Quweider, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; Fitratullah Khan, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; Liyu Zhang, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; Yessica Rodriguez, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Yessenia Rodriguez, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
design and analysis of machine learning algorithms and their limitations. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Cybersecurity, Digital Forensics, and Mobile Computing: Building the Pipeline of Next- generation University Graduates through Focused High School Summer CampsAbstractTo prepare the next generation of skilled university graduates that would help in filling the nationalneed for cybersecurity, digital forensics, and mobile computing professionals, a team ofminority/under-represented graduate students, the University Upward Bound Program (a federallyfunded program and part of the U.S. Department of Education; one of 967 programs nationwide)staff, and faculty from the Computer
Conference Session
Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Isaac Heizelman, University of North Dakota; McKenna Rose Matt
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)
afterundergraduate programs. This paper will provide a first-person account of one undergraduateteam’s experience during their first semester in IBL. Students will reflect on their developingself-image as student engineers, not as engineering students. Students will share their initialproject aspirations and the failures, pivots, and learning which occurred during the semester.Students’ use of tokens to manage planned work and education achievements will be discussed.Students will state their achievements from this course and contrast traditional learningstructures, such as high-stakes testing, active learning, and project-based learning, to IBLKeywords: Innovation, IBL, LMS, engineering, education, learningIntroduction: This paper’s
Collection
AEE Journal
Authors
Nicola Brown
advantages over current practise and it must not be difficult toadopt which is achieved by ensuring it is based on what is already familiar to the users (Brooks, 2013). When reviewing teaching and learning methods it is also important to realise that today’s engi-neering students also require more than just technical skills. They also need to be able to work inteams, manage projects and communicate with a range of audiences. While project based learningis often used to facilitate teamwork and project management skills it also has the potential to en-able students to communicate with a general audience. In terms of communication methods formalwriting is a critical skill required by engineers but it is also important to ensure students can
Conference Session
ASEE Multimedia Session
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Alicia Townsend; Renate Fruchter
Session: 2793 Impact of Multi-Cultural Dimensions on Multi-Modal Communication in Global Teamwork Renate Fruchter* and Alicia Townsend** *Director of Project Based Learning Laboratory (PBL Lab) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-4020 fruchter@ce.stanford.edu **Graduate Student, Learning Design and Technology Program, School of Education Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 lishat@stanford.eduIntroductionThis
Conference Session
Construction Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph O. Arumala, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore
Tagged Divisions
Construction
Paper ID #8665Kenaf Building BlocksDr. Joseph O Arumala, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore Dr. Joseph Arumala is a Professor in the Construction Management Technology Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore. Professor Arumala is an experienced Civil/Structural Engineer who teaches Statics, Strength of Materials, Structural Design, Soils and Surveying courses. He is the Faculty Advisor to the UMES Chapter of Sigma Lambda Chi, the Internal Honor Society for Construction. He is the President of the Eastern Shore Branch of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Professor Arumala is actively involved in
Conference Session
Mentoring Graduate Students
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ronald Kane, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Clarisa Gonzalez-Lenahan, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Michael Kerley, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Jerome Paris, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Janet Bodner, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Ronald Rockland, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
level of activity. NJIT was designated New Jersey'spublic technological research university in 1994 by legislative action. With NJIT now a majorresearch university, support of graduate students, particularly doctoral students in their firstyears of study is a major concern. Most research universities make extensive use of doctoralstudents as Teaching Assistants. Most will later move toward funded research support asResearch Assistants.Like most technological universities in the United States with focus on engineering, appliedscience, computer and information science, doctoral programs see significant enrollment ofinternational students who may serve as Teaching Assistants. This presents unique challenges intraining and orientation programs
