Conference Session

Where are We Going? The Future of Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen Estes, U.S. Military Academy; Ronald Welch, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

the same four characteristics required of facultymembers as the original and adds a section on the obligations of the ideal educational institution.This institution will hire the faculty and will determine the rules for successful performance. Theinstitution therefore has some obligations to the faculty, the students and the profession7. Thecommitment and priorities of the university will in many cases dictate the quality, the prioritiesand the performance of the faculty.By the committee’s own admission, this chapter is still incomplete. Deficiencies that the Page 11.1260.3committee has identified include: • If an individual faculty member

Conference Session

Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Chou, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Deborah Nykanen, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

work in an engineering firm during the summer, having faculty members spend theirsabbatical leaves in an engineering firm, and having full time engineers spend a year of paidleave in a university. There also exist situations where companies send engineers to theclassroom at the expense of the companies and situations where engineers with many years ofpracticing experience decide to have a second career in academia. Students in primarilyengineering technology programs indicated that as a result of including real world engineeringexperiences in the curriculum they became more job ready and were actually receiving job offersas a result.13,14 More recently and partly in response to ASCE’s Body of Knowledge15 report andPolicy 46316, many schools

Conference Session

Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock Barry, Purdue University; Yusuf Mehta, Rowan University; Sean St. Clair, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

members endeavor to prepare their students for a variety ofcareer paths within the engineering industry. Several of those paths require or arebolstered when students decide to pursue licensure to practice as professional engineers.As students, individuals learn about the merits of professional licensure from a variety ofsources. Not to be overlooked is the influence that professors, licensed as professionalengineers, have on their students and the opportunity to act as a role model to thosestudents considering a career path that includes professional licensure.The research question explored during this study was; “Among currently licensed civilengineering faculty members, what are the perceived values of professional experienceand of licensure as

Conference Session

Perceptions, Projects, and Practical Approaches

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Secil Akinci-Ceylan, Iowa State University; Kristen Sara Cetin P.E., Michigan State University; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Bora Cetin, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

-structured problems, some felt uncomfortable due to the problems’ ambiguity. Kirn and Benson [19] explored how engineering students perceived problem solving andtheir future goals, and found that students used different problem solving approaches dependingon how well the problem aligned with their future goals. They also found that students felt thatcontext played an important role in their problem solving processes. In addition, Jocuns et al.’s[20] findings showed that freshmen had little idea about what type of work they would be doingwhen they graduate. In another study, Adams et al. [21] investigated engineering students’ andprofessionals’ perceptions of problem solving and creativity and found that both students andprofessionals had a

Conference Session

Beyond BS: Issues Affecting Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zsuzsa Balogh, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Marvin E. Criswell P.E., Colorado State University; Michael A De Miranda, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

three times in the student‟spreparation: after their undergraduate work, immediately after a graduate level program, or afterMasters-Level graduation and the first few years of experience. This study addresses in somedetail how well the Masters-Level structural engineering education, supplemented with theknowledge increase expected from the initial professional experience, meets the expectations ofthe structural engineering profession in the United States. The outcomes of this research project include an assessment of the competency level(using Bloom‟s taxonomy [1]) expected to be achieved by the conclusion of the Masters-Levelprogram and after the initial five years of professional practice following the graduate program ineach of the

Conference Session

Reassessing Your Teaching Through Turmoil

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ryan Solnosky P.E., Pennsylvania State University; Nathan C. Brown, Pennsylvania State University; Rebecca Napolitano, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

week for 110 minutes each time for a total of 30 meetings over the 15-week semester.For AE 401 and AE 404, no class periods were spent on exams, which were offered in the evenings,whereas AE 430 took two periods to allow students to complete the exam anytime during that day,since the course had additional in-person hours. These meeting times played a function in how ourpandemic delivery strategies were organized. Table 1: Course Goals. Course Goals AE 401 1) Take on the role of a designer and create structural solutions in steel. 2) Apply knowledge to evaluate limit states to see if members that were designed have sufficient capacity. 3) Prepare you for advanced

