Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 26221 - 26250 of 35828 in total
Conference Session
Foster Excellence
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cathy Qian, Alabama A&M University; Zhengtao Deng, Alabama A&M University; George Seweryniak, DoE
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
success of the program is to attract and educatetop minority graduate and undergraduate students in the field related to computationalscience. Each scholarship recipient’s academic performance is evaluated annually by facultymembers. Graduate and undergraduate research assistant’s performance was evaluated basedprimarily on required research tasks. Summer internship performance was assessed by DOEScientist and HBCU faculty mentor.ConclusionThanks to the support of DOE in the past six years, AAMU was able to award over 60 DOEcomputational science scholarships to top minority engineering students. Ten engineeringundergraduate summer research interns were supported to work with scientists at DOE Oak
Conference Session
Best Practices in Industrial Technology
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Manocher Djassemi
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
-based exams were given to the students for the purpose of verifying theirunderstanding of : • The concept of numerical control (CNC) • The concept of 3D modeling and construction plans (CAD) • Toolpath generation (CAM) • Cutting tool selection (CAM) • Cutting parameters (CAM)Entry/Exit AssessmentIn addition to aforementioned evaluations two survey-based assessments were conducted duringfirst and last weeks of the classes. The survey questionnaire along with the numerical studentresponses for the spring of 2006 class are shown in Figure 5. Page 12.44.6 E N TR Y -E X IT AS S E S S M E N T O F IT__
Conference Session
Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Henriette Bier, TU Delft; Dave Hoffers, TU Delft; Matthijs Frederiks, TU Delft; Sander Korebritz, TU Delft
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
AC 2007-934: BR: AN INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE-PROTOTYPE FOR 3DLAYOUTHenriette Bier, TU Delft After graduating in architecture [1998] from the University of Karlsruhe in Germany, H. Bier has worked with Morphosis [1999-2001] on internationally relevant projects in the US and Europe. She has taught computer-based architectural design [2002-2003] at Universities in Austria, Germany and the Netherlands and started a doctoral research at TU Delft [2004]. Her research focuses not only on analysis and critical assessment of digital technologies in architecture, but also reflects evaluation and classification of digitally-driven architectures through procedural- and object-oriented studies. It
Conference Session
Technical Capacity Building for Developing Countries
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bethany Jones, United Arab Emirates University
Tagged Divisions
International
all countries. . . . Skills, knowledge and technical know-how at the individual and institutional levels are necessary for institution-building, policy analysis and development management, including the assessment of alternative courses of action with a view to enhancing access to and transfer of technology and promoting economic development.”Among the objectives of Agenda 21 are “Shifting time horizons in programme planning andimplementation addressing the developing and strengthening of institutional structures toenhance their ability to respond to new longer-term challenges rather than concentrate only onimmediate problems.”As the phrase became better known, other organizations adopted it and added their ownemphases. The Urban Capacity
Conference Session
Curriculum Development and Applications
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hussein Abaza, Southern Polytechnic State University; Javier Irizarry, SPSU; Zuhair Itr, Southern Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
the discussionsof CAD related issues in construction, and to provide continuous education for all ConstructionManagement students. The students were also encouraged to post questions, and providefeedback about their experience in the class.Evaluation Plan; In order to test the effectiveness of these teaching modules, an evaluation plan wasdeveloped. This evaluation plan included: 1-peer reviews by the Construction Managementfaculty, assessment and testing samples of the CAD instructions by former students, monitor thefrequency of accessing the online CAD application tools, as well as monitoring the students’participations in the list-serve discussions. The evaluation plan also included a questionnaire tomeasures the efficiency of the
Conference Session
Shifting Trends of Course and Curricula in IET and IT
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Kelley, Central Michigan University; Adam Schmidke, Central Michigan University; Lauren Griffin, Central Michigan University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Smarteam in your courses.One-sample t-Tests were used to assess student perceived feelings about the effectiveness of thegroup project. Within the tests, the sample data were compared to a neutral response of 2.5.There was only one response that showed any significance from neutral. Students felt thatSmarteam helped to provide confidence that their data was stored in one place and that all teammembers had access to the data (M = 2.08, p = .000). Some of the remaining responses seemedto indicate that Smarteam could be a valuable tool, but the technological problems encounteredwere detrimental to its proper function. Some students felt that Smarteam was a valuable tool (M= 2.22, p = .035) and was effective in regards to their group project (M = 2.33
