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Displaying results 2851 - 2880 of 17014 in total
Conference Session
ERM: Instruction and Engagement
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shamima Mithun, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis
Development of ● Implement, test, and revise a prototype Iteratively design a working prototype industry-authentic ● Evaluate data modeling standards and for a home security system through practices industry approaches peer collaboration ● Identify the challenges of enterprise data modelsFor the advanced course, pre-class activities consisted of short assignments which promptedstudents to analyze database design requirements, complete design tasks, consider implicationsfor information retrieval, evaluate solutions, review existing projects, and design prototypes. Weoffer a sample class session activity flow for the
Conference Session
Engineering and Public Policy Division (EPP) Poster Session
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
MC Forelle, University of Virginia; Siobhan Elizabeth Loughney, University of Virginia
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering and Public Policy Division (EPP)
workforce for the Electric Vehicle (EV) industry using innovative VR and AR educational methods. Collaborating with major industry partners like Volvo, BMW, and Bosch, the project aims to identify educational needs, develop cross- disciplinary curricula, and share best practices for maximum impact. The initiative also emphasizes promoting the new curriculum through professional development to ensure sustainability and effectiveness across institutions. 2. National Electric Vehicle Consortium [19] a. This grant, awarded to Indian River State College, establishes a National Electric Vehicle Consortium (NEVC) of 15 community colleges, 19 industry partners, two
Collection
2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference
Authors
Anju Gupta, University of Toledo; seyed alireza rozati, The University of Toledo
avenue to challenge advance undergrad uatestudents to apply core concepts to create a functional product. This paper describes a materialsand manufacturing engineering focused senior design project performed at the Mechanical,Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering Department at the University of Toledo (UToledo) incollaboration with Kettering University. This objective of this project was to create a device th atwill generate a uniform magnetic field required to align ferromagnetic inks that are beingdeveloped under several collaborative research efforts between the two institutions. This un iqu eco-institutional senior design project was designed to address the challenges of securing industrysenior design project partnership due to COVID-19
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Design II
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ralf Oliver Schneider, Syracuse University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
Kunsthochschule Berlin Weißensee in Berlin, Ger- many. A competitive stipend from the German government (Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Di- enst) supported graduate coursework at The University of Cincinnati (UC), Cincinnati, USA, where Ralf Schneider was awarded a Master in Design degree in 2005. He worked as an Assoc. Director/Senior Design Researcher at the Live Well Collaborative, founded by Procter & Gamble and UC with a unique mission to foster the collaborative, interdisciplinary design process between industry leaders and academia. In this role Schneider worked with Hill-Rom and P&G on various projects. Ralf Schneider is interested in solving complex problems with interdisciplinary teams. His current re
Conference Session
Fostering Business and Professional Skills in the Engineering Classroom
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrea Goncher, Charles Sturt University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
situated nature of cognition, e.g. the intersection of learningand working, to develop professionalism and professional identity [1].Context: Industry Collaboration and Student LearningA core element of the CSU Engineering program education is embedding students in industrywhile they learn from, and engage with, the profession. As part of the CSU Engineeringdegree, students undertake four, one-year, paid work placements with industry partners in arange of engineering organizations, e.g. local government, consulting firms, internationalorganizations, while continuing to learn theoretical content through an online interface.Figure 1 illustrates two examples of students on site for their workplace learning duties. CSUEngineering’s first intake of
Collection
2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Manuel D. Rossetti; Bryan Hill; Ronna Turner; Wen-Juo Lo; Ed Pohl; Xintao Wu
. STEM graduates who can independently apply theircritical content knowledge using data analytic models can better identify developmentalefficiencies or market advantages. Such insight is fueling a growing demand for STEM graduateswith data science training. Recently, data science, considered to be a multidisciplinary STEM-related field, was identified by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), the Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the Institute for Operations Research and theManagement Sciences (INFORMS) as one of the top degrees needed for the next decade. AsSTEM innovation is increasingly driven by data science, training STEM students in data scienceis critical to keeping our nation’s STEM industries globally
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
George Bugliarello
