Conference Session

Experiences of Underrepresented Students in Engineering

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Oleksandr Kravchenko, Old Dominion University; Konstantin Cigularov, Old Dominion University; Phillip Dillulio, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

significantly improved among adult workers considering SCSoptions [2] within engineering if effective supports/resources and key barriers/demands areidentified and better understood. The economic recession of 2008 catalyzed the permanent removalof low-skill jobs [3], therefore creating a strong need for the retraining to match the growingdemand for high-skill professions [4]. In order to avoid the pathway for low-skill jobs, potentialSCS students must consider the opportunity cost of lost wages for the payoff of higher wages.Such opportunity costs are not usually explored by traditional students [5]. As a result, only 20%of students aged 24-29 years completed their postsecondary degree within 6 years. This percentagedecreased to 16% for students 30

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering: Part I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Arumala, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

and constructionproject. Service learning has been widely adopted within higher education nationally in manydisciplines and offers an enabling environment to integrate desirable experiential skills thatstudents will need when they enter the work place (American Society of Civil Engineers, 1994,Dahir, 1993, Martin and Haque, 2001) into traditional engineering and construction programs Page 14.1242.2and courses. Service learning has been shown to be an effective means of addressing the needs ofengineering and construction curricula (Duffy et al, 2001). The Princess Anne Athletic Centerwas a partnership between the University of Maryland Eastern

Conference Session

Emerging Computing and Information Technologies I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Walter Tuttle, University of Technology Sydney; Bruce Moulton, University of Technology Sydney; David Lowe, The University of Sydney

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

categories are effectively a remotelaboratory information taxonomy. This taxonomy is the by-product of work on the primaryresearch question and is not the focus of the present work. This information taxonomy doesnot make claims on being canonical or absolutely definitive, nonetheless, it is a viabletaxonomy and is one of the contributions of this research effort. This taxonomy is presentedin the next section.4.3 Remote Laboratory Information TaxonomyThis remote laboratory information taxonomy is one contribution to knowledge resultingfrom this research. A taxonomy is a system of classification together with the underpinningrationale for the classification [35]. This taxonomy has arisen in the normal course ofpursuing the primary

Conference Session

Computer-Based Games and Animations in Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob R Grohs, Virginia Tech; Darren K Maczka, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Michelle Soledad, Virginia Tech; Kiran Kelsey Bagalkotkar

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

difficulty to participants intermixed withinterviews to better understand the problem solving process generally and specifically within thegame. Video recordings of the computer screen allow study of the diverse ways in whichparticipants solve puzzles and retrospective interviews of participants allow us to understand thedegree to which individuals exploited structural similarities between puzzles to expediteproblem-solving. Because this paper is a feasibility study, we will thoroughly describe what wedid, the rationale behind it, our reflective evaluation of the effectiveness and viability of a morein-depth study, and next steps from the work.Pilot Study MethodsAfter receiving IRB approval for human subjects research, we recruited five participants

Conference Session

K-12 Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Elias Faraclas; Catherine Koehler

decision making … should be that engineers are notsimply cost minimizers but they must rely on the whole spectrum of technical analyses …inorder to effectively add value to their decision making processes [2].”The Decision Making Model The Scientific Method is considered the absolute heurist for all scientific exploration. Ifthe decision making process is to engineering as hypothesis testing is to science, then there needsto be an equivalent step by step methodology for the decision making. While several modelshave been proposed in the literature [1, 2, 4], none of these have obtained unanimous defactoapproval, perhaps due to their lack of comprehensiveness. The following proposed seven-stepmodel for decision-making is a compilation of the

Conference Session

Bridging Cultures, Advancing Justice: Fostering Inclusion and Sustainability in Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sage Maul, Purdue University; Rachel Figard, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Paper ID #41321Diminishing the Data Divide: Interrogating the State of Disability Data Collectionand ReportingSage Maul, Purdue University Sage Maul (they/them) is a third year PhD student in Purdue University’s School of Engineering Education. Sage’s research explores structural factors on student experiences for disabled students and in electrical and computer engineering courses. Sage graduated with a Bachelor’s of Science in Electrical Engineering from Purdue and worked in industry for 5 years before starting graduate school. Their experiences with accommodations in undergrad and getting diagnosed with ADHD as an adult