Conference Session
Graduate Education in Engineering Technology
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bimal Nepal, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne (Eng); Jihad Albayyari, Indiana-Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
lead quality engineer or engineering technologist with a possible role inmanagement. Furthermore, it will also help students prepare the professional development examssuch as Certified Quality Engineer and Six-Sigma Green Belt certification examinations.Bibliography 1. Huang, M.Z., “ The Catapult experience- a learning project on Taguchi method for design optimization”, Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference Exposition. 2. Lahidji, B. and Albayyari, J., “Assessing the competencies in the manufacturing engineering technology programs”, Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference Exposition. 3. Laidhji, B., “ Competencies in
Conference Session
New Engineering Educators: Tricks of the Trade II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Karen Benitez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Juan Jimenez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Yesenia Cruz, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Marta Rosa, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Alexandra Medina-Borja, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
strategies. Hence, evaluating a professor ismore than providing a personal assessment of his/her teaching skills since each student has adifferent point of view of what is or is not a good teacher. But all these skills and featuresconverge to the same point: a good instructor is one who has the best teaching strategies totransmit knowledge. Page 12.1159.2Porter et al2 stated that assessing the performance of a given faculty member is a complexprocess. Student outcomes were characterized by them as multi-faceted because multiplelearning purposes are intrinsic to engineering and sciences college education. Sadly perhaps,these authors noted that such
Conference Session
Design in BME Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Karen May-Newman, San Diego State University; Peter Newman, San Diego State University; Urban Miyares, Interwork Institute - Disabled Businessperson's Association
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
. Prototype of to tie a bowline knot. knot-tying device.AssessmentTwo assessment tools were developed, one for the users and the other for the SDSU students.The users survey is completed by each individual using the device – this included several peoplefor each device for the Challenged America projects. The survey asks the user to rate on a Likertscale how actively they were involved in the design process, whether their preferences and needswere considered in the design, if they would be comfortable using the device, and theirexperiences working with the student team. A survey for students was completed by each studentparticipating in an AT design project to evaluate their interaction with the users, whether
Conference Session
Engineering Librarians Boot Camp
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Scott Curtis, Linda Hall Library
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
of problems that crop up in looking for thesepapers in a database. Any general conclusions drawn to assess quantitatively the completeness oraccuracy of the database would therefore be specious. Of the ten papers selected, seven returnedbibliographic records corresponding to the paper in Compendex. Those records located werefound under serial titles like “American Society of Mechanical Engineers – Advance paper,”“ASME – Paper,” or “American Society of Mechanical Engineers – Papers.” While these titlesare suggestive, and fairly consistent, they do not lead unambiguously to the determination thatthe record is a miscellaneous technical paper publication. Of the three papers that Compendexfailed to return a correct bibliographic match for, one
Conference Session
Technology in the Physics or Engineering Physics C
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Baha Jassemnejad, University of Central Oklahoma; Wei Pee, University of Central Oklahoma; Mathew Mounce, University of Central Oklhoma
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Physics & Physics
-Bergquist, A., Richards, S., & Wilkinson, K. (2005). The robotic autonomy mobile robots course: Robot design, curriculum design, and educational assessment. Autonomous Robots, 18(1), 103- 127. 7. Robinson, M. (2005). Robotics-driven activities: Can they improve middle school science learning? Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 25(1), 73-84. 8. Beer, R. D., Chiel, H. J., & Drushel, R. F. (1999). Using robotics to teach science and engineering. Communications of the ACM, 42(6), 85-92. 9. Maja J Matari´c. Robotics education for all ages. In AAAI Spring Symposium on Accessible, Hands-on AI and Robotics Education, Palo Alto, CA, March 22-24 2004. 10. Autonomous Robots as a Generic Teaching
Conference Session
Embedded Computing
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Holden, San Francisco State University; Juan Carlos Miranda, San Francisco State University; Jose Coto, San Francisco State University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
loop performance Page 12.1064.7 Figure 8: Closed-loop performance over a wide range of inputAssessmentThe value of the project to the students was assessed using a survey upon completion of theclass. The results are shown in the following figures. Generally the students felt the project wasvery appropriate for the class (question 1), and most felt that both implementation of control lawsand the ability to design controllers were valuable for their future careers (questions 4 and 5).The majority of the students felt that the time spent in class on design as compared to the timespent on implementation was about right (question 2), although most felt that more time couldhave been spent