identificationdocuments. Eventually, it may also be possible to enhance the speed of the manufacturing process(e.g., assemblies), and make possible new forms of shopping. The technology involved in every one of these aspects offers opportunities for engineering schools, bothin teaching and research. To respond to the opportunities the schools need, however, to thinkinterdisciplinarily - combining the skills of electronic engineers, physicists, mechanical engineers, industrialengineers, mathematicians and computer scientists - and to collaborate with the merchandising groups inbusiness schools. They also need to establish close contacts with the merchandising industry.References1. Bugliarello, George, “MetroTech: An Urban, University-Industry Park,” The
Conference Session
CEED Paper Session 1: Using Co-Op and Internships to Improve Diversity, Retention, Learning, and Assessment
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vedaraman Sriraman, Texas State University - San Marcos; Bobbi J. Spencer, Texas State University - San Marcos; Kimberly Grau Talley P.E., Texas State University - San Marcos; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University - San Marcos
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
Paper ID #14594Early Internships for Engineering Technology Student Retention: A PilotStudyDr. Vedaraman Sriraman, Texas State University - San Marcos Dr. Vedaraman Sriraman is a Piper and University Distinguished Professor of Engineering Technology and Associate Director of the LBJ Institute for STEM Education and Research at Texas State University. Dr. Sriraman’s degrees are in mechanical and industrial engineering. His research interests are in engi- neering education, sustainability, and applied statistics. In the past, he has implemented several grants from the NSF, NASA and SME-EF. He has also received several
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: RED 2 / Civil Eng
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Mohamed ElZomor, Florida International University; Piyush Pradhananga, Florida International University; Gabriella Santi; Shahin Vassigh, Florida International University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
training, a collaborative knowledge base, and an automation forum. Softwaredevelopment planning, economic research, curriculum development, and testing, and evaluationgroups are some of the key deliverables of the project, which will be led by the executive andmanagement team. At the end of this phase, a report will also be developed on the economicimpacts of automation on the AEC industries.ConclusionAt the brink of the fourth industrial revolution, there is a growing need for a skilled workforcewhich has profound knowledge of operating robotic and AI technology in the AEC industry.This study is geared towards addressing the gap for which the authors conducted interviews withkey stakeholders of the industry and identified primary challenges to
Conference Session
Closing Manufacturing Competency Gaps I
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Karen Harris; Sunday Faseyitan; Robert Myers; Pearley Cunningham; Winston Erevelles
industry-based certificate instruction;· Served as a replicable and portable model for competitive collaboration and regional development;· Linked K-12 and certificate and apprenticeship programs to a region-wide articulated system of higher education;· Created a regional network for learning at different levels, at times and locations best suited to new and incumbent technicians and engineers (work in process); and· Engaged the vigorous and in-depth participation of over fifty industry partners to guide and continuously improve regional and national manufacturing education.IV. Innovative DisseminationPRIME has been invited to present at various forums over the last two years – each co-PI hasbeen very active in disseminating
Conference Session
Innovations in Experiments and Modeling
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert P. Hesketh, Rowan University; Barnabas Gao, Rowan University; Kirti M Yenkie, Rowan University; Swapana Subbarao Jerpoth, Rowan University; David Anthony Theuma, Rowan University; Sean Curtis, Rowan University; Michael Fracchiolla, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University; Steven Roth, Rowan University; Emma Marie Padros, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)
effectively communicate these complex ideas to both technical and non-technical audiences • Demonstrating capabilities that are pertinent to the field of study and engineering • Showcasing the ability to collaborate effectively within a team and lead sub-projects, highlighting their development as both team players and leaders7. Concluding RemarksThis study represents a holistic approach to operational enhancement through the design andmeticulous scaling of a pilot plant from its industrial counterpart. Utilizing residence timedistribution analysis, it effectively demonstrates the pilot plant's ability to replicate industrialsystem, validated by the careful selection of a 0.5 L filter to maintain a volumetric ratio reflectiveof
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 11
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Benjamin Edward Chaback, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David Gray, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Mark Vincent Huerta, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Ernesto Adolfo Cuesta Alvear, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Atlas Vernier, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)
and interdisciplinary collaboration in engineering education.Atlas Vernier, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Atlas Vernier is an interdisciplinary leader, researcher, and innovator at Virginia Tech. As a technologist in the Institute for Creativity, Arts, and Technology, Atlas specializes in immersive audiovisual environments, emerging modalities of data collection, and large-scale systems integrations for humans and technology. Having completed dual undergraduate degrees in systems engineering and foreign languages, they are now a graduate student in the Grado Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering with a concentration in Human Factors Engineering & Ergonomics