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 15

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camila Andrea Olivero-Araya, The Ohio State University; Monique S. Ross, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

].Applications of multiple case study research in education and engineering educationMultiple case study methodology has been extensively employed in educational research,encompassing a diverse range of topics. For example, to study faculty members' technologyadoption [24], to analyze faculty attitudes and design through course feedback [25], to exploreschool counselors' stress experiences in rural areas, and to investigate occupational stress withtwo faculty members and two administrators from a Texas University [26]. These studiesdemonstrate the value of this approach in providing comprehensive understandings into complexeducational phenomena, enriching both theory and practice in the field.In the context of engineering education, multiple case

Collection

2013 GSW

Authors

Lex Gonzalez; Gary Coleman; Eric Haney; Amit Oza; Vincent Ricketts; Bernd Chudoba; Paul Czsyz

. Copyright 2013, American Society for Engineering EducationTable 1. Capsule geometry relationsGeometry ValueRN/D1 1.20L/D1 .65D2/D1 .30Ψ 24.70°Table 2. Capsule areal weights UNW,Component kg/m2Ablator TPS 6.59Tile TPS 8.98Average TPS 8.04Structure [5] 24.40All-Propulsive OTVAs a baseline configuration for ConOp 2, an all-propulsive OTV is established in order to assessthe delta- improvement in propellant mass of an aerobraking OTV. The mass of the all-propulsive OTV is dominated by the propellant mass as a direct result of the ∆V budget allottedfor the mission.Aerobraking OTV’sAerobraking vehicles are subject to a

Collection

2013 GSW

Authors

Amit Oza; Gary Coleman; Lex Gonzalez; Eric Haney; Amen Omoragbon; Xiao Peng; Bernd Chudoba; Paul Czsyz

Aerodynamic and Structural Weight Modern Lancair IV + Electric Motors + Electric Drivetrain Electric & Hybrid Electric Lancair IV Weight and Battery DB Best Practices Performance Improved Increased Upgraded Data

Conference Session

Manufacturing Workforce Development

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University; Stephen Baker; Mandoye Ndoye, Tuskegee University; David Shannon, Auburn University; josiah e blocus, Tuskegee University; Eugene Thompson

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing Division (MFG)

. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, in 2010. After coDr. David Shannon, Auburn University Dr. Shannon has a Ph.D. in Educational Research and Evaluation Methodology and Statistics from the University of Virginia and is currently the Humana-Sherman-Germany Distinguished Professor at AU. He teachers courses in research methods and program evaluajosiah e blocus, Tuskegee UniversityMr. Eugene Thompson ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Design and Manufacturing Innovations in Modular Drone Design Enabled by Additive Manufacturing: Customizable Power Distribution BoardAdditive manufacturing (AM

Conference Session

Humanitarian and Sustainability in a Global Engineering Context

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Shawnisha Hester, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Yarazeth Medina, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Denise Nicole Williams, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Hector E. Medina, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Erika T. Aparaka, University of Maryland College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

was considered to be indicative of ways that engineers andscientists collaborate and brainstorm to develop the best techniques to resolve the obstaclesrelated to environmental problems, such as global warming, pollution, waste disposal, climatechanges, etc. Students saw that this GC related to ways that science helps us to be a bettersociety, develop more effective and affordable medicines, improve food quality and production,and solve traffic patterns in high condensed urban areas. Students were put on global,multidisciplinary teams to consider such problems.After attending a “Sustainable Engineering” session, many bloggers discussed what they hadlearned, and recounted how exposure to the topic impacted their mission to make the products

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 7: Developing Graduate Students' Competencies and Identities

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie M. Rieland, University of Michigan; Shamalee Goonetilleke, University of Michigan; Sarah Jane Bork, University of Michigan; Aaron W. Johnson, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

