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Displaying results 2701 - 2730 of 16386 in total
Collection
Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference
Authors
Gary P. Halada, Stony Brook University
undergraduate engineeringcoursework, and have proven valuable in enhancing student learning, engagement and retention.We report on initial design and implementation of novel problem-based content for a first yearengineering science course. The assignments and exercises involve real world challenges in (a)improving life in a large refugee camp in the Middle East and (b) designing ways to monitorcoastal changes driven by climate change, the two exercises being linked through use of aninexpensive Arduino-based device with integrated sensors for projects easily adaptable to remotelearning needs (as required by COVID 19 restrictions). These activities are designed to meetcourse learning objectives in engineering problem solving and value sensitive design
Conference Session
Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Saeed Niku, California Polytechnic State University; Frank Owen, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
much more industry-like feel to it. The sequence hasevolved even into a stepping stone from academic study to the working world. Thesequence is much less “canned” than is a normal applied course-lab. Real-worldsituations and surprises arise constantly. So in running the course we have taken theattitude that this type of free structure is desirable because it very much mimics theworking world. In managing the course we also often make decisions on whether or notthe same would happen in the real world. If it does, and we have the industrial experiencein our faculty to adjudge this, then we allow it, even if it would not normally be allowedin a conventional course. Often big changes in a project plan are accommodated becausethey make sense and
Conference Session
College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hosni I. Abu-Mulaweh, Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Nusaybah Abu-Mulaweh, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships
2016/2017 academic year.IntroductionThe cost of constructing a prototype of a finished design is usually high. This is especially truewhen design projects deal with solving practical and real-world engineering design problems [1].For small undergraduate mechanical engineering programs, such as ours, resources are limited.Therefore, funding the construction of these high cost designs tends to cause problems andhinders the selection of good quality capstone senior design projects. This problem becomesmore pressing when the senior design projects are multidisciplinary which require higher budget.Multidisciplinary projects are needed in order comply with the Accreditation Board forEngineering and Technology (ABET) accreditation criteria [2], which
Conference Session
New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vishwas Narayan Bedekar, Middle Tennessee State University; Ahad S. Nasab, Middle Tennessee State University; Walter W. Boles, Middle Tennessee State University
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
article is to emphasize the need to establish a strong first impression in theclassroom for students’ successful learning experience and their retention in the curriculum.Teaching is an art that every instructor should master in order to help students learn efficientlyand apply that knowledge in real world applications. Undergraduate students are veryenthusiastic and eager to learn new concepts in a well-structured learning environment. In thispaper, the authors investigate a freshman course of “Introduction to Metals and Metallurgy” as abaseline model in order to identify the need for making the connection with students on day oneand providing guidelines to new engineering educators to successfully implement teachingpractices that include use of
Conference Session
Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jingjing Tong, Southeast Missouri State University; Heather Nachtmann, University of Arkansas
Tagged Topics
ASEE Diversity Committee
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy
Analysis of Disruptions on the Mississippi River: An Engineering Economy Educational Case StudyAbstractStudent ability and understanding of engineering economy is promoted through real worldapplication. As engineering and engineering technology educators, we are encouraged to educateour students in contemporary issues related to engineering education. This paper providesengineering economy instructors with a real world educational case study based on maritimelogistics. An instructor’s solutions manual is available from the authors.OverviewReal-world application of engineering concepts motivates and engages students in engineeringeconomy coursework. We present an educational case study that has real-world application in themaritime
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Curriculum
Collection
2016 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Otsebele E Nare, Hampton University; Vitaly Khaykin, Hampton University; Hoshang Chegini, Hampton University; Chandra T Oaks-Garcia, Time Out 4U, Inc.; Vadivel Jagasivamani, Hampton University
Tagged Topics
International Forum
, Virginia as a ”Teacher In Residence” in 2009. She served on conference planning committees for VTEEA and TSA locally over a period of time. She also worked with the Division’s Career Academy Team for Hampton City Schools in 2010. Mrs. Oaks-Garcia has proudly served a community of learners in the Hampton City School District in various capacities for the past fifteen (15) years. For her teaching strategy, Mrs. Oaks-Garcia incorporates real world learning into the classroom to promote and enhance student’s critical thinking and problem solving skills. In September 2001, her Future Engineering Team consisting of 11th and 12th grade stu- dents of Hampton High School tackled a real-life engineering challenge following the