Collection
1997 Annual Conference
Authors
Jens Jorgensen; Lueny Morell de Ramírez; José L. Zayas; John Lamancusa
deliverables and presents the project'soutcomes assessment strategy. It also presents and discusses results.MEEP's Goals and TasksMEEP's goals were achieved through four major tasks, namely:.Curriculum Development: to develop a practice-based undergraduate engineering curriculum which balances analytical and theoretical knowledge with manufacturing, design, business realities, and professional skills;.Integrated Learning Factory: to develop a "Learning Factory" at each partner institution, integrated with the curriculum, for hands-on experience in design, manufacturing, and product realization;.Industrial Partners: to develop strong collaboration with industry; and.Outreach: to share the project's deliverables with other academic
Conference Session
Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session (Works in Progress)
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Maryam Mobed-Miremadi, Santa Clara University; Navid Shaghaghi, Santa Clara University; Gangshu Cai, Santa Clara University; Prashanth Asuri, Santa Clara University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical Engineering
development collaboration that (1) trains incumbentworkforce to make data-informed decisions in manufacturing platform automation, (2) developsapplied simulations and decision-making models that supplement workshop training, (3) preparesand disseminates relevant industry cases, and (4) generates new datasets that can be used byresearchers to build, train, and test predictive analytical techniques that advance the state of the art.Through these efforts, we aim to address an emerging workforce readiness gap in data mining andanalysis for bioprocess development that hinders the digital transformation of the biopharmamanufacturing industry and resultant gains in quality, productivity, cost-efficiency, and speed-to-market. In 2020, we successfully
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Casey Preston; R. Mark Worden; Daina Briedis
engineering, the collaborative research programs have naturally led to theextension of the undergraduate program to biotechnology training programs at thegraduate level. The aforementioned departments participate in a MultidisciplinaryGraduate Training Program on Technologies for a Biobased Economy(http://www.egr.msu.edu/bio/tbe.html). This program is sponsored by the Department ofEducation Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN) program as well asthe Department of Energy Biobased Products Industry program. We speculate that thisgraduate program would not have been funded had it not been for the strong undergirdingthat has been provided by the undergraduate biochemical engineering program
Conference Session
Interdisciplinary Design Projects in ET
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Venkitaswamy Raju, State University of New York-Farmingdale
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
different campuses have collaborated ondesign and manufacturing projects [2]. They have described how such projects sensitizestudents to issues in concurrent engineering and train them in interpersonal skills,communications, and system integration. They were convinced that their approachallowed them to simulate real-world conditions by imposing realistic boundary conditionson the student teams.Roth and Light have discussed in detail the merits of industry sponsored senior projects atPenn State University [3]. They have outlined numerous benefits arising from theirapproach to partnering with industry. Specifically, they have identified the following asthe befits to the university: 1) Faculty often meet colleagues within the industry who arevaluable
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xuemin Chen, Texas Southern University; Yongpeng Zhang, Prairie View A&M University; Lawrence Kehinde, Texas Southern University; David Olowokere, Texas Southern University
up of an Internet-based laboratory forinteractive learning. Faculties from two Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU)collaborate on this project, with the aim of revamping some existing laboratories with virtual andremote functionalities. The objectives of this effort are to improve the learning of under-represented student population in the ET program; provide a platform to publish the VR-Labcourseware developed in senior projects; promote inter-institutional collaboration by developingand sharing VR-Lab courseware; develop faculty expertise through research and teachinginitiatives; and disseminate results and findings of the project to other universities and colleges.In this paper, the authors intend to demonstrate their
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mukasa Ssemakula, Wayne State University; Gene Liao, Wayne State University; Darin Ellis, Wayne State University; Kyoung-Yun Kim, Wayne State University; Shlomo Sawilowsky, Wayne State University
Wayne State University. Prior to joining Wayne State in 2005, he held several positions at the University of Pittsburgh, including Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Research Specialist at the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC) for e-Design. Dr. Kim's research focuses on computational intelligence in CAD, collaborative product development, CAD/CAM, and telerehabilitation, Dr. Kim's education includes a B.S. and M.S. in Industrial Engineering from Chonbuk National University, South Korea, and a Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from University of Pittsburgh.Shlomo Sawilowsky, Wayne State