Conference Session

Achieving the Civil Engineering Body of Knowlegde

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Conley, U.S. Military Academy; Decker Hains, U.S. Military Academy; Scott Hamilton, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

highway clean up, working with Habitat for Humanity, running food drives, K-12 outreach, judging science fairs, tutoring at risk students in math and the sciences, to designing and building bridges play grounds, and simple structures for communities. The larger projects usually involve extensive planning, fundraising, getting approval from various municipal boards and agencies, team work, leadership and many person hours of work. Even the smaller projects though give individual members leadership opportunities and provide students with a chance to give back to the greater community. 17. Submit an annual report: Provides practice in communications skills in a document that is a combination of a technical

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Transportation and Geotechnical Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rhonda K. Young, University of Wyoming; Kristen L. Sanford P.E., Lafayette College; Shashi S. Nambisan P.E., Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

three, 50-minute class periods weekly. One faculty member ledthe course for the first one-third of the semester, and another faculty member taught the coursefor the remainder of the semester. Additionally, the first instructor held three optional 2-hourlong discussion sessions during the first six weeks of the semester; students were encouraged toattend all or part all of these sessions. The purpose of these sessions was to address anyquestions that the students had related to the course or on a broader array of transportation-related subjects, academic concerns, or career interests. The course aimed to provide a broadexposure to a variety of topics, with in-depth treatment of a few topics. The 4th edition of thetextbook authored by Garber and

Conference Session

Industry and Practice Topics

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Max Teddy, Clemson University; Wayne Sarasua, Clemson University; Matthew Ryan Stanley, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

interest is in civil engineering curriculum development that enhances student engagement and inclusion. One of the first to develop and teach an introductory course on Geomatics in 1993 at Georgia Tech. A similar course is now required in numerous CE curriculums including Clemson’s.Mr. Matthew Ryan Stanley, Clemson University Hello! My name is Matthew Stanley and I am a graduate student in the Clemson University Glenn Department of Civil Engineering. I am pursuing a master’s degree in transportation systems, and plan to pursue a career in surveying engineering or roadway design. I am a graduate teacher’s assistant for the Geomatics course offered at Clemson University. American

Conference Session

Enhancing Instructional Effectiveness in Civil Engineering: Case Studies

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Fonseca, Brigham Young University; Steven E. Benzley, Brigham Young University; James Nelson, Brigham Young University; A. Woodruff Miller, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

to include management issues in thecurricula, and 3) the ASCE vision for civil engineering in 2025 to include leadership, teamwork,public policy, and management as educational outcomes.Some advantages of the MS management option include (a) a structured mentoring experiencefor graduate students, (b) an effective means to acquire projects for the undergraduateculminating design class, and (c) a forum that allows practicing engineers to share professionalexpertise directly with students. In addition, students gain an understanding of how technicalproficiency must be meshed with business acumen to have a successful career in engineeringmanagement.IntroductionThe American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) has become a strong advocate

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea L. Welker, Villanova University; Kathleen Louise Nazar; Paul Bonfanti, Villanova University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

is the assessment chair and study abroad advisor for her department, the freshman director of the Civil Engineering Division for ASEE, and is the chair of the Continuing Education Committee for the Geo-Institute.Mrs. Kathleen Louise NazarPaul Bonfanti, Villanova University Paul Bonfanti is the Director of Planning and Policy Analysis for Villanova University. In that capacity, he performs quantitative and qualitative research and analysis for the University to inform policy and support strategic decision making. He also serves as an adjunct faculty member in the University’s Department of Public Administration, teaching Non Profit Management and Research and Analysis

Conference Session

Notable Topics in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shashi S. Nambisan P.E., University of Tennessee - Knoxville; Kwaku Frimpong Boakye, University of Tennessee - Knoxville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

safety.Kwaku Frimpong Boakye, University of Tennessee - Knoxville Kwaku Frimpong Boakye is a graduate research assistant at the University of Tennessee pursuing a Ph.D. program in Transportation Engineering. His research area focuses on traffic and highway safety or risk analyses. He also has the passion of working with pre-collegiate students motivating them to consider careers in STEM programs in college. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 An Overview and Preliminary Assessment of a Summer Transportation Engineering Education Program (STEEP) for Ninth GradersAbstractA summer educational and experiential learning program for

