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Displaying results 25411 - 25440 of 29386 in total
Collection
1998 Annual Conference
Authors
Ann D. Christy; Marybeth Lima
points: (1)describe projects that the student envisions working on after graduation; (2) what are the trendsin the subfield the student identified; (3) do the projects the student envisions doing and thetrends in the field match up; (4) describe how the exercise helped the student learn about theprospective career; (5) is biological engineering the most appropriate place for the student topursue his/her career goals?Interviews with professionalsLSU students were required to contact and interview a professional involved in their area ofinterest, and to submit a written report detailing the interview. Students were also asked toassess their interest in the field based on what they learned through the interview.Interaction with clients for class
Conference Session
Experiences in Teaching Energy Courses
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
to extract resources available from their environment. The research related to these devices deals with the difficult problems that also plague most small-scale power extraction devices on Earth. The field of micro renewable energy systems (MRES), on the other hand, aims to solve problems in bringing family-sized power generators to mass-market consumers. The path towards Figure 1: NASA Mars Rover. An solutions are typically at the interface between space example of an intelligent, mobile, technology and terrestrial energy issues. The philosophy
Conference Session
New EET Course Development
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Youakim Al Kalaani; Abul Azad
EducationBiographyYOUAKIM AL KALAANIYouakim Al Kalaani graduated from Cleveland State University with MS and Doctoral degrees in electricalengineering with a concentration in power systems. He is a member of IEEE and ASEE professional organizationsand has research interest in electric power generation, renewable energy, unit scheduling, and optimization. He iscurrently an Assistant Professor in the Technology Department at Northern Illinois University.ABUL KM AZADObtained a PhD (control engineering) from the University of Sheffield (UK) in 1994. He is now an AssistantProfessor with the Engineering Technology Department of NIU. He has extensive experience in the design ofengineering systems. Dr. Azad has over 50 papers and is active with professional bodies. His
Conference Session
The Computer, the Web, and the ChE
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
James Russum; Donald Visco
. He is currently enrolled in the graduate school of the Georgia Institute of Technology where he ispursuing a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering. He is currently conducting research in catalysis and mini-emulsions.DONALD P. VISCO, JR. Page 7.78.13 13“Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2002, American Society for Engineering Education”Don Visco has held the position of Assistant Professor in Chemical Engineering at Tennessee TechnologicalUniversity since his graduation from
Collection
2024 South East Section Meeting
Authors
David S Greenburg, The Citadel; Eva Theresa Singleton, The Citadel Military College; James Righter, The Citadel
Methods Course for Civil and Construction Engineering Students, is to emphasize the important skillset of applying quantitative methods for decision making and problem solving in the real world.Dr. James Righter, The Citadel James Righter is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the School of Engineering (SOE) at The Citadel. He earned his BS in Mechanical Engineering at the U.S. Naval Academy, his MS in Military Studies from the Marine Corps University Command and Staff College, and his PhD in Mechanical Engi- neering from Clemson University. His research interests include engineering leadership, design methods, engineering design education, and manufacturing. ©American
Conference Session
Faculty and Program Developments, Exchanges, and Partnerships
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sowmya Narayanan, VIT University; Muniratnam Adithan, VIT University, Vellore; Robert C. Creese, West Virginia University
Tagged Divisions
International
AC 2011-760: FACULTY DEVELOPMENT IN THE NEW GLOBALIZEDERA THROUGH INDUSTRY-ACADEMIA PARTNERSHIPSowmya Narayanan, VIT University SOWMYA NARAYANAN is an Asst. Professor in Academic Staff College at VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu India. She is a WIPRO Certified Master Trainer. She has obtained her Cambridge Inter- national Certificate from University of Cambridge U.K. She is pursuing her research studies in Bloom’s Taxonomy as applied to Engineering Education, Business and Management Education. She did her B.Sc in Physics and her Masters in Public Administration.Adithan Muniratnam, VIT University, Vellore M. Adithan, Vellore Institute of Technology Dr. M. ADITHAN, is Director, Academic Staff college at VIT
Conference Session
Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects I
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Al DUPE Mundy, United States Air Force Academy; Andrew Laffely, US Air Force Academy; Bryan John Cooper, United States Air Force; George York, U.S. Air Force Academy; Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