Conference Session
What's New in Industrial Engineering
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Paul Ranky
andindustrial challenges, including best practices, with the intention of reducing risks,getting things done using sound methods, technologies and collaborative peer groupexperience as support mechanisms.The audience of this library is engineering science and technology students, engineeringmanagement students, design, industrial engineering, design and process engineers, ITstudents / professionals, as well as biomedical engineering and medical science students.At its most fundamental level, our library is a• Knowledge documentation method, architecture, tool and resource, an• Instructional method characterized by the integrated approach to engineering, science, management, IT, and medical sciences, in which we use challenging 'real world
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division 3 - Engagement in Practice Lightning Round: Fostering Reciprocal Partnerships and Empowering Change
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marian K. Zaki, Houston Christian University
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)
teams on anopen-ended design project that draws on the student’s entire academic experience with emphasison idea generation, design and implementation of a system, and the application of engineeringethical decision-making and social responsibilities. Students are encouraged to choose projectsthat tackle real-world problems through industry or community-sponsored projects.To help the students find community projects to work on, we reached out to both the CEO and thedirector of the Safe Community Institute of Crime Stoppers of Houston to discuss ways ofcollaboration. We were welcomed by their team, and they showed great interest in our missionstatement – SAFE. After several mutual visits, brainstorming meetings with our senior students,faculty
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cary Troy, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Josh Boyd, Purdue University; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Rebecca R Essig, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
.” Explain a Problem Instructors looking for students to understand the reason behindsolutions to problems can opt for assigning Explain a Problem questions. Explain a Problemquestions are potentially the easiest to assign because they can be created simply by placing thewords “Explain” or “Why?” at the end of any calculation based problem. Example: “Calculatethe maximum velocity achieved by wheel A and wheel B. Explain why they are different.” Theformat of such explanations can be as detailed or simplistic as the instructor desires. How Stuff Works Assigning problems that ask students to explain how different objectswork helps students link classroom concepts to concrete objects, in turn reinforcing the real-world applications of their
Conference Session
Innovative IE Curricula and Courses
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
James Taylor; Jacqueline Mozrall
course content thatrequires students to work in teams to design and build a simple product (e.g., medieval style balllauncher) to given specifications, as well as consider process requirements (e.g., design ofworkstation to build product, product assembly/disassembly time, etc.). In addition, there areadditional projects that focus on applying other process tools to real-world manufacturing andservice tasks (e.g., time study of radiator fan assembly task, process flow of cafeteria). Studentsare also required to learn/use Microsoft Project to track their design project as well as useMicrosoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint to generate project reports and presentations. Finally,the course is enhanced with field trips, so that students can see IE
Conference Session
Study Abroad, International Exchange Programs, and Student Engagements
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jose del Carmen Chin Vera; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla
Tagged Divisions
International
determination of different food components, the principlesbehind these techniques, and the application and interpretation of food analysis techniques andobtained results to determine food composition.The IFT competencies related with food analysis can be summarized as (a graduate should): • be able to use the laboratory techniques common to basic and applied food chemistry • understand the principles behind analytical techniques associated with food • be able to select the appropriate analytical technique when presented with a practical problem • demonstrate practical proficiency on food analysis laboratory • be able to apply and incorporate the principles of Food Science and Technology in practical, real-world situations and
Conference Session
Product and Venture Creation Curriculum
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Ron Zuckerman; Nathaniel Bowe; LaMarr Taylor; Kyle Smith; Dan Moore
intention of the program is twofold: 1) to educate engineers on what it takes to run andmarket and organization like this in the business world, 2) to encourage engineers to submit ideasfor new inventions for product development. Students that are employed by Engenius Solutionshave the chance to gain real world experience in developing a new idea (in many cases an idea oftheir own) while still having access to the faculty expertise at Rose-Hulman and other schools thatare working with Rose-Hulman. Engenius Solutions is running a pilot program this spring withKelly School of Business at Indiana University. Engineers from Rose-Hulman will work withMBA majors to discover what it takes to do a feasibility analysis and marketing survey to studythe
Collection
2024 CIEC
Authors