Conference Session

Supporting Successful Progression From First-year Studies

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Erica J. Marti, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Eakalak Khan, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Amit Gajurel, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Neil Christian Ledesma Tugadi

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

education research, teacher professional development, and secondary STEM education. In 2021, Erica received the ASEE Pacific Southwest Early Career Teaching Award and two awards at UNLV for mentoring undergraduate and graduate students. She also received the Peter J. Bosscher Outstanding Faculty Advisor Award in 2019 from Engineers Without Borders and was recognized as a Nevada Woman in STEM by Senator Jackie Rosen.Prof. Eakalak Khan, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Eakalak Khan is a Professor in Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department and the Director of Water Resources Research Program, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. From 2002 to 2017, he was a Professor in Civil and Environmental

Conference Session

Fostering Business and Professional Skills in the Engineering Classroom

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Lyle Gestson, Oregon State University; Benjamin David Lutz, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University; Matthew Stephen Barner, Oregon State University; David S. Hurwitz, Oregon State University; Masoud Ghodrat Abadi, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Lutz, Oregon State University Ben Lutz is a Postdoctoral Scholar in Engineering Education at Oregon State University. His research in- terests include innovative pedagogies in engineering design, conceptual change and development, school- to-work transitions for new engineers, and efforts for inclusion and diversity within engineering. His current work explores how students describe their own learning in engineering design and how that learn- ing supports transfer of learning from school into professional practice as well as exploring students’ conceptions of diversity and its importance within engineering fields.Dr. Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University Shane Brown is an associate professor and Associate

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark W. Milke P.E., University of Canterbury; Annelies Kamp, University of Canterbury ; Dave Brierley, Engineering New Zealand

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

that are open, challenging, visionary, exploratory and powerful such as: what would you do if you could not fail; what would you do if time and money were no object; what could you do to make this fun; what is the best possible outcome you can imagine [18]? 4. Successful mentoring involves clear expectations and this is the fourth factor. In the trial we had expectations for both students and industry mentors that facilitated shared understandings of levels of commitment and responsibilities of each partner. 5. Our final factor concerned goal setting. Discussing the student’s career and professional development goals is a way to help them focus on what they want to achieve as an incoming member of the

Conference Session

Expanding Access and Opportunities for M/30

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

and 10% in common between Civil :Environmental. Further, the skills and knowledge desired for these engineers also have much incommon. To explore the similarities and differences in these disciplines as perceived bystudents, a Body of Knowledge (BOK2) survey was distributed to senior students as part of thelifelong learning module in the three separate capstone design courses. Students were asked torank the American Society of Civil Engineers’ (ASCE) 24 BOK2 outcomes from most to leastimportant to their future careers. Among students in all three majors, design and problemsolving were by far the top ranked outcomes; communication and teamwork were rankedbetween 3 to 6 by all majors; and there was also consensus among the bottom rated items

Conference Session

Integration of the Humanities and Social Sciences into Civil Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven J. Burian, University of Utah; Edward Morris Barbanell, University of Utah; Maria Dawn Blevins, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

students wereagreed that class discussions were the most effective, it is interesting to note that themultidiscipline team project was identified by the non-CE students as highly effective, nearly themost effective technique. The CE students agreed it was effective, but it was not among the top 3most effective. The explanation for this observation was elucidated through discussions withsome of the individuals. In a few instances CE students expressed mild frustration with the non-CE team members, but non-CE majors questioned did not indicate frustration with the CEmajors. It was not an issue for the teams or their projects because it was not a disappointedfeeling, but rather an “it could be better” feeling. This is described further by the

Conference Session

Viewpoints, Perspectives, and Creativity in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Chang P.E., University of Idaho - Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

in Washington and Califor- nia, and received his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Washington. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Student Perspectives for New Civil Engineering Majors (The Role of Technology)AbstractThis research examines how today’s incoming civil engineering student must prepare forhis or her college career. Student perspectives from the bookends of the academicexperience – from current freshmen to seniors – are uniquely gathered and disseminated,and their personal experiences are closely examined. The use and impact of technologyand the role that it plays is also studied. The guidance and insights shared and