Conference Session
Outstanding Contributions to ME
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts-Lowell
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
presented in related courses [6]. These “canned” laboratory experiments are a strong complement to the course theoretical content. These types of labs have a very well-defined, deterministic outcome which reinforces basic inherent skills that the students need to master. Many professors are comfortable with this approach since the outcomes of the lab experiment are well defined and can be assessed and evaluated with very clear guidelines. Page 12.222.3However, this does not exploit the laboratory experience to its fullest. Students get the impressionthat the experimental environment is very similar to the classroom environment where
Conference Session
Curriculum Development in Civil and Architectural Engineering Technology
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carol Considine, Old Dominion University; Vernon Lewis, Old Dominion University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
competitive bid bridges within aminimum time frame that will require planning and execution of the plan. Additional plans forthis course include a formal survey of students regarding the impact on the course in the majorselection.Bibliography 1. The Official K’NEX Shop, http://www.knex.com/building_toys/building_bridges_set.php, Accessed January 14, 2007. 2. K’NEX Industries, Inc. Introduction to Structures: Bridges. Hatfield, PA, 2003. 3. Old Dominion University Office of Institutional Research and Assessment, Program. Department and College Statistics, from http://web.odu.edu/ao/upir/FactBook/FTE_SCH/Rxxsch_2.htm, Accessed January 14, 2007
Conference Session
Innovative Teaching Techniques In Mechanics
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kyu-Jung Kim, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona; Amir Rezaei, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona; Angela Shih, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona; Mariappan Jawaharlal, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona; Michael Shelton, California State Polytechnic University
without compromising thedepth of understanding, our team have been developing a universal statics experiment system forunderstanding concepts of 2D and 3D force and moment vectors, equivalent force-couplesystem, 2D and 3D force and moment equilibrium, and truss design and analysis. It should benoted that the discussion in this paper is limited to our experience on development of theuniversal statics experiment system. Since student assessment is underway, the assessmentoutcome will be presented in the future.Schematics of the universal statics experiment system We initiated an effort to construct three sets of hands-on vector statics experiments foronline operations through Internet in mind. The universal statics experiment system (Fig. 1
Conference Session
Computer Education Management Tools
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Curtis Carver, USMA
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
concepts.References1. CERT Statistics. HYPERLINK "http://www.cert.org/stats/". Assessed on 7 January 2007.2. Frand, Jason L., “The InformationAge Mindset, Changes in Students and Implications forHigher Education”, September/October 2000, Educause Review, P.15 – 24.3. Pelgrin, William, “Cyber Security - An Ever Changing Landscape” Federal InformationSystems Security Education and Awareness Conference, 20-21 March 2006. Washington, DC.4. Email traffic dated January 3, 2007 between Curtis A. Carver and Ken MacGarrigle,Department of Veteran Affairs announcing the CARVER Facility Vulnerability AssessmentTraining, 6-8 February, 2007. Page 12.571.7
Conference Session
Innovative Teaching Methods in IE Education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary Kundrat, Grand Valley State University; Shabbir Choudhuri, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
assessment showed that streamlining the airplane construction requires analysis andimprovement of the individual work stations. Most of the stations are somewhat small and havea significant amount of materials associated with them. The analysis starts with the creation ofprocess flow charts [6] for all eighteen stations. Each process is charted based on the primaryactivities performed at that station. The process flow chart for the Tail and Tail/RudderAssembly Station is shown in Figure 1. The preliminary process flow charts did not show manyredundant activities, but by relocating materials to more appropriate areas, many actions andmovements were eliminated, reducing the time required to complete each station. All of the flowcharts have been
Conference Session
MIND Education Trends
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fred Hudson, University of Texas-San Antonio; Dawnlee Roberson, University of Texas-San Antonio
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
provided in lab) ‚ Computer systems ‚ Accelerometers. ‚ Acquisition Software ‚ Presentation software Assignments ‚ Learn Basic Computer Input ‚ Study Body movements ‚ Interface Accelerometers (with TA help) ‚ Acquire data from accelerometers attached to arms in movement Methods of Assessment ‚ One hour exam on methods and theory (as lectured) near end of course ‚ Individual evaluation of student participation ‚ Evaluation of group presentations Expectations ‚ Students will learn the thrust of technical research ‚ Students will establish a practical interest in applying math & science to human problems ‚ Students will increase a desire to