Aleksandr Sergeyev; Scott Kuhl; Bester Mangisoni; Gurveetsingh Ajmani; Mark Kinney; Michael Masters; Kellon Petzak
several reasons.Experiential learning allows students to apply theoretical knowledge gained in classrooms toreal-world scenarios. It bridges the gap between theory and practice, providing a more holisticunderstanding of electrical engineering concepts. Electrical engineering involves practical skillssuch as circuit design, troubleshooting, and equipment operation. Experiential learning providesstudents with hands-on opportunities to develop these skills, making them better prepared for thechallenges they may face in their careers. Real-world projects and experiments often presentunexpected challenges. Experiential learning encourages students to develop problem-solvingabilities by requiring them to troubleshoot and find solutions on the spot
Conference Session
ERM: Engineering Identity: (Identity Part 1)
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kelsey Scalaro, University of Nevada, Reno; Indira Chatterjee, University of Nevada, Reno; Derrick Satterfield, University of Nevada, Reno; Ann-Marie Vollstedt, University of Nevada, Reno; Jeffrey Lacombe, University of Nevada, Reno; Mackenzie Parker, University of Nevada, Reno; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno
something to that extent yet (Semester1).”4.4 Industry or Research ApplicationThis theme describes the funneling of students’ perceived needs for identity developmentaround the application in industry or research. Almost every participant used the term real-worldto describe engineering existing beyond the classroom. Most second-year participantsdescribed being partially or fully in this theme by the end of their fourth semester. The transitionto this specific application need was catalyzed by the feeling that what they have learnedpreviously may not be transferable to industry or research jobs. Oscar explained this shift: “Idon't feel like much of the things that I've learned is super practical, or it can be like applied inthe real-world. Cause a
Conference Session
Engineering Transfer Issues: Two-year College to Four-year College
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David I. Spang, Rowan College at Burlington County; Eric Constans, Rowan University; Edem G Tetteh, Rowan College at Burlington County
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
introduction and development of the application must follow a sound pedagogicalapproach (i.e., the inclusion of Bloom’s taxonomy in defining outcomes) as well as astandardized and consistent academic outcomes measurement approach.After conducting a Technology Conference with industry partners, faculty, administrators, andadvisory committee, members will compile the most important skills identified by industry anddevelop application links between the identified skills and the principles taught. These formaland outlined linkages will populate an applications database, which will inform instructors of thebest way to present topical material and relate it to real-world applications highlighted by theindustry partners.Contextualizing course material in
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ming Z. Huang, University of San Diego; Elizabeth Reddy, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
. Przestrzelski, and E. Reddy, “Engineering in the “real world”: Teaching social responsibility in a 2nd Year Circuits course,” 2018 WEEF-GEDC Conference, Albuquerque, NM, November 2018.[4] M. Prince, “Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the Research, Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 93, No. 3, 2004, pp. 223-246.[5] K. Smith, S. Sheppard, D. Johnson, and R. Johnson, “Pedagogies of Engagements: Class Room- Based Practices,” Journal of Engineering Education, pp. 3-15, January 2005.[6] D. Melton, “Stacking Entrepreneurial Minded Learning alongside Other Pedagogies,” KEEN’zine – Intrapreneurship edition, Issue 3, pp. 6-9.Appendix: HW Assignment – Robotics and BeyondRobotics is advancing every day, and we
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Monson H. Hayes; Lonnie D. Harvel
, capturedcourses may be enriched with various forms of multimedia information, and may behyperlinked to a textbook, other lectures, and other sites on the world wide web.In this paper, we are concerned with capturing the classroom experience, and putting itonline. We begin, in Section II, with an overview of what we have done at Georgia Techover the last eighteen months in internet course delivery. Then, in Section III, we turnour sights to the future and describe the projects that are on the horizon, and speculateabout what internet distance learning may be like in the 21st century.II. Distance Learning at Georgia TechIn 1991, a campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology was opened in Metz, France,offering masters degrees in electrical engineering. In
Conference Session
Capstone Design
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Elise M. Barrella, James Madison University; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Jacquelyn Kay Nagel, James Madison University; Justin J Henriques, James Madison University; Daniel Devon Imholte
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
work. Woven into the design theory andmethodology instruction is a year-long design project requiring students to design, build, and testa human-powered, pedaled vehicle for a client with cerebral palsy is. Through this sophomoredesign course sequence, students gain knowledge of the engineering design process as well asbegin to develop the application, analysis, and synthesis skills necessary to begin their capstoneprojects. The year-long, real-world design project with an actual client from the local communityis integral to students developing such higher-order problem solving skills. The project alsofacilitates students’ development of interconnections between engineering science coursework,engineering design coursework, product testing, and