Conference Session

Notable Topics in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Greg Rulifson P.E., University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

engineers and themselves. If students perceive similarities in whatthey believe are predominant characteristics of both engineers and themselves, they may identifyto a greater extent with engineering; this identity may translate into persistence to graduatingwith engineering degrees. Conversely, differences in their perceptions of engineeringcharacteristics and their own personal characteristics may lead to feelings of a poor fit withengineering, putting these students at greater risk for leaving engineering.32This research explored the perceptions of engineering students with regards to attitudes that weremost characteristic of engineers and themselves. The research questions explored were:(1) Do students identify similar traits as characteristic

Conference Session

Attracting and Retaining Students in Civil Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rhonda K. Young, University of Wyoming; Kristen L. Sanford P.E., Lafayette College; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Andrea Bill, University of Madison, Wisconsin; Michael Kyte, University of Idaho, Moscow; Kevin Heaslip, Utah State University; David S. Hurwitz, Oregon State University; Shashi S. Nambisan, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Board.David S. Hurwitz, Oregon State University Dr. Hurwitz serves as an Assistant Professor in the School of Civil and Construction Engineering at Ore- gon State University (OSU). He teaches graduate and undergraduate classes in traffic operations, highway design, traffic signal design, and transportation safety. His areas of research interest include traffic en- gineering, driver behavior, driving simulation, and human factors. Dr. Hurwitz founded a traffic data collection company in Massachusetts that successfully completed numerous projects with private compa- nies and public agencies during his 5 year tenure with the firm. He is an active member of TRB, ASCE, and ITE.Shashi S. Nambisan, Iowa State University

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cassandra J McCall, Virginia Tech; Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

: “Becoming” an Engineer“Becoming” is described as a collective identity that is developed through the iterativenegotiation of a group’s objective identity for subjective application to one’s personal identity [20,21, 32] . In other words, as individuals begin to experience and become socialized into a group, theybegin to recognize their own identities through that group’s socially-defined terms. This sameconcept may be applied to the education of undergraduate civil engineering students. As thesestudents enter into college as “ordinary [members] of society” [4] they typically have unclearexpectations of professional engineering work [33]. Therefore, as students learn about the values,knowledge, and skills inherent within undergraduate civil

Conference Session

Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: The Role of Engineering Education towards Attaining UN Sustainable Development Goals

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tripp Shealy, Virginia Tech; Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Haley Margaret Gardner

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Community Engagement Division, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering

Paper ID #18926Survey Development to Measure the Gap Between Student Awareness, Liter-acy, and Action to Address Human-caused Climate ChangeDr. Tripp Shealy, Virginia Tech Tripp Shealy is an assistant professor in the Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and principal faculty member in the Myers-Lawson School of Construction at Virginia Tech. He received his doctorate from Clemson University. His research is broadly focuses on judgment and decision making for sustainable infrastructure. This includes education for sustainability, specifically, how student understanding and attitude towards

Conference Session

Implementation of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge and Recent ABET Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Sutterer, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

gain from pastwork on the subject. Most specialization areas in a department will be represented by atleast several faculty members, so the writing of a summary of findings by colleagues willlikely enrich the learning of all involved and, if published in an appropriate venue, add tothe knowledge of the civil engineering community.Within the geotechnical area specialization, there has been some recent dialogue in theliterature about the education of geotechnical engineers. Townsend (2005) considered thechallenges to geotechnical graduate education in light of the ASCE BOK and futureneeds, issuing a call to give increased attention to teaching the practical aspects ofgeotechnical education, to the possible merit of a Doctor of Engineering degree

Conference Session

Research Experience in Stormwater Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

receiving the URP funds recruitedstudents internally4. In 1986, the NSF established the REU program emphasizing recruitment ofstudents from underrepresented groups and required the grantee institutions to recruit most of theresearch participants from outside the host institutions4. Raicu and Furst5 have described a modelfor interdisciplinary undergraduate research by engaging students in studies targeted at exploringthe frontier between computer science and medicine. In a study reported by Gonzalez-Espada andZaras6 , the authors found an overwhelming evidence to show that the REU programs at NationalWeather Center (NWC) are having a positive impact on students’ decisions to pursue careers inscience. In describing their experiences of a successful

