Conference Session

Pre-college: Summer Experiences for Students and Teachers (1)

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharnnia Artis, University of California, Irvine; Gregory N. Washington, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

prototype. By the end of the program, student teamshave an operational prototype that they have tested. Appendix A displays a detailed schedule ofthe two-week program.Engineering and Computing Elements: While ASPIRE has a strong emphasis on hands-onapplication in design, coding, and manufacturing, students are also exposed to differentengineering and computing disciplines through lab tours and guest speakers. These disciplinesinclude, civil and environmental engineering, electrical and computer engineering, biomedicalengineering, chemical engineering, materials science engineering, computer science, andcomputer game science. After exposure to these disciplines, ASPIRE participants work in teamsof two or three solve a problem they choose in one of

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael V. Doran; Herbert E. Longenecker; David L. Feinstein; David D. Langan

Session 1626 A Cognitive-Based Approach to the Implementation of the Introductory Computer Science Programming Sequence David D. Langan, Michael V. Doran, David L. Feinstein, Herbert E. Longenecker University of South Alabama School of Computer and Information Sciences Mobile, Alabama 36688 ABSTRACT A cognitive-based approach is being used to develop comprehensive materials for the first courses inComputer Science based on

Conference Session

COED Programming Education 1: Students, Motivation, and Mastery

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Rossi, Penn State Behrend; Paul C. Lynch, Penn State Behrend

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

Paper ID #38390The Combination Approach: Increasing Student Learning and Understand-ingof Introductory Computer Science TopicsMr. Thomas Rossi, Penn State Behrend Thomas Rossi is a lecturer in Computer Science and Software Engineering at Penn State Behrend. His research focuses on improving the post-secondary experience for students through the use of current com- puting tools and technologies. Thomas graduated with his MS in Computer Science from the University of New Hampshire in 2016.Dr. Paul C. Lynch, Penn State Behrend Paul C. Lynch received his Ph.D., M.S., and B.S. degrees in Industrial Engineering from the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Kline, Western Michigan University; Betsy M. Aller, Western Michigan University; Ikhlas Abdel-Qader, Western Michigan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Engineering, PaperEngineering, and Engineering – Undecided; Engineering Design Technology, EngineeringManagement Technology, Manufacturing Engineering Technology; and Computer Science. AGraphic and Printing Science degree program has not been a part of this effort, as it is notrecognized by the National Science Foundation as a STEM discipline.A typical College graduate profile, as gathered from senior exit survey and from employersurvey, is a student who worked part-time while attending classes and took 10.5 semesters tograduate. The students enjoyed the practical hands-on side of engineering which they learn atthrough projects, laboratory, design-build competitions, and involvement in applied research.Employers rated College graduates as highly

Conference Session

Technical Session 3: The Best of Computers in Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shaya Wolf, University of Wyoming; Fiona P. Moss, University of Wyoming; Rasana Manandhar, University of Wyoming; Madison Cooley, University of Wyoming; Rafer Cooley, University of Wyoming; Andrea Carneal Burrows Borowczak, University of Wyoming; Mike Borowczak, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

lectures [4]. These findings suggest that students benefit from outreach activitieswith an out-of-school aspect. Our camps kept students interested by utilizing material that was rele-vant to them as well as engaging students in workshops with hands-on activities. We also focused onteacher development, encouraging teachers to expand their lessons to include fresh Computer Sciencetopics. Successful STEM outreach programs demonstrate the importance of STEM in motivationalways, accented by teacher involvement and professional development, making support from schoolsand teachers crucial [5]. Computer Science education requires new approaches to STEM education in K-12 contexts. Facinglow retention rates, STEM education must overcome teaching

Conference Session

Engineering Across the K-12 Curriculum: Integration with the Arts, Social Studies, Sciences, and the Common Core

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica M. Harlan, University of South Alabama ; Susan A. Pruet, STEMWorks, LLC; James Van Haneghan, University of South Alabama; Melissa Divonne Dean, Mobile Area Education Foundation