capstone. He currently works in renewable energy with a focus on the systems engineering in undergraduate education. He graduated with his Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Massachusetts in 2003. His B.S. and M.S. degrees are from the University of Maine at Orono.Major Bryan John Cooper, United States Air ForceDr. George York, U.S. Air Force Academy Dr. George York, PE, became an associate professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the United States Air Force Academy, CO, in 2005. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Washington in 1999. His research interests include the cooperative control of intelligent systems, digital signal processing, and
Conference Session
EDGD: CAD, CAM, and AI
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; James W. Malazita, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Lydia Rebekka Krauss, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Andrea M. Ukleja; Timothy Andrews, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
InstituteMiss Andrea M. Ukleja 2016 graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with a B.S. in Design, Innovation and Society & Me- chanical Engineering. Currently employed by Hasbro, Inc. as an Associate Reliability Engineer.Timothy Andrews, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Timothy Andrews is an undergraduate student at Rensselaer studying Mechanical Engineering and Pro- grams in Design and Innovation. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 From Learning to CAD to CADing to Learn: Teaching the Command, Strategic, and Epistemic Dimensions of CAD SoftwareIntroductionComputer Aided Design (CAD) instruction, required for most engineering students at RensselaerPolytechnic Institute
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - WIPS 2: Advising & Mentoring
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sophia T. Santillan, Duke University; Linda P. Franzoni, Duke University; Stacy L. Tantum, Duke University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs Division (FYP)
.” American Educational Research Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 663–676, 1992.[7] N. A. Mamaril, E. L. Usher, C. R. Li, D. R. Economy, and M. S. Kennedy, “Measuring Undergraduate Students’ Engineering Self-Efficacy: A Validation Study.” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 366–395, 2016.[8] B. W. Smith, J. Dalen, K. Wiggens, E. Tooley, P. Christopher, and J. Bernard, “The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the Ability to Bounce Back.” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 194—200, 2008.Appendix A: Survey InstrumentPart 1: Please read the following 12 statements regarding advising functions and select the mostrelevant response option from the 6-point scale in the drop-down box to indicate
Conference Session
Chemical Engineering in the Junior and Senior Year
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Richard Turton P.E., West Virginia University; Fernando V. Lima, West Virginia University; Brent A. Bishop, West Virginia University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
AIChE Society Associate Editor for the American Control Conference (ACC) for five years (2013-2015, 2017-2018). He is also a guest editor for Special Issues of Processes and Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research journals and member of the Editorial Boards of Journal of Process Control and Processes.Mr. Brent A. Bishop, West Virginia University Brent Bishop is a graduate of West Virginia University’s (WVU) Benjamin M. Statler College of En- gineering. In 2016, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemical Engineering with minors in Mathematics and Leadership Studies and is currently pursuing a PhD in Chemical Engineering. His thesis research focuses on the design and control of modular energy systems and
Conference Session
Aerospace Division Technical Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dominic M. Halsmer P.E., Oral Roberts University; John A. Voth, Oral Roberts University; Connor A. McCain, Oral Roberts University; Jordan David Reutter, Oral Roberts University; Nathaniel Shay Frailey; Matthew Samuelson; David Ahrens, Oral Roberts University
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
Degree in Biblical Literature from Oral Roberts University in 2013. His current research interests involve the use if virtual reality for engineering education, the integration of faith and learning, contributions from the field of engineering to the current science/theology discussion, reverse engineering of complex natural systems, and the preparation of scientists and engineers for missions work within technical communities.Mr. John A. Voth, Oral Roberts University John Voth is a current senior mechanical engineering student at Oral Roberts University. He will pursue his PhD from the University of Minnesota after graduation.Mr. Connor A. McCain, Oral Roberts University Connor McCain is an undergraduate engineering
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: Entrepreneurship
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Bahram Roughani, Loyola University Maryland
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
funded initiatives; the Pathways to Innovation in 2015 and the PIPELINENetwork; an NSF collaborative research grant in 2016. One of the outcomes of these efforts is anew course on Technical Innovation and Entrepreneurship, a cross listed course by Physics,Computer Science, and engineering. In this course students are introduced to innovation andentrepreneurial mindset through “User Innovation” concept, which is the focus of this report.Physics, computer science, and engineering students, as well as those majoring incommunication, business, chemistry, biology, and psychology often take this as an electivecourse.The “User Innovation” module introduces Innovation and Entrepreneurship (I&E) concepts incontext of students’ passion and their