, and were more likely to offer proactive advice aroundpreventing and recovering from burnout.A common point that every participant who demonstrated qualities of high self-efficacy broughtup was the importance of community and communication. The ability to communicate with otherstudents and advisors to set boundaries with respect to WLB, both in the context of dissertationwork and group-course work, as well as the courage to ask for help were all identified asimportant skills that could improve the PhD experience. Friendship and camaraderie were alsoreferenced as necessary ‘resources’ functioning as an external support mechanism, a source tolearn from, and as an external point of reference for how to perceive oneself. Whilebenchmarking oneself

Conference Session

It Takes a Village: Engineering Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Cate Samuelson, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Page 23.674.2can contribute to improved support, retention and ultimately, increased graduation rates for thesestudents. Specifically, the study answers the following research questions: 1) What are the   different ways that under-represented minority engineering students find a sense of belonging atengineering schools; and 2) How might these contribute to their ability to persist? To answerthese questions, interviews with thirty-seven underrepresented minority engineeringundergraduates were analyzed. What follows is an examination of some extant research focusedon issues and challenges specific to under-represented minority engineering

Collection

ASEE-NE 2022

Authors

Trinh Huynh, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Pilin Junsangsri, Wentworth Institute of Technology

software design are unsupported librariesand applications such as Keyboard.h library does not support Arduino Mega 2560 board, libcamera;an application for Arducam camera to work on Raspberry Pi, does not support preview windowand other functions such as capturing pictures and videos in virtual desktop, the effect of selectedapplications to the other applications that has the same feature.This paper aims to solve the power supply issues when using portable chargers to power this low-current circuit robot car to keep the car staying powered for the entire process. The paper alsoshows how to successfully build a remote-accessed robot car from scratch. The car is expected tobe fully and stably powered to do assigned tasks that within the same WiFi

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Case, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Holly Matusovich, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Marie Paretti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Nicola Sochacka, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia

English from Virginia Tech, and a Ph.D. in English from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her research focuses on communication and collaboration, design education, and identity (including race, gender, class, and other demographic identities) in engineering. She was awarded a CAREER grant from the National Science Foundation to study expert teaching in capstone design courses, and she is PI or co-PI on numerous NSF grants exploring communication, teamwork, design, identity, and inclusion in engineering. Drawing on theories of situated learning and identity development, her research explores examines the ways in which engineering education supports students’ professional development in a range of contexts across

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shonda Bernadin, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Tejal Mulay, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Hongmei Chi, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

science communities. In the pre-covid 3 and 5. Evidence suggests that these targets were not met due toworld, the authors meticulously designed an immersive two-day hardware installation issues and faculty engagement. The maintechnical workshop on Blockchain technologies for engineering and contribution of this work is the discovery of how to pivot from in-computer science communities in efforts to increase awareness and person learning to effective online learning through the design,cultivate interdisciplinary collaborations among researchers at an adaptation and implementation of educational enrichment workshopshistorically black university. When the covid-19 pandemic disrupted in a

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tripp Shealy, Virginia Tech; John S. Gero, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Paulo Ignacio Jr.

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #39290Board 337: Measuring the ”Thinking” in Systems Thinking: Correlationsbetween Cognitive and Neurocognitive Measures of Engineering StudentsDr. Tripp Shealy, Virginia Tech Tripp Shealy is an Associate Professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at Virginia Tech. He is also the director of the interdisciplinary Sustainable Land Development Graduate Program. His research is focused on helping improve engineering design. He teaches classes about sustainable engineering design, human behavior and infrastructure systems, and adaptive reuse.Dr. John S. Gero, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Design in the First Year

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brianna L. Dorie, Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

engineering design (Theory)AbstractWe live in a digital age, where we have access to a plethora of information at our literalfingertips. The relative speed of getting an answer has fundamentally changed the way thatindividuals locate and process this information. The intersection of engineering and libraryscience delved into the field of informational literacy, which investigates the skills necessary tolocate, evaluate and effectively use the needed information. This information gathering stage isimportant in the problem scoping stage for “wicked” open-ended engineering design problems.Studies have shown that differences exist in how high schoolers, first-year students, seniorstudents, experienced engineers and even preschoolers approach problem