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

middlegrades math and science teachers to implement through collaboration in their mathematics andscience classes. Each Module provides students with opportunities to engineer solutions to Page 24.1325.4interesting and currently relevant problems through hands-on and practical applications. Theyaddress STEM content and practices that fill gaps between state-mandated and tested content andthe skills needed by business and industry, including innovative problem solving,communication and teamwork skills. Module specific professional development andimplementation kits accompany each Module. Table 2 provides a list of EYE Modules. The setof 8 Modules, along

Conference Session

FPD XI: Tidbits and Cookies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Emery Mertz, Arizona State University; Sara A. Atwood, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

a parentwho is an engineer1 and the influences of parents and teachers have also been reported asbeing important factors for students choosing to study engineering in college5.Initialmotivations such as the influence of others, material/pragmatic considerations, anappropriate next step since they are good at math and science, or initially choosing theirmajor with little understanding of what their major would involve were common forthose who did not persist15.Different motivations between genders have also been noted. For instance, financialcompensation was found to be of greater significance for males choosing engineering,while genuine interest in the field was especially critical for females5,15. Males alsotended to emphasize the “hands

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session: Works in Progress

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joni M. Lakin, Auburn University; Mary Lou Ewald, Auburn University; Virginia A. Davis, Auburn University; Paul A. Cobine, Auburn University; Allen L. Landers, Auburn University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

development opportunities related to project-based learning in middle and high school classrooms. Her academic training includes a B.S. in Physics and an M.S. in Biology, both from Auburn University.Prof. Virginia A. Davis, Auburn University Dr. Virginia A. Davis’ research is primarily focused on using fluid phase processing to assemble cylin- drical nanomaterials into larger functional materials. Targeted applications include optical coatings, 3D printed structures, light-weight composites, and antimicrobial surfaces. Her national awards include selec- tion for the Fulbright Specialist Roster (2015), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Nanoscale Science and Engineering Forum’s Young Investigator Award (2012), the

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Magdalini Z. Lagoudas, Texas A&M University; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

will provide further contributions to researchon the retention of students who enter engineering requiring remediation in mathematics.IntroductionThis study is focused on 66 freshmen who scored very low on their math placement exam,earning a score even below the recommended level for placement into pre-calculus. The samestudents were advised to enroll in a one-credit hour project-based course with focus onengineering projects for community service. The one-credit hour course engaged students in twomajor team projects to provide them with an opportunity to experience the engineering designprocess and engineering tools. The first project was the Raptor Reloaded project, which involved3D printing an assembly of a mechanical hand, assembling the

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Evaluation: Exploring the Impact of Programs & Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reagan Curtis, West Virginia University; Darran Cairns, West Virginia University; Johnna Bolyard, West Virginia University; David Luke Loomis, West Virginia University; Kelly Leigh Watts, RESA 3; Sera Mathew, West Virginia University; Michael Theodore Carte, George Washington High School

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

encourage students to focus on their interpretation specificideas and their connections to the problem at hand 13.Project TESAL (“Teachers Engaged in STEM And Literacy”) targets development of these newroles in teachers’ practice as well as improved understanding of mathematical and sciencecontent for middle school as integrated in an engineering design based method 15. ProjectTESAL professional development incorporates the promotion of interdisciplinary knowledgeacross the areas of science, math, and engineering. We strive to shift students and teachers frombeing processors of information toward becoming creators of mathematics and science models 7as tools to solve societally relevant scientific challenges through the design and development

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in the First Year

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Janet Aderemi Omitoyin, The University of Illinois at Chicago ; Renata A. Revelo, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Betul Bilgin, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Houshang Darabi, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Rezvan Nazempour, The University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

within the school system. Her work as a Research Assistant for the BEST program has turned out to be one of her best experiences as a graduate student with the educational and professional benefits that come with it. The program serves a dual benefit – her contributions to it success and the privilege to work with experienced researchers and science teachers.Dr. Renata A. Revelo, The University of Illinois at Chicago Renata A. Revelo is a Clinical Assistant Professor in the department of Electrical and Computer Engi- neering at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She earned her B.S. and M.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering and her Ph.D. in Education Organization and Leadership from the University of

Conference Session

ME Technical Session 1 - Enhancing Mechanical Engineering Education: From Prerequisites to Practice