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine Acton, University of St. Thomas; Jennifer E. Holte, University of St. Thomas; Deborah Besser, University of St. Thomas; Kundan Nepal, University of St. Thomas
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 A layered mentoring approach for engineering excellence.Abstract:The Alternative Pathways to Excellence (APEX) Program at the University of St. Thomas,funded by NSF as an S-STEM Track 2 project, aims to solidify transfer pathways, and assistEngineering students by providing financial, academic, and practical support. The successfulintegration of transfer students into engineering programs presents a unique set of challenges andopportunities for higher education institutions. The APEX program provides a comprehensivesupport system, including structured and informal mentoring, guidance for both academics andextracurricular activities, and collaborative teamwork experiences. The program is
Conference Session
Course-Based Approaches to Entrepreneurship
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University; Jon Pratt, Louisiana Tech University; James Nelson, Louisiana Tech University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
of Civil Engineering and specializes in water resources. He played a key role in establishing Louisiana Tech’s Integrated Engineering Curriculum and now focuses primarily on STEM education research. Page 13.698.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 IMPaCT: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Creating High-Tech StartupsAbstractThere is a recognized need for creating new innovative high-tech ventures in order for the UnitedStates to remain competitive in a global market. This paper will explain how a series of NSFgrants, industry partnerships, and collaborative
Collection
2024 ASEE North East Section
Authors
Naser Haghbin, Fairfield University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
. Moreover, he excels in operating two fully automated robotic paint shops, showcasing his expertise in manufacturing processes, practical automation, and robotics in large-scale industrial settings. Dr. Haghbin is recognized and supported by esteemed local companies, leading collaborative interdisciplinary projects that bridge engineering with practical applications. His projects include developing an automated pick and place robot arm, an au- tomated lubrication system, deburring systems, and an automated microwave tissue processor. Notably, he secured substantial grants, totaling over $120,000, from the Hardiman Scholars Fund and NASA. In academia, Dr. Haghbin pioneered two pivotal courses: Industrial Automation and
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Rodriguez, Virginia Tech; Anabel Mederos; antonio delgado
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
AI.The project aims to serve the national interest by increasing community colleges’ (CC) capacityto attract and train students in AI.About The ProjectThe four-year grant has been implemented at Miami Dade College in collaboration withUniversity of Florida’s Department of Engineering Education, Virginia Tech’s Department ofEngineering Education and AI4ALL. The project is also supported by subject matter expertsfrom companies like IBM, AWS, and Microsoft.This four-year project takes place at one of the nation’s most diverse and largest institutions ofhigher education and brings together a local university partner, a non-profit organization,industry partners, and social scientists to more fully understand how to implement, assess, andexpand
Collection
2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Karl D. Schubert; Leslie B. Massey; Carol S. Gattis
, Interdisciplinary Innovation, Industry Collaboration, Diversity, CourseDevelopmentKarl D. Schubert, Ph.D., FIETDr. Schubert is a Professor of Practice and Associate Director of Data Science for the College ofEngineering, the Walton College of Business, and the Fulbright College of Arts & Sciences. Dr.Schubert's research focuses on the development of education programs for STEM innovation,multi-college, interdisciplinary data science curriculum; and student, faculty, and industryinnovation engagement. He serves on the Governor's Innovation Council and leads the designand creation of the Arkansas Innovation and Commercialization Alliance. He has been awarded9 US and international patents. He has 35+ years of industry experience, serving as a CIO, CTO,COO
Collection
2020 ERC
Authors
Ann McKenna
stage discovery Translational research Mission-focused impact35+ young investigator awards from NSF Engineering Research Centers: $18 million from USAID to establish theNSF CAREER, AFOSR YIP, DARPA Leading QESST & CBBG plus partnering U.S.-Pakistan Centers for AdvancedYFA, ONR YIP, NASA and NIH over past on NEWT & FREEDM Studies in Energy (USPCASE) to improvethree years. power production in Pakistan NSF I/UCRCs (Industry/University Cooperative Research Programs): Lead
Conference Session
S2B: Workshop IV
Collection
14th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience (FYEE) Conference
Authors
Betsy Chesnutt, University of Tennessee at Knoxville; Laura Knight, University of Tennessee at Knoxville
Tagged Topics
Workshops
Systems Engi- neering at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and an advocate for expanding the numbers of future engineers through education and community outreach. Laura returned to academia after over 25 years of working in locations across the country and raising a family. She held engineering and manufacturing leadership roles with a variety of private and public com- panies, including President/Owner of a developing children’s discovery museum, which brought outreach programs to underserved populations. Collaborating across communities, industries, and academic disciplines and developing innovative, effec- tive methods of actively involving learners are both integral parts of her efforts and success