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Douglas E. Melton, Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network; Heather Dillon, University of Washington Tacoma; Mark L. Nagurka, Marquette University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division

progress paper describes design systems thinking as a paradigm for evolving facultydevelopment. Managing organizational change is a difficult task, often dependent on the way ideas areoperationalized for effective innovation. Systems thinking leverages value creation across organizationalsystems to support innovation based on design. This paper explores the utility of design systems thinking forcreating innovation in a national engineering faculty development program.Design systems thinking has been used by Engineering Unleashed as part of a multi-year innovation effort inengineering faculty development. We seek to shift the mindset of traditional engineering faculty developmentusing best practices for relationship building by coaching, mentoring

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 11

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

J. Jill Rogers, The University of Arizona; Tirupalavanam G. Ganesh, Arizona State University; Jennifer Velez M.Ed., Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Paper ID #34082Engineering Virtual Design Competition – A Solution for High SchoolSummer Outreach During the Pandemic and Beyond (Evaluation)Ms. J. Jill Rogers, The University of Arizona J. Jill Rogers is the assistant director for ENGR 102 HS at the University of Arizona. ENGR 102 HS is an AP-type, dual credit college level, introductory engineering course offered to high school students. In 2014, the ENGR 102 HS program won the ASEE best practices in K-12 and University partnerships award. Over the years Rogers has developed K-12 science summer camps, conducted K-12 educational re- search, developed engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Tang, Rowan University; Kauser Jahan P.E., Rowan University; Kevin B. Trinh; Gena Gizzi; Nathan Lamb

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

watersupply. This module reinforces chemistry concepts and requires the player to use critical thinkingand outside knowledge. The player is tasked with correctly setting different growth parameters ofalgae, based upon provided information. The different parameters are pH, salinity, light, andtemperature. While these properties are covered extensively in chemistry course, the game doesnot make any assumption about students’ prior knowledge. Instead, such information is providedin detail by a tv monitor in the room, aiming to give the player hints about correct values withoutdirectly stating it. These values can be set via various knobs on machines in the reactor room. Apicture of this interface can be seen in Fig. 4. The player will get a score and

Conference Session

New Trends in Engineering Management Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zbigniew Pasek, University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

books loaded with advice that is hard to apply practically.Such an idea, however, is not entirely new5. Both feature and documentary films have been usedas teaching and learning resources in a variety of disciplines, including psychiatry18, history13,anthropology and cultural studies2, law3, medicine1, management4,6,7,10,11 and perhaps others.Film as a teaching medium has found wide use in corporate training programs. However, theexclusive focus of the training films on issues related to a corporate agenda limits their appeal –they are typically a rather dull product. Also delivery of the film-based training in a corporatescreening session with scripted and time-controlled discussion can easily turn off the viewers andhave an effect contrary to

Conference Session

Educational Software

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Hopkins, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

be difficult to communicate to students the relationships between continuous-time and discrete-time systems, and their models. Those relationships span both the frequencydomain and the time-domain, and are complicated by several fundamental differences, such asthe stability boundaries in the frequency planes, and the nonlinearity and non-uniqueness of themapping z = esT.This paper presents a Matlab®-based method that helps instructors to graphically demonstrateimportant relationships between continuous-time and discrete-time systems. The author has beenusing this method successfully for several years in a variety of systems-related courses to helpstudents understand these relationships. The software is also freely available to students, so

Conference Session

Statics and Dynamics: What's New

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roman Taraban, Texas Tech; Edward Anderson, Texas Tech; Curtis Craig, Texas Tech

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

learning research with an eye upon how to use these findings to improve traditional and computer-based learning.Curtis Craig, Texas Tech Curtis Craig is a graduate student in experimental psychology at Texas Tech University, with a disciplinary emphasis on human factors psychology. Page 14.982.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Problem-Solving In Statics Involves Mental SearchIntroductionTheory of Human Problem Solving. In their seminal work on human problem-solving,Newell and Simon1 described the process of solving a problem as consisting of finding apath that leads from an initial state