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenn Campbell, University of Arkansas; EMINE SAHIN TOPALCENGIZ, Mus Alparslan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

projects funded by the Science Education Partnership Award (SEPA) program, the Scientific and Technological Research Institution of Turkey (TUBITAK), the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Industry and Technology, and the Istanbul Development Agency to establish the STEM Center and conduct professional development workshops for science teachers in Turkey. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Exploring the impact of first-time internships on mechanical engineering student perceptions of engineeringAbstractStudent perceptions on what engineering, and more specifically, what mechanical engineering isand what mechanical engineers do are important because these perceptions may

Conference Session

Retention: Keeping the Women Students

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Paige Smith

accepting participants who havecompleted one or two years of higher education versus those closer to graduation), 4. factorscontributing to a successful and meaningful research experience, and 5. importance of apredominantly female research team.The RISE program has been funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation (DEM-0120786), the Clark School of Engineering, and the Office of the Provost at the University ofMaryland, College Park. Page 9.1060.1“Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Design of Lab Experiments II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University; Robert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University-Erie

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

, laboratory exercises must engageand challenge student preconceptions and their novice framework for organizing knowledge ofphysics and mathematics. Laboratory exercises should also incorporate formative assessment tomonitor and adapt the learning materials to changes in students’ conceptual frameworks as theymove through the curriculum. It is widely believed that substantial student learning requires more than lectures and morethan the execution of canned laboratory exercises15-19. Engineering educators have argued thatdifferences in student learning styles should be recognized when developing educational Page 12.1562.4materials20-22. “Hands-on

Conference Session

Approaches to Curriculum and Policy

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jinlu Shen, Zhejiang University; Tuoyu Li, Zhejiang University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #29471The New Engineering Education in Chinabased on 207 new engineeringresearch and practice projectsDr. Jinlu Shen, Zhejiang University College of Public Affairs, Zhejiang UniversityDr. Tuoyu Li, Zhejiang University Li Tuo-yu, Research Assistant Institute of China’s Science, Technology and Education Policy, Zhejiang University College of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University Research Center on Science and Education Development Strategy, Zhejiang University AddressRoom 1205-3, Administration Building, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province; 310058 P.R. China American

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tirupalavanam G. Ganesh, Arizona State University; Johnny Thieken, Arizona State University; Lisa Stapley Randall, Arizona State University; Alison W. Smith, SRP

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

provided participants with the opportunity to interact with scientistsand engineers who work at the local energy and water company, Salt River Project (SRP). Theylearned about forms of renewable energy, the differences between passive and active energytechnologies, and the impact of materials used in harnessing solar energy. In addition, studentsengaged with hands-on explorations about natural resources, energy conservation, and renewableenergy technologies. Participants visited the SRP’s facilities, observed a small-scale waterenergy generation center, interacted with professionals, explored careers in the energyconservation industries, and built working models to harness solar, wind, water, and hydrogenenergy. Students built solar ovens to cook

Conference Session

Sustainability, Diversity, and STEM in Contemporary Energy Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey R. Seay, University of Kentucky; Wesley Allen Whipple, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

chemicalengineering as a major are often unaware of exactly what a chemical engineer does, or howchemical engineering differs from chemistry. Because the high school curriculum typicallydoesn’t offer engineering classes, students considering a major in engineering don’t have a frameof reference as to what to expect from college level engineering classes.One difference between laboratory science and engineering has to do with scale. Tasks that areaccomplished by hand in the laboratory are impossible to accomplish without the use ofspecialized equipment on a larger scale. The production of biodiesel from vegetable oil is aprime example of a process that can be used to demonstrate the application of chemistry on anindustrial scale. Furthermore, this process

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

John S. Mullin; James J. Alpigini

offerings. Thispaper discusses the design of and the experience gained in conducting the software studio. Thesoftware studio is designed to enable a student with a non-technical background to make thetransition to the study of information science at a graduate level. Since its introduction in thespring of 1999, this course has been offered during each spring, summer, and fall semester. Asthis is a relatively new course, it is undergoing continuous incremental improvements based on in-class experience, student feedback and changes in the industry.I. IntroductionAs information technology becomes increasingly important to daily life, the demand forprofessionals with formal education in software engineering and information systems continues torise. In