Conference Session
Retention of STEM Students
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology; Edward Hensel, Rochester Institute of Technology; Andreas Savakis, Rochester Institute of Technology; Paul Tymann, Rochester Institute of Technology; Darren Narayan, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
information from eachscholar that is required by NSF to update their CSEMS database. This Fall, scholars were askedto provide feedback and concrete suggestions to enhance their experience at RIT. Anoverwhelming majority of issues were non-academic. Many of the suggestions and concernshave been echoed in other student surveys at RIT, and are being addressed by the RITadministration. EMC2 faculty assessed the dinners to be a highly successful event promotingcamaraderie and pride.Each quarter, the Program Administrator reviews the academic performance of each scholar. If ascholar’s quarterly GPA falls below 2.50, he/she is asked to meet with the departmental EMC2faculty advisor to identify and enroll in an appropriate academic support program7. RIT has
Conference Session
Topical Public Policy Issues
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Devon, Pennsylvania State University; Elizabeth Kisenwether, Pennsylvania State University; Richard Schuhmann, Pennsylvania State University; Robert Pangborn, Pennsylvania State University; Kim Barron, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering and Public Policy
, activities and an academic minor in engineeringentrepreneurship. The 18 credit Engineering Entrepreneurship (E-SHIP) minor (http://e-ship.psu.edu) is based in the College of Engineering, designed to serve students fromengineering, business, information science and technology (IST), but is open to students fromany major. The goal of the minor is to aid students in developing the skills and knowledge toeither be an entrepreneur, or an entrepreneurial employee in an existing company. Courses andextra-curricular activities help develop skills, aptitudes and knowledge to enable them to beinnovative leaders in existing companies, new start-up companies or to lead new strategicalliance between companies. The goals/objectives to be assessed for the E-SHIP
Conference Session
Network Administration and Security
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xuefu Zhou, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
).Students will study TCP’s use of sequence and acknowledgement numbers and they’ll look atTCP’s receiver-advertised flow control mechanism. They will investigate the performance(throughput and round-trip time) of the TCP connection between the client and the server.Benefits of Lab Exercise and Students’ FeedbackAfter one trial run of the networking course during the Fall 2005, we have assessed theeducational value of the lab exercises through feedback from students. Our results show thatmost of students did not have the prior knowledge concerning computer networking concepts.They found that these labs are very interesting and easy to follow. In the course evaluation,students responded the question “What were the most effective aspects in the
Conference Session
Preparing Engr Students for International Practice
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gunter Heitmann, Technical University-Berlin
Tagged Divisions
International
aninternational practice in its various facets. Following these definition of necessary or intendedlearning outcomes appropriate teaching/learning arrangements have to be provided includingrespective assessment procedures.Traditional offers embrace subject related courses in a foreign language, modules to developintercultural competence, hiring staff from foreign countries either on tenure or as guestlecturers, exploring the advantages of an international student body in tutorials, languagelearning and extra-curricular activities. More demanding approaches comprise cooperationwith companies and research institutes abroad on research or thesis work and, increasingly,international student project work using web based and other modern
Conference Session
Issues in Digital Signal Processing
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Michael Morrow, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Thad Welch, U.S. Naval Academy
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Wisconsin, Madison, WI. His research interests include real-time digital systems, embedded system design, software engineering, curriculum design, and educational assessment techniques. He is a member of ASEE and IEEE. E-mail: morrow@ieee.orgThad Welch, U.S. Naval Academy Thad B. Welch, Ph.D, P.E., is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD. He was a visiting scholar at the University of Wyoming in Fall 2004. His research interests include the implementation of communication systems using DSP techniques, DSP education, multicarrier communication systems analysis, and RF signal propagation. Commander Welch is a member of ASEE, IEEE
Conference Session
Sustainable Engineering
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janet Baldwin, Roger Williams University
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
treatment and water resources which would benefit greatly from thisfirst-hand experience. In addition, a design project for the senior capstone design course couldbe modeled on this project.Specifically, this project can be a learning tool to illustrate the determination of sustainability. InCriterion 3 Program Outcomes and Assessment, the ABET Engineering AccreditationCommission identifies skills that engineering graduates should possess. These include the abilityto design a system with realistic constraints including sustainability, economic, social, political,and manufacturability [3]. These constraints tend to be hard to incorporate into a design projectwhen the student is primarily focused on the technical aspects. My plan is to use this