Conference Session
Faculty Development Division (FDD) Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amirmasoud Momenipour, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Priyadarshini Pennathur, University of Texas at El Paso; Arunkumar Pennathur, University of Texas at El Paso; Brian Boswell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Faculty Development Division (FDD)
Paper ID #44150Board 127: Work in Progress: Strategizing the Integration of VR and AR inSTEM Education: Aligning Educational, Organizational, and TechnologicalStrategiesDr. Amirmasoud Momenipour, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Amir Momenipour, PhD in Industrial and Systems Engineering, is an Assistant Professor of Engineering Management at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology with interests and expertise in teaching human factors, user experience, and work analysis and design. Dr. Momenipour is a member of the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE), and Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.Dr. Priyadarshini
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session II
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elodie Billionniere, Miami Dade College; Anthony Torres, Miami Dade College
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
economic shifts continuing to deepen inequalities,innovative training and recruitment pathways will be essential to meet industry demands. By2030, 33% to 50% of the workforce will likely seek new roles, requiring either reskilling orupskilling to keep pace with technological changes [5]. Fast-growing areas in STEM, such ascloud computing, data science, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity, offer more opportunitiesfor career advancement [6].To address these needs, Miami Dade College (MDC) offers specialized programs designed toprepare students for in-demand technology fields. For example, its Bachelor of Science inInformation Systems Technology equips students with essential skills for managing informationresources, supported by a state-of
Conference Session
ASEE Multimedia Session
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Megan Rothney; Robert Roselli
to students via courseware management websites,online tutorials are becoming an increasingly important component of the course materialdelivered to college students. These often take the form of PowerPoint slide shows includinglecture material or examples of important concepts that have been taught, or will be taught inclass. The student progresses through the slides in a linear manner from the predetermined start of Page 8.341.1the material to its conclusion. The vector remediation module has been designed to be used inProceedings of the 2003 American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright
Conference Session
CoED: Potpourri
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Valerie Galluzzi, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Carlotta A Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Yosi Shibberu, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
thatmaximizes battery life and may need to use machine learning in order to make sense of themassive amounts of data that deployments can generate. Computer engineers interested increating IoT devices must have an advanced understanding of firmware programming and radiocommunication to create smart devices that communicate with low power usage. Others (e.g.,biologists, civil engineers, mechanical engineers) who want to use IoT for special projects theymay have in mind need to understand the challenges and limitations of the technology and thewireless communication space in order to design systems accordingly. Currently, few courses onIoT are offered nationwide. There is a strong need for more. This paper describes a project-based, pilot IoT course
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Purshotam K. Juriasingani; Chris D. Cox; R. Bruce Robinson
to visit and providing an escort. Without his help, this projectwould not have been possible. Page 5.363.7Bibliography1. Purshotam Juriasingani, Water Mains and Sewers, Knoxville: The University of Tennessee, 1998.PURSHOTAM JURIASINGANIMr. Purshotam K. Juriasingani is a Project Manager for Tetra Tech NUS, Inc., in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. He receivedan M.S. in Environmental Engineering from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville in 1998. He also holds a B.S. inCivil Engineering from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. His interests include environmental modeling,engineering and risk assessment, computer programming, and engineering design
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul D Adams, University of Arkansas; Carol S Gattis, University of Arkansas; Xochitl Delgado Solorzano, University of Arkansas; Jennie S Popp Ph.D.; Wenjuo Lo, University of Arkansas
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