Collection
2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference
Authors
Emmanuel Sunday Kolawole; Penrose Cofie, Prairie View A&M University; John Fuller P.E., Prairie View A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
area networks (LAN), wide area net- works (WAN), virtual private networks (VPN), routers, firewalls, proxy and related network devices. He is skilled in security assessments of applications and systems using vulnerability testing and risk analysis by not only implementing software fixes (patches) to remve system vulnerabilities, but also provide cyber security-related incident responses through post-event analysis. He is practically oriented and loves to troubleshoot issues and provide neccessary solutions at all times.Dr. Penrose Cofie, Prairie View A&M University Dr. Penrose Cofie is a professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Prairie View A&M University, College of Engineering, Texas. His
Conference Session
Engineering and Public Policy Division (EPP) Technical Session 1
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mona El Helbawy, University of Colorado Boulder; Pat Clark, University of Colorado Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Engineering and Public Policy Division (EPP)
particularly crucial in the context of our immersive VR platform, where the integration of technology must support, rather than hinder, the learning process.Research in embodied cognition [6] suggests that learning is deeply tied to physical interactionswith the environment. This raises concerns about whether a VR experience that lacks physicalfeedback can fully prepare students for real-world cleanroom work. Studies such as Wang et al.(2024) have explored cleanroom microfabrication training in VR, finding that while studentsbenefit from immersive, guided learning experiences, the lack of tactile feedback presents achallenge. They suggest that haptic feedback integration—such as force-feedback controllers orgloves—could enhance VR training by
Conference Session
Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Schreiner, United States Military Academy; Leang Tri, Missouri S&T
from fully virtual reality to fully augmented reality.Each company attempted to distinguish its products to capture a piece of this market. Companieslike Oculus and HTC are trying to lower the price and increase the quality of new generation virtualreality devices for average consumers with their Oculus Go and HTC VIVE headsets. Microsofttargeted professionals in construction, manufacturing, healthcare, and education with theirHoloLens mixed reality headset [6] while Google was able to commercialize a functional Do-It-Yourself (DIY) cardboard VR goggle with a price as low as ten dollars.As VR devices become more affordable, more applications emerge for different industries. Acommon example is multiplayer online games like World of Warcraft or
Conference Session
Distance and Web-Based Learning in ET: Remote and Virtual Laboratories
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kim Nankivell, Purdue University, Calumet
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
to select the appropriate components to best construct the laboratoryenvironment to carry out the assignment. This open construction is closely scrutinized by theinstructor to limit the openness to the level of competency of the student providing a greaterdegree of learning. The software components were chosen based on what the students wouldexpect to work with in the real world. Once the design was finalized the VNL was implementedand placed in service.The VNL was deployed on a server to provide the focus of the experiments. The connectivitywas provided by a client machine. The system was designed so each course instructor can set-upthe components that are either closed, those elements the student does not see or work with oropened, those
Conference Session
Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Jacquelyn Kay Nagel, James Madison University; Eric C Pappas, James Madison University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
. Page 25.990.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 On a Client-Centered, Sophomore Design Course SequenceAbstractOften engineering design instruction based on real-world, client-based projects is relegated to afinal year capstone course. Our engineering program, however, emphasizes these real-world,client-based design experiences, and places them throughout our six-course engineering designsequence. Our six-course design sequence begins with a two-course sophomore design sequencethat is meant to enable mastery through both directed and non-directed learning and explorationof the design process and design tools. At the sophomore level, we aim to provide students withthe foundational
Conference Session
Mathematics Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eliud Quintero, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Patricia Salinas, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM)
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
described by text or bya graphic. Application of the instrument lead us to reflect that, once the appropriation is achievedthrough the motion context, it could be easier for students to apply it without connection with areal context. It also reveals the difficulties for interpreting graphical information based on thederivative function. These findings are part of the overall results of a doctoral dissertationconcerning with the use of digital technologies for the learning of Calculus.Keywords: Calculus learning, digital technologies, linear motion, real context, mediation.BackgroundDigital technologies are important tools in our daily activities, and it looks easy to use them inclassroom to support learning. According to Hillman1, a lot of research