Conference Session

Continuing Professional Development Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy K Tang, Stony Brook University; Pao-Lo Liu, University at Buffalo, SUNY; Charles R. Westgate Sr. P.E., Binghamton University; Kim A. Scalzo, State University of New York, HQ

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

in Electrical Engineering Program since its inception. He developed the electronics laboratory I and II to offer hands-on experiences to online students. Dr. Liu is a member of Optical Society of America.Dr. Charles R. Westgate Sr. P.E., Binghamton University Charles Westgate is a Research Professor at Binghamton University and a former Dean of the Engineer- ing School at Binghamton. He has been deeply involved in online course instruction at Johns Hopkins, Binghamton, and Stony Brook. He conducts research in semiconductor devices and materials.Ms. Kim A. Scalzo, State University of New York, HQ Kim Scalzo is Director of the SUNY Center for Professional Development (CPD). The SUNY CPD provides professional

Conference Session

K-12, Teamwork, Project-Based Scale Models

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Sharon DeReamer; Nick Safai

Session # 1460 Promoting Science and Engineering in Grades K-12 By Means of a Summer Workshop - A Universal Model – Sharon M. DeReamer, M.S, Assistant Professor, CS Department, Dr. Nick M. Safai, Coordinator of Engineering Department Salt Lake Community College Salt Lake City, UtahAbstract During the summer of 2003, the Computer Science and Engineering Departmentsarranged and coordinated two one-week workshops for middle-school children. Theseworkshops provided a wide variety of Science and Engineering-related lectures and

Collection

2021 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Courtney D. Giles

including at least one Statistics course; 3 credits of computer programming; 3credits of Humanities; 3 credits of Social Sciences; 3 credits of Integrative CulminatingExperience (e.g., Capstone). In addition, students in all undergraduate degree programs wouldneed to complete a one credit first semester, first year seminar course, ultimately named CEMS-050 First Year Seminar. Although engineering programs already required first year seminar andcapstone courses prior to 2019, Computer Science B.S., Computer Science and InformationSystems B.S., Statistics B.S., Data Science B.S., and Mathematics B.S. did not.The second stage (Spring 2020 – Fall 2020) of the Core Curriculum development included theidentification of core competencies and associated

Conference Session

Developing Technological Literacy in Students

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Johanna Kristiina Naukkarinen, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT; Hanna Niemelä, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

, which will be discussed with examples below.Different views on technology and engineeringThere have been many attempts to understand the diversity and nature of young people’sviewpoints on engineering and technology. The Dutch BѐtaMentality [8] project discoveredfour profiles related to adolescents and technology: High Techs, Career Techs, SociallyMinded Generalists, and Non Techs. High Techs enjoy both science and technology. Theyare hands-on people who like practical examples and laboratory work. High Techs like tounderstand how things work and often have technology-related hobbies. Slightly less thanforty percent of the boys and a quarter of the girls fall into this category. Career Techs enjoytechnology as long as it works, but are not

Conference Session

POTPOURRI

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reza Sanati-Mehrizy, Utah Valley University; Paymon Sanati-Mehrizy, University of Pennsylvania; Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University; Chad Dean, Utah Valley University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

school teaches this course according to their individual methodology.This paper will study different teaching approaches used by different institutions around thecountry and makes some appropriate teaching recommendations based on the conclusionsreached.IntroductionTo research how data mining courses are being taught at the undergraduate level, we searchedthe websites of computer science departments of various universities around the United Stateslooking for data mining course syllabus, schedule and related supporting materials. The syllabus,schedule and material were then analyzed to discern the basic structure and focus of the class.Not all schools that offer courses in data mining offer them at the undergraduate level. Graduatelevel courses

Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharad Vimal Oberoi, Carnegie Mellon University; Susan Finger, National Science Foundation

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2012-5470: TRACKING DESIGN KNOWLEDGE IN ENGINEERINGSTUDENT PROJECTS AROUND COURSE MILESTONESDr. Sharad Vimal Oberoi, Carnegie Mellon University Sharad Oberoi completed his Ph.D. from the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in 2011. He is currently affiliated with the Institute for Complex Engineered Systems at CMU. His research interests include language in design, computer-supported cooperative learning, collaboration in design, and design education.Prof. Susan Finger, National Science Foundation Susan Finger is currently a Program Director in the Division of Undergraduate Education at the National Science Foundation. She is on leave from Carnegie Mellon