Paper ID #43438Board 312: Increasing Retention for Rural and Underrepresented STEMStudentsDr. Carol S Gattis, University of Arkansas Dr. Carol Gattis is the Associate Dean for Special Projects in the Honors College and Adjunct Associate Professor in Industrial Engineering at the University of Arkansas. She has 30+ years of successful STEM educational program design, development, and research relative to engineering and honors student recruitment, retention, diversity, international education, innovation, and course development.Dr. Paul D Adams, University of Arkansas Paul D. Adams, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mike Borowczak, University of Wyoming; Andrea Carneal Burrows Borowczak, University of Wyoming
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
; Wilensky (2010) claim, A common element in those [higher education] programs is to introduce courses in which students design products and solutions for real-world problems, engaging in actual engineering projects. These initiatives have met with some success and are proliferating into many engineering schools. Despite their success, they have not addressed one key issue in transforming engineering education: extending the pedagogical and motivational advantages of design-based courses to theory-based engineering courses, which constitute the majority of the coursework in a typical engineering degree, and in which traditional pedagogical approaches are still predominant” (p. 17).The culmination of
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ali Alavizadeh, Purdue University Northwest; Maged Mikhail, Purdue University Northwest
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
Paper ID #18674Integrating Measurement Instruments in Pneumatic Lab ActivitiesDr. Ali Alavizadeh, Purdue University Northwest Dr. Ali Alavizadeh is an Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering Technology at Purdue University Northwest (Hammond, IN). Previously, he taught at Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne (Fort Wayne, Indiana), The George Washington University (Washington, DC), and Morehead State Uni- versity (Morehead, KY) in the areas of Industrial Engineering Technology, and Engineering Management and Systems Engineering. His industrial experiences include software engineering, systems engineering
Conference Session
New Trends in ECE Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paul G. Flikkema, Northern Arizona University; Kenji Ryan Yamamoto, Northern Arizona University; Carol Haden, Magnolia Consulting, LLC; Jeff Frolik, University of Vermont; Tom Weller, University of South Florida
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
, and normally learned on the job. The best systemsthinkers become technical leads and managers in part because they become experts in systemsthinking as part of their professional and technical career growth. Systems thinking is in ourexperience often developed through informal mentoring, and is larger in its aims and scope than Page 22.1693.2systems engineering (as often executed, e.g., using trade studies involving several variables).Our definition includes the systems dynamics viewpoint and encompassing contexts, but alsoinvolves thinking about the design process in ways that (i) span traditional disciplinaryboundaries, (ii) integrate
Collection
2021 First-Year Engineering Experience
Authors
Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University; Shawna Thomas, Texas A&M University; Charles Patrick Jr, Texas A&M University; Pauline Wade, Texas A&M University; Donna Jaison, Texas A&M University; Janie M Moore, Texas A&M University; Lance Leon Allen White, Texas A&M University; Randy Hugh Brooks, Texas A&M University; Samantha Ray, Texas A&M University; Karen E Rambo-Hernandez, Texas A&M University; Karan Watson P.E., Texas A&M University
hospital.Prof. Pauline Wade, Texas A&M University Pauline Wade was formerly the assistant director for the Craig & Galen Brown Engineering Honors and Grand Challenge Scholars programs. Previously, she was a tenured faculty member at the University of the Philippines, Cebu (UP), in the Department of Computer Science. Wade has over 25 years’ experience in the software industry working in a variety of environments, starting with working as a systems engi- neer for AT&T Bell Laboratories Government Systems and the AT&T Wireless Network group. After AT&T she started an IT consultancy working on a diverse set of projects including enterprise-wide sys- tems development, business process re-engineering, software
Conference Session
ET Capstone Projects
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Chong Chen
Computer Assisted Drafting and Design (CADD), machine shop, strength andmaterials, electrical circuit analysis, electronics, electrical machines, and instrumentation andcontrols.Introduction At Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU), engineering technology students must take aproject course in their senior year. In this course, engineering situations are solved byexperimental means. Student must have experimental approach, gather data, interpret results, andprepare a formal technical written report and an oral presentation. For the electro-mechanical engineering technology students at MTSU, most of their seniorprojects involve both electrical/electronics work and mechanical work. In the past years, manyexcellent projects were completed
Conference Session
Teaching Mechanics