Conference Session
Web-Based Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Felipe Arango, Stevens Institute of Technology; Gonca Altuger, Stevens Institute of Technology; El-Sayed Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology; Sven Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
, nanotechnology, economics, etc.Virtual learning environments represent a concept that evolved from computer-based simulationsdesigned for pedagogical purposes. Collaborative and interactive features required in simulationsled to the exploration of the incorporation of video game technologies5 into online academiclearning developments. 3D graphic environments allow instructors to teach situations andconcepts of the industrial world by immersing students in an interface that provides the requiredknowledge and experiences. This growing need for interactive learning motivated educationalinstitutions to start investigating online learning methods for improving traditional learning.6,7,8Virtual learning environments provide certain benefits, such as fast
Conference Session
Curriculum Issues in Graphics
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
David Kelley
). While early CAD systems were little more than electroniccomputer-aided drafting applications with tools replicating board drafting capabilities, modernthree-dimensional (3D) systems allow engineers and designers to replicate entire manufacturingprocesses and products. When coupled with strong data communication backbones and flexible product datamanagement applications, CAD models are becoming the key knowledge base that leveragesdata throughout an enterprise. Like CAD, the increasing role of data communicationsthroughout an enterprise is changing the way that collaborators communicate within the designchain of dispersed manufacturing industries. The Internet in particular has presented new toolsto foster electronic collaboration within
Conference Session
Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) in Construction Education
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Luciana Debs, Purdue University; Alex Souza; Fernando Romero Moraes, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Construction Engineering Division (CONST)
©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Requirements and Qualifications of Emerging Construction 4.0 Job CategoriesConstruction 4.0 is the application of Industry 4.0 concepts to construction industry. Changestoward construction 4.0 are already in place, including the use of more technology in theconstruction industry, which has long been seen as a technology laggard industry. This new realitywill cause changes in companies, business models, and workforce development. Some new roleshave been suggested by previous studies. However, there is a lack of studies to identify recentinformation from industry about those and other new positions. To address this gap, this paperutilizes a qualitative review of job
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - NAE Grand Challenges, Graduate Students, Sustainability, and Makerspaces
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kavitha Chandra, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Trina Kershaw, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth; Susan Tripathy, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Max Denis, University of the District of Columbia; Jorge Allen, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Hong Liu, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth; Tzuyang Yu, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Charles Thompson, University of Massachusetts Lowell
voice,” in which students provide feedback on what they learned, and this feedbackshapes curricular decisions [17], [18]. In contrast, our work focuses on a partnership model ofco-creation. According to [10], co-creation via partnership is defined as all parties being activelyengaged in collaboration and standing to gain from the collaboration. In some partnershipmodels, students and faculty work together to address pedagogical concerns [19]. However, inour project, co-creation teams of undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and industry mentorswill work together to create a learning module for undergraduate students in an introductoryengineering class. Levels of technical expertise differ significantly in these groups, but this
Conference Session
Revolutionizing Engineering Departments (RED)
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chell A. Roberts, University of San Diego; Rick Olson, University of San Diego; Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego; Michelle M. Camacho, University of San Diego; Ming Z. Huang, University of San Diego; Leonard A. Perry, University of San Diego
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
pilot program, there will be approximately six workshops where the students and faculty work together with industry and community partners to recognize the professional skills, attitudes, and behaviors that will help make students successful.Summary and ConclusionWe have begun the process of developing a collaborative faculty model of change. Progress hasbeen made toward developing a revised engineering canon and in engaging stakeholders toinform our work. We anticipate that the research from this grant will produce and disseminate amodel for redefining the engineering canon with the goal of developing ChangemakingEngineers. A revised engineering canon builds upon engineering technical skills to include theknowledge and skills needed