Conference Session

Accreditation and the BOK

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

havetransferred into the program and therefore taken a general introduction to engineeringcourse offered by the college that does not discuss licensure, or had taken the Introductionto Civil Engineering course from an architectural engineering faculty member in 2014who did not discuss potential changes to the licensure requirements.The seniors indicating that they were not planning to get a PE “in any case” also deservesfurther discussion. Among the four students indicating this, three were interested in aconstruction engineering job after graduation. A large percentage of the civil engineeringmajors at the institution are primarily interested in the construction engineering &management side of the discipline. These students receive various messages

Conference Session

Android TA: Course Automation and the Fate of the Professor

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart G. Walesh P.E., S. G. Walesh Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

“creative” types. Ask about the “source” of their“creativity,” assuming that they tend to think that way. Another possibility is thatcreativity is not involved. They simply see more by means of their right brains and draw,paint, or otherwise present what they see.10. Study the origins of an admired product/facility/process/service. Engineeringstudents and faculty can learn more about being creative and innovative in projectmanagement and other aspects of professional work by studying creative/innovativeendeavors. Ask members of each student team to share views of things or processes theyadmire. Don’t limit the search to topics to those within a particular engineering

Conference Session

Raise the Bar – Visions for the Future, Bodies of Knowledge, and Accreditation Vicissitudes.

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark William Killgore PE, F.ASCE, D.WRE, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

career aspirations of the student. 2. ABET should allow accreditation of engineering programs of the same name at the baccalaureate and graduate levels in the same department to recognize that education through a “professional” master’s degree produces an AME, an accredited “master” engineer. 3. Engineering schools should more vigorously exploit the flexibility inherent in the outcomes-based accreditation approach to experiment with novel models for baccalaureate education. ABET should ensure that evaluators look for innovation and experimentation in the curriculum and not just hold institutions to a strict interpretation of the guidelines as they see them. 4. Whatever other creative approaches are taken

Conference Session

Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea L Welker, Villanova University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

climate was a large factor in women’sdecision to either leave or never enter the profession after graduating from college. Previousresearch indicates that women that persist in engineering have developed a strong sense ofengineering identity and have developed skills to navigate the workplace environment. AtVillanova University, the number of women graduating with a Bachelor of Science in CivilEngineering has been 33% over the past three years and the percentage of women faculty isnearly 50%, which are both above the national average. This paper explores whether the womengraduates of this department persist in the profession at higher percentages than what has beenfound nationally and if their persistence in the profession is comparable to the

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies for Integrating Sustainability

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire L. A. Dancz, Clemson University; Jeffery M Plumblee II, Clemson University; Dylan Bargar, Clemson University; Penelope Walters Brunner, Clemson University; Karen A High, Clemson University; Leidy Klotz, Clemson University; Amy E. Landis, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Engineering Education, 2016 Paper ID #15701Dr. Leidy Klotz, Clemson University Leidy Klotz is an engineering faculty member at Clemson University, where he developed and teaches courses like the one described in this paper. He does research on decision making and education for sustainability.Prof. Amy E. Landis, Clemson University Dr. Landis joined Clemson in June 2015 as the Thomas F. Hash ’69 Endowed Chair in Sustainable Development. Previously she was an Associate Professor at Arizona State University in the School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment. She began her career as an Assistant Professor at the

Conference Session

Civil Engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

thatdiscussions, through an open forum, are judged to be superior to traditional lectures in improvingcritical thinking, cultivating desirable personal attributes, and acquiring problem-solving skills.What is A Case Study?A case study typically is a record or a narrative account of a technical and a business issue(problem) that actually has been faced by an individual and/or a group, together with relevantfacts, opinions, and prejudices upon which decisions have to depend. Several case formatsappear in the literature. Most cases are intended to engage students in a learning process through:analysis, open discussion, and ending with evaluations and recommendations. A case historydescribes how a problem was approached and solved, and often examines the