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Andrew D. Rosenthal, Rowan University; Patrick C. Leung, Rowan University, Undergraduate Student; Alexander Vincent Redfield, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
). professional and ethical data, such as x-rays. responsibility. Students need to apply and Outcome: Students who synthesis principles fromGoal 5 - Objective 2: ME graduates complete the ME program multiple courses (solidwill possess the broad education at Rowan University will mechanics, material science,necessary to understand the impact understand and consider 3.5 design) as well as study clinicalof engineering solutions in a global the consequences of problems and techniques inand societal context (Obj. H
Conference Session
Manufacturing Division Technical Session - Robotics and Manufacturing
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Hayder Zghair P.E., Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Paper ID #33924Multiple Setups Analysis of Industrial Robotic OperationDr. Hayder Zghair P.E., Pennsylvania State University American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Multiple Setups Analysis of Industrial Robotic OperationAbstractAn operation motion program of industrial robots based on points location learning. Robotic’ speed andpath termination of the motion are cumulatively essential variables for the programming and analysis interms of resulting robotic trajectory resolution (RTR). An efficient cycle time is required to plan theutilization of industrial robotic
Conference Session
CoNECD Session: Day 3 Slot 2 - Technical Session 4
Collection
2021 CoNECD
Authors
Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University; J. McLean Sloughter, Seattle University; Jennifer M. Dorsey, University of Texas at Austin; Rebecca Hartley, Seattle University; Frank J. Shih, Seattle University; Joy Crevier, Seattle University
Tagged Topics
CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
standardized tests.Factors that contribute to underrepresented students’ persistence in engineering includementoring, role models, and supportive learning and social community. However, one has to bevery intentional with the design of supportive services. McLoughlin introduced the concept of“spotlighting” which refers to singling out of women by gender in ways that make themuncomfortable [20]. Their work focuses on one type of spotlighting where women arespotlighted with the intention to help them, for example, through women in engineering (WIE)programs. In the study presented by McLoughlin, students reported that participation in theseprograms added to their gender-bias difficulties because it marks them as different than malestudents and in need of
Conference Session
Attracting Young MINDs
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Dara O'Neil; Gordon Kingsley; Donna Llewellyn; Marion Usselman
Page 9.980.1and Application of an Interorganizational Model,” please visit the project website athttp://www.prism.gatech.edu/~gk18/STEM Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering Educationoutcomes are pursued and achieved. For the purposes of this research, we define partnerships asvoluntary arrangements between organizations, anchored by agreements, to promote theexchange, sharing, or co-development of products or programs designed to stimulate STEMeducation.* Partnerships are a particular form of interorganizational collaboration. However, theyare distinctive in that participants are not merely bound by
Conference Session
New Learning Paradigms I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Margaret Huyck, Illinois Institute of Technology; Kristin Bryant, Illinois Institute of Technology; Daniel Ferguson, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Kristin is majoring in Psychology at Illinois Institute of Technology.Daniel Ferguson, Ohio Northern University Daniel M. Ferguson, MBA, MSIE, is an Assistant Professor of Entrepreneurship at Ohio Northern University. Previous to this position which he started in September 2008 he was a Senior Lecturer in the IIT Stuart School of Business, and Associate Director for Research and Operations of the Illinois Institute of Technology [ IIT] Interprofessional Studies Program [IPRO]. At IIT he lead over 60 student project teams while designing and building an assessment process for the IPRO program and computer applications that automated the management of this program. He has an undergraduate
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
Richard A. Gilbert; Mark Maughmer; Marilyn Barger, Hillsborough Community College; Renata Engel, Pennsylvania State University
materials delivery tool.(1) They also provide aneducator a means to manage the transmission of course curriculum and concepts.(2) Lecturesare adaptable but different when used in courses throughout an entire engineering program.(3)However, a critical component in the task of educating via an effective lecture is the lecturer’srecognition of the facts that difficult lectures exist and that they must be carefully dealt with.Difficult lectures are ubiquitous in all traditional 4 and 5 year undergraduate engineeringcurricula. They can be found in courses from the beginnings in calculus and college physics tothe final courses on the most advanced topics. Difficult lectures do not always deal with difficult topics. However, difficult topics are