Conference Session
ECCD - Technical Session 6 - Energy & Thermodynamics
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Farshid Zabihian, California State University, Sacramento
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
the semester • streamlining the involvement and communication with museums • better communication of pedagogical objectives and project topics to students • better integration of projects to course contents • balancing the service learning component with the overall course load Page 1 of 11 • adding some flexibility to the schedule • diversifying community partners and projectsIntroductionUnderstanding social complexities and awareness of social and cultural issues are essential skillsfor engineering program graduates [1]. These skills are outlined by the Accreditation Board forEngineering and Technology, Inc. (ABET) in at least two of the student learning outcomes in“General
Conference Session
Revitalizing Cooperative Education and Engineering
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Stwalley, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
revision process at their own institutions.Introduction The current issues facing Cooperative Education are not unique to any one particularinstitution. Nationally, there has been a slow, but steady decline in collegiate participation inCo-Op. This trend was present in the data for Purdue, and in fact, the Purdue trend wassomewhat accelerated above the national rate of decline. This was felt by the Purdueadministration to be unacceptable, and a self-assessment study was undertaken to examine thesituation and propose remedial changes during 2004. The study and its findings were related inan earlier paper by Stwalley 2. The self-assessment study included a review of the current system in place at Purdue.Individual meetings were
Conference Session
Global Engineering Education: Cross-cultural Awareness and Social Impacts
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kurt M. DeGoede, Elizabethtown College; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Momodou Jain
Tagged Divisions
International
AC 2012-3292: DEVELOPING MODEL FOR CROSS-CULTURAL SER-VICE LEARNING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESDr. Kurt M. DeGoede, Elizabethtown College Kurt DeGoede Associate Professor of engineering and physics, Elizabethtown College. DeGoede is cur- rently working on developing a collaborative study abroad program in West Africa built around a design course based in service engineering. Many of these projects include work with renewable energy systems. His research interests are in the areas of biomechanics and the modeling of dynamic systems. Current projects include collaborative work with faculty and students in occupational therapy and an orthopedic hand surgeon, developing clinical instruments for conducting therapy and
Conference Session
Engagement in Practice Lightning Round: Engineering with and for Community Partners
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Perry Weinthal, Florida Atlantic University; David Jaramillo
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)
field of engineering. These studies will delve into the nuances of the learning process as experienced during the Hack-a- Thons, examining the impacts of such immersive educational models on participants’ career trajectories. In addition to analyzing the structure and immediate out- comes of the Hack-a-Thons, future research will include
Conference Session
Pedagogy
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Sean Brophy
of thesurvey asked students to rate their agreement to various statements about the ClassPakassignment. They were given a 5 point Lykert scale were 1 = strongly disagree and 5 =strongly agree. Each statement targets one of four major outcomes for this study. Table2 summarizes these statements relative to specific outcome.Students were also asked to rate how valuable the ClassPak experience is relative to whatthey anticipate doing after graduation, how well the feedback on the assignment helpedthem and their perception of how good they are in this class (1=poor 5=excellent)A qualitative section of the survey asked students to answer these questions – 1. What was worthwhile for you about the Cequel Program and the ClassPak Assignments
Conference Session
ME Division 5: Advancing Robotic and Mechanisms Education
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shashwat Sharma, New York University Tandon School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, New York University Tandon School of Engineering; Rui Li, New York University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)
. C. Lima, H. M. Paiva, and M. R. Maximo, “Teaching robotic concepts using project-based learning: A case study,” in Proc. IEEE World Eng. Educ. Conf. (EDUNINE), Guatemala City, Guatemala, Mar. 2024, pp. 1–6.11. A. Valls Pou, X. Canaleta, and D. Fonseca, “Computational thinking and educational robotics integrated into project-based learning,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 10, p. 3746, 2022.12. D. P. Holland, E. J. Park, P. Polygerinos, G. J. Bennett, and C. J. Walsh, “The soft robotics toolkit: Shared resources for research and design,” Soft Robotics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 224–230, 2014.13. J. Lave and E. Wenger, Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991.14. S. Das, D. K