Conference Session
FPD2 -- Highlighting First-Year Programs
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffrey Connor, Virginia Tech; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Kumar Mallikarjunan, Virginia Tech; G. Loganathan, Virginia Tech; Jenny Lo, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
probably a major difference as it wasn’t implemented in spring2005. As can be seen in Table 2, student perception of their skills increased markedly betweenthe two semesters, an indication of the effectiveness of this multiple models experiment. It canbe seen that about 71% students reported improvement in their problem solving and logicalthinking skills in fall 2005 while in spring 2005 it was only about 58%.While these data do support an increase in problem solving and logical thinking skills after theintroduction of the project, the evidence is indirect and a measure of student perception. Thedata will be more rigorously analyzed and focus group assessment will be performed in comingsemesters.Table 2Exit survey question: Have your problem
Conference Session
Retention Issues
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andre Butler, Mercer University; Priscilla Hicks, Mercer University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
quarter-century, minorities and women have madesignificant strides in the numbers earning undergraduate degrees in engineering, althoughthe proportions have changed very little5. At MUSE, 15% of BSE degrees are awarded toAfrican-Americans and 32% to women, on average. These percentages exceed thenational averages, which are 5% and 20%, respectively14. Transfer students, whocomprise 18% of the new students at MUSE on average, graduate in three years atroughly the same rates that new freshmen students graduate in five years.Graduation may also be investigated by assessing the groups’ graduation rates during aspecified time window. Figure 6 shows five-year graduation rates for students at MUSE
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Curricula
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jason Lynch, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
definition should be holistic and includesustainability10 as well as societal, legal, natural, and financial aspects22 because environmentalengineering practice requires competence in all these areas.Academia should take this definition and along with the Accreditation Board of Engineering andTechnology and the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying reassess whatshould be component criteria in accrediting environmental programs and granting of professionallicensure. Simultaneously these organizations should take steps in removing these criteria that Page 11.1068.5uniquely define environmental engineering from assessment of
Conference Session
Innovative Partnerships
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Abraham Michelen, Hudson Valley Community College; Gary Kardys, Hudson Valley Community College
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
program over the next five years, New York State will contribute $160 million while International SEMATECH and its member companies, including IBM will add $193 million. The initial project will be aimed at R&D in the area of advanced lithography infrastructure for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. EUV will be crucial for computer chip manufacturing technology in the future because technical advances are expected to cause present day manufacturing methods to become obsolete for the most advanced chips.”Assessment of Local Needs and HVCC RequirementsWhile many manufacturing segments have been declining in the U.S., the semiconductormanufacturing industry has continued to grow. In addition, developments in Nanotechnologyare poised to
Conference Session
Effective Teaching with Online Technology
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mani Mina, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
. ‘Engineering Education: Renewing America’s Technology,’ Proceedings. 6–9 Nov. 1993. Page(s):22–23. 3. New Questions about Learning Styles. Malave, C.; Belhot, R. V.; Figueiredo, R. S.; Frontiers in Education, 2003. FIE 2003. 33rd Annual. Volume 3, 5–8 Nov. 2003. Page(s):S1D–S18. 4. http://www.ackland.org/tours/classes/glossary.html. 5. A Longitudinal Study of Alternative Approaches to Engineering Education: Survey of Assessment Results. Felder, R. M.; Felder, G. N.; Dietz, E. J.; Frontiers in Education Conference, 1997. 27th Annual Page 11.377.5 Conference. ‘Teaching and Learning in an Era of Change
Conference Session
Research in Minority Issues
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Gonzalez-Barreto, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Antonio Gonzalez-Quevedo, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. He is interested in strategic and physical planning, institutional research and assessment. Page 11.218.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Applicant’s Profile Study for Improving Undergraduate Enrollment in the Engineering School of the University of Puerto Rico at MayagüezAbstractIn recent years, the undergraduate enrollment population of the Engineering School at theUniversity of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez exhibits a regional bias. In general, at our campusof the university enrollment has decreased slightly. This work establishes a