Conference Session
Energy, the Environment, and Nano Technology
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julanne K. McCulley, Weber State University; Dustin Scott Birch, Weber State University; Megumi Usui Leatherbury, Weber State University; Kelly A. Harward, Weber State University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
meeting attendees, and answer theirquestions in a professional and satisfactory manner. This also was an excellent opportunity togive the students real world experience communicating their designs and conclusions in front ofa peer group that gives appropriate feedback and criticism. Faculty assessed studentperformance during the presentation using their program specific evaluation tool regardless ofthe students’ discipline. In reviewing the submitted evaluations, there were categories that wereonly applicable to certain disciplines making the total points or grading scale inaccurate. A moregeneral instrument for evaluating student presentations across disciplines needs to be developedfrom the program specific tools where categories can be
Conference Session
Computers in Education 7 - Modulus 2
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Joseph Maloba Makokha, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
in AI[4].Using research and intellectual property publications from the first and last decades of the pastfifty years (these two decades present the most notable developments relative to other decades),we examine AI paradigms and applications that arise from them, and relate these to the kinds ofproblems they solve in the real world. We then develop a framework for guiding the mapping ofspecific tasks assigned to AI with the best conceptual models, capabilities and roles; forsituations where humans collaborate or interact with AI. This framework also considers the wayswe currently train machines (using examples from humans), and takes trust and bias intoconsideration, as these are critical components in ensuring widely acceptable AI
Conference Session
Accreditation Issues
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
ofthe concepts in the real world. They are also enjoyable to sit through.” Page 13.153.8“It is nice to see real-life applications that I never realized involved heat transfer. It would bebeneficial if we could do more projects regarding these presentations. For example, take a piece ofmoisture wicking fabric and test it in the lab.”“I wish we could do more of things like this, take everyday things and apply our engineeringskills/knowledge to them.”“I liked how we related equations from class to real-world topics. Shows the need for the class.”“It gave scope to the subject and broadened the application understanding of heat transfer in the
Conference Session
Laboratories in Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arif Uluagac, Georgia Institute of Technology; Walter E. Thain Jr.; Thomas Fallon, Southern Polytechnic State University; John Copeland, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
the real world. Third, students increase their understanding of thecomplex material via hands-on labs. Finally, the labs can be extended easily for theimplementation of other more advanced concepts in the security field.The benefits and availability of open source security tools permitted the efficient development ofthe laboratory component of an undergraduate network security course for theTelecommunications Engineering Technology (TCET) program at Southern Polytechnic StateUniversity. TCET courses emphasize application of key course concepts to enhance studentlearning. This paper discusses ten lab exercises and some of the associated lecture contentdeveloped from Linux-based security tools. The exercises can either be stand-alone labs4 or
Conference Session
Assessment of Learning in ECE
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alexander Ganago, University of Michigan; Sudarshan Sivaramakrishnan, University of Michigan; Robert Matthew DeMonbrun, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
-ended questions provide valuable insight: ü “Seeing real world examples and hands on stuff kept me interested. When I could see how to apply it, I was riveted.” ü “Learning to use photoresistors to position satellites towards the sun sparked my imagination.” ü “I expected this course to be much more abstract, and I expected to be learning about circuits that wouldn't be applicable to my major. I think the second homework, with the problem about calibration of resistive sensors really piqued my interest. Even something as simple as a voltage divider with a variable resistor, and it was presented in a context that would be useful in mechanical engineering.”In the first approximation, one may say that
Conference Session
PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Farah Faruqi, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Khomson Keratithamkul, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Gillian Roehrig, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Benny Mart Hiwatig, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Elizabeth Forde; Nilay Ozturk, University of Minnesota
integrated STEM implementation?Conceptual Framework Integrated STEM education can be modeled and defined in a number of ways; somefeatures are common and exist across different models. This work is driven by Roehrig andcolleagues’ framework [4]. This framework includes seven key characteristics of integratedSTEM: focus on real-world problems, centrality of engineering, context integration, contentintegration, STEM practices, twenty-first century skills development, and STEM careersawareness. This framework views integrated STEM as contextualizing learning in real-worldproblems, using engineering design challenges to contextualize student learning of science, andproviding students with a realistic representation of how STEM knowledge is used