Conference Session
Outreach: Future Women in Engineering I
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Mary Vanis; Donna Zerby; Bassam Mater; Debra Banks; Mary Anderson-Rowland
pilot a program that transitions women and minority community collegestudents to university engineering programs and to recruit, retain and graduate these studentsonce they enroll in such programs. This project responds to a principal recommendation of theCongressional Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science,Engineering, and Technology Development to focus intervention efforts to target women andunderrepresented minorities.2The METS is a two-year pilot collaboration between the Fulton School of Engineering ofArizona State University (ASU) and five colleges in the Maricopa Community College District(MCCD). ASU, a Research I institution, and MCCD rank among the highest enrolledinstitutions within the United States. ASU
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Glenn Moffett; Thomas Hall
. Page 6.324.1 “Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2001, American Society for Engineering Education”In this paper, we discuss our experiences with offering EET courses over the Internet and theissues with expanding that effort to offer all the courses in an associate degree. We cover someof the successes and challenges and look at what the future may hold. We hope this effort willhelp others who are contemplating similar undertakings at their own institutions of higherlearning.II. Experiences to DatePrior to offering the first on-line course, Hall2,3 studied the effects of using simulation softwarefor the conduct of EET laboratory experiments
Conference Session
Design, Assessment, and Curriculum
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Jon Dixon
nationally recognizedprogram for graduate level manufacturing engineering education. One of St. Thomas’master’s level courses, “Excellence in Product Design”, is unique in its approach todefining design excellence.More right-brain than traditional approaches, the course attempts to capture the essence,the root, the genesis of “excellence”. Each student attempts to derive a definition of“excellence in design” that may be universally applicable to all consumer products.Selected authors’ quotations about excellence help spark lively debate. Discussionincludes where in the design process the spark of excellence might originate. Attempts atunderstanding how such excellence might be fostered in the workplace are undertaken.The roles of industrial design
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Christopher Ibeh
State University,” American Society for Engineering Education, 31st Annual MidwestRegional Conference, Tulsa, OK, April 5-7, 1996.4. Johnson, R.T., Johnson, D.W., “Basic Elements of Cooperative Teams,” CooperativeLearning Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0298, http://www.clerc.com.5. Kurfiss, J.G., “Critical Thinking: Theroy, Research, Practice, and Possibilities,” Associationfor the Study of Higher Education, Washington, D.C., 1988.6. Paulsen, M.B., Loui, M.C., “Improving Your Lecturing: Using Motivation and CognitiveStrategies,” American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Urbana-Champaign, IL, June 1993.7. Savage, R.L., Baasel, W.D., Baloun, C.H., Dinos, N., Kendall, H.B., Collier, J.R., “ReportWriting
Conference Session
International Engineering Education I
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Simo Lehto, Helsinki Polytechnic
Tagged Divisions
International
2006-835: TRANSFORMING ENGINEERING EDUCATION FOR MEETING THEREQUIREMENTS OF THE GLOBAL INDUSTRY - PIONEERING THE USE OFTHE SYSTEMS APPROACH IN EUROPESimo Lehto, Helsinki Polytechnic 2006-835: TRANSFORMING ENGINEERING EDUCATION FOR MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE GLOBAL INDUSTRY - PIONEERING THE USE OF THE SYSTEMS APPROACH IN EUROPE Simo Lehto, Helsinki Polytechnic Simo Lehto’s experience includes scientific research, high-tech R&D and product development, entrepreneurship, management and organizational development, and teaching and education development in higher professional and academic education. He received the degrees of MSc. in 1967 and Lic. of Tech. in 1970 from University of Oulu
Conference Session
Administering First-Year Programs
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Russell Korte, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; David Goldberg, University of Illinois, Urbana
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
social exchange informed our development of the iFoundry learning community, such asthe importance of first experiences and the quality of relationships formed as a result of sharedpower, high levels of trust and respect, and attention to reciprocity with students. While theconcept of learning communities is quite varied, research indicates that learning communitieshelp foster social exchange and connectedness that leads to higher achievement in academicstudies.Pedagogy and learning communitiesFrom a longitudinal study of 27,064 at 309 baccalaureate-granting institutions, Astin identifiedtwo environmental factors that made the most difference in student educational outcomes. The