Conference Session

Learning styles affect on students in graphic and design courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lulu Sun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Christopher D Grant, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Authentic Integration of Mathematics andTechnology in Inquiry-Based Science Instruction,” Journal of Computers in Mathematics and ScienceTeaching, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2001, p. 99.[3] Schlenker, R., and K. Schlenker, “Integrating Science, Mathematics, and Sociology in an Inquiry-Based Studyof Changing Population Density,” Science Activities, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2000, p. 16.[4] Buch, N., and T. Wolff, “Classroom Teaching through Inquiry,” Journal of Professional Issues in EngineeringEducation and Practice, Vol. 126, No. 3, 2000, p. 105.[5] Biernacki, J.J. and C.D. Wilson, “Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Advanced Materials: A Team-OrientedInquiry-Based Approach,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90, 2001, p. 637.[6] Stahovich, T.F., and H. Bal, “An

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Mechanical ET

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Francis Di Bella

their exposure to not onlyscience fiction and science fantasy films but also daily newspaper comics featuring non-engineering characters (even Dilbert has been a culprit in this deception) and summer-adventure movies starring their action hero actors who ‘can-do-no-wrong”. Thisexposure results in a subliminal effect on what the young boy or girl understands is theway the universe works. For example, actors are seen swinging from the middle of arope bridge that is over 100 ft long only to survive the crash against the steep sides of thecliff. In reality the swing from such a height is equivalent of jumping from a 50 ft tallbuilding and expecting to survive! While it is certainly entertaining to see the hero of thefilm survive, the unintended

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Stephany Coffman-Wolph; Kimberlyn Gray

senior courses [5] and comes with logistical issues [4]. Theunaware of what computer scientists do and have never authors will be focusing on overcoming these logisticalbeen introduced to basic computer science concepts. Using issues for activities designed for a smaller classroom. Thisa series of hands-on interactive activities throughout the paper will discuss each activity, the challenges insemester can introduce CS topics in a fun way while implementing it in a large classroom, and possible

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Teresa L. Hein; Dean A. Zollman

theseconcepts has great potential for physics teaching. Research has recently emerged in physicseducation which has documented some of the attributes of digital video instruction.10,11,12,13 Interactive video and other multimedia tools have been shown to increase student attitudeand motivation toward the learning task. One question must be addressed: Do these interactivelearning tools serve to enhance understanding of concepts? Additional research that serves toassess learning gains following instruction that utilizes these learning tools is warranted.Description of the Digital Video Tools and Curriculum Materials Interactive digital video instruction involves capturing and analyzing of video (from avideodisc, video camera, etc.) using a

Conference Session

Redefining Manufacturing Education Practices

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University; Sam Spiegel, Colorado School of Mines; Jenifer Blacklock, University of Colorado Boulder; Deb Jordan, Colorado School of Mines; Francisco Garcia, Colorado School of Mines

interviews were recorded,transcribed, and coded to identify data that would help the project team build relevant modules.From the interviews, 16 codes were identified: basic math, business acumen, communication,continued learning, data science, engineering design, management (working with people),manufacturing process, materials knowledge, practical knowledge and experience (hands-onexperience), problem solving skills, programming coding skills, project management, teamwork,technology tools, and work ethic.Scale DevelopmentThe interview codes were used to guide the development of the items for two separate scales. Foreach scale, the research team worked together to map the items to the skills identified from theinterviews with the AMDS industry

Collection

2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Robert Edwards; Gerald Recktenwald

try to increasetheir interest in the material. A traditional lecture is then presented on the material. The studentsshould be more prepared for the lecture, and may have questions they may not otherwise have.Finally, the students go into the lab and run a more extensive test using the same equipment. This paper presents a pedagogical framework for these types of exercises and an overviewof the seven experiments that are under development.Introduction This paper outlines a suite of seven laboratory exercises intended to be used in undergraduateclasses in thermal and fluid sciences. The exercises are designed to make the students confronttheir misperceptions about the core principles involved, and to ultimately improve the