Conference Session

Capstone and Senior Design in Electrical and Computer ET

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Patrick, Texas A&M University; Clint Vigil, Texas A&M University; Ryan Beasley, Texas A&M University; Ben Zoghi, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

research into tactile displays that can move each pin both normally and tangentiallyto the skin. The use of 3D movement for the pins means the display can mimic more interactionsbetween the skin and various remote or simulated surfaces4,5. This paper covers the experiencesof two undergraduate Electronics Engineering Technology students in developing andconstructing a tactile display with four pins with independent motion in three dimensions. Thisproject was part of a class on control theory, and the students had previously taken classes inanalog circuits, digital circuits, and circuit/component testing. Each student spent approximately20 hours on this project.Project FlowThis project was completed as part of a senior-level course on control

Conference Session

Postcard Session: Experiential Learning as a High-Impact Student Experience

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenda D. Young Collins, Mississippi State University ; Reuben F. Burch V, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

internshipfor at least one semester during the 2017-2018 school year. The questionnaire will requestdemographic data, ratings of the internship administration, ratings on work environment, andsuggestions for improvement. For sport coaches/assistant participants, the questionnaire will beused to assess the supervised students’ performance but more effectively used to gather feedbackon the program structure overall.Lessons from Pilot Semester The pilot phase of the internship program ended December 2017. Assessments to capturepost participation viewpoints from interns and supervisors are in development and will besubmitted to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for review. Still, reflections by Dr. Burch andDr. Young yield several preliminary

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technology-II

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Pickard, East Carolina University; Dale Drummond, East Carolina University; Philip J. Lunsford II, East Carolina University; Ciprian Popoviciu, Nephos6, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

Paper ID #22337Cloud Application Monitoring for Efficient Network Management in PublicSchoolsDr. John Pickard, East Carolina University Dr. Pickard is an Assistant Professor at East Carolina University in the College of Engineering and Tech- nology. He teaches undergraduate and graduate Information and Computer Technology (ICT) courses within the Department of Technology Systems. Dr. Pickard plays an active role in building positive and sustainable industry relationship between the college, local businesses, and industry partners. Current industry recognized certifications include; Cisco Certified Network Professional

Conference Session

Engineers and Communities: Critical Reflections of Challenges, Opportunities, and Practices of Engaging Each Other

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard L. Greene, Ohio State University; Kaleb Eldridge, Heart to Honduras; Patrick John Sours, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Engagement in Practice: The Vocabulary of Community Development as an Indicator of a Participatory MindsetIntroductionSince 2005, at The Ohio State University (OSU), an ecosystem of offerings in HumanitarianEngineering has emerged, from a themed living-learning community, Humanitarian EngineeringScholars, to a humanitarian engineering minor supported by several core courses and numeroushumanitarian engineering student organizations. Since then, what were a few short-term studyabroad opportunities evolved into eight full-fledged service learning programs with manyexecuted in conjunction with local or global NGO/non-profit partners [1]. These expandedopportunities in service

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session: Works in Progress

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dominic Guri, Tufts University; Merredith D. Portsmore, Tufts University; Vivian Zhong, Tufts University; Erica Cherry Kemmerling, Tufts University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

FlowGo.FlowGo will also be disseminated through existing workshops at Tufts Center for Engineering Educationand Outreach and the CEEO’s online course program (okee.tufts.edu).The second expansion goal for FlowGo is to make the toolkit into a cost-effective laboratory tool for under-graduate fluid mechanics and heat transfer classes. It is difficult for most tertiary educational institutions tooffer hands-on labs in fluid mechanics and heat transfer because the majority of experiments in these fieldsare expensive to manufacture, difficult to calibrate, and large and heavy enough that they require permanentlab space. We hope to add quantitative flow measurement components to FlowGo such that undergradu-ates could use the toolkit to learn fluid mechanics

Conference Session

Research Methods II: Meeting the Challenges of Engineering Education Research

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reed Stevens, Northwestern University; Alexandra Vinson, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

fully engineeringorganizations understand themselves almost exclusively as businesses. We were not naïve tothis framing, of course, but we did hope and expect that engineering organizations wouldrecognize the public research and educational mission of our study and balance it accordinglywith the potential effects that our presence would have on their ‘bottom line.’ Based on our priorfield research experience, we believe and have sought to be convincing that we would be asunobtrusive as possible. We also believe based on our past work and similar work by others inthis tradition that real insights can be gained from our style of observational field research.Because ‘industry representatives’ themselves have highlighted the disconnect between