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kathryn Newhart, United States Military Academy; Andrew Pfluger, United States Military Academy; Michael Butkus, United States Military Academy
Paper ID #36481The Green Escape Room: Part 2 - Teaching StudentsProfessional Engineering Ethics by Applying EnvironmentalEngineering Principles and Deciphering Clues and PuzzlesKathryn Blair Newhart (Assistant Professor) Dr. Kate Newhart is an Assistant Professor of Environmental Engineering at the United States Military Academy. She earned her B.S. (2016), M.S. (2018), and Ph.D. (2020) in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Colorado School of Mines. Dr. Newhart’s research focuses on big data applications for engineered environmental systems, as well as modern engineering education topics such as digital
Conference Session
Remote Pedagogy in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joshua Gargac, Ohio Northern University
course inresponse to COVID_19 restrictions, 2) evaluate the students’ retention of content from THORScourses, and (3) introduce a specifications grading system.Student and Course InformationThis study was conducted at the University of Mount Union, a private, liberal arts institutionlocated in CITY, STATE with an overall enrollment of approximately 2,200 students. TheSchool of Engineering offers ABET-accredited undergraduate degree programs in mechanicaland civil engineering, in addition to new programs in electrical, computer, and biomedicalengineering. At the time of this study, approximately 170 were majoring in one of fiveengineering disciplines. On average, 15 mechanical engineering students graduate each yearfrom the program.In the past, a
Conference Session
First-year Programs Division: Student Success
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hossein Rahemi, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Amir Elzawawy , Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Margaret Ducharme, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
the HIS-STEM grant and a student adviser for a number of technical papers in the areas of mechanics, robotics and industrial automation.Dr. Amir Elzawawy , Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology Dr. Amir Elzawawy is an assistant professor at Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology. Dr. Elzawawy teaches courses in mechanical and mechatronic engineering and engineering technology pro- grams. His research background is in the area of experimental fluid mechanics and currently active on the area of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and heat transfer simulations. This in addition to develop- ing STEM programs to enhance engineering education experiences focused on improving retention and graduation rate.Dr
Conference Session
DEED Postcard Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yu-Lun Huang, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University; Chao-Yang Cheng, Institute of Electrical and Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
member of Open Education Consortium since 2017. Her research inter- ests include wireless security, secure testbed design, embedded software, embedded operating systems, network security, secure payment systems, VoIP, QoS and open education.Dr. Chao-Yang Cheng, Institute of Electrical and Control Engineering, National Chiao Tung University Chao-Yang Cheng is a postdoctoral researcher from the Institute of Electrical and Control Engineering of National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan. He majored in educational psychology and minor in multi- level linear models. Flow theory, daily reconstruction method, classroom experience, immediate process feedback module, capstone teaching and learning, and engineering education are
Conference Session
STEM and ECE
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Khosrow Ghadiri, San Jose State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
Page 24.391.6regularity of watching the videos and its pattern in success rate will be analyzed in forthcomingstudies. We are interested to find critical factors (human, organizational, behavioral, andresource) that affect student success.[84-86] The faculty of the blended learning model alsotaught the immediate follow-up class “Circuits and Systems” EE 110 to get some insight on thestudent retention rate. This topic will be the subject of the future research; however, preliminaryobservations indicate that the students who participated in the blended learning course sectionsimmediately formed teams in the face-to-face EE110 class. Therefore, they took the initiative tocarry on the study habit they acquired in EE098-MIT6.002x flipped
Conference Session
Manufacturing Education and Outreach
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Beverly Davis
study essential to their future employability and economic well-being (1).Even the positive statistics seem to reveal questionable workplace segregation. Research shows thatbetween 1975 and 1995, the percentage of women in managerial and professional specialty occupations inthe American workforce increased significantly (15). In 1995, women accounted for 43% of managerialand related employment, nearly double their share in 1975. There were noticeable differences, however, inthe functional areas women chose (or were channeled into). Women were much more heavily representedin service occupations, as were men in precision production, craft, and repair occupations. Even womenwho make it to the board of directors or to the position CEO were more