Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David B. Benson, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2012-5015: SKILL AND CONTENT TRAJECTORY MAPPING IN AMECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM OF STUDYDr. David B. Benson, Kettering University Page 25.1160.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Skill and Content Trajectory Mapping in a Mechanical Engineering Program of StudyAbstract In engineering education there are a number of central concepts and skills that formthreads which connect one content area to another within a discipline. These threads form thecore of an engineering education and are the scaffold upon which all future knowledge is built.An incomplete understanding in

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Trends and Tools

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Capece, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

below.On a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being poor and 5 being excellent. Please rate the following:1. Overall writing workshop 1 2 3 4 52. Progressive writing assignment 1 2 3 4 53. Grammar lectures 1 2 3 4 54. Grammar handouts 1 2 3 4 55. Report format document and template 1 2 3 4 56. How important do you think good writing ability is to you as a future professional engineer? a) very much    b) somewhat     c) not very important   7. Would you recommend future ME-310 classes be assigned a similar

Conference Session

Outreach, Engagement, and Undergraduate Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natalie Barrett, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

modeling is used to highlight the hidden game inclassroom problems relating to the first law. Also, students collaborate with each other to assistin understanding of first law problems. Finally, the students are given specific feedback from theinstructor and classmates to help students understand how to make judgments about heat transfer,work, and energy in first law problems. Page 25.115.13Figure 9: Alignment of content, assessment, and pedagogyReferencesAnderson, L. W., Krathwohl, D. R., & Bloom, B. S. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives: Longman Pub

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Govind Puttaiah P.E., West Virginia University; Timothy A. Drennen; Samuel C. Brunetti; Christopher M. Traylor

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

(a) Engine Showing Tank in background (b) Engine Showing Solenoid Valve(c) Controller Showing Wiring (d) Simplified Controller Box Page 25.346.12Figure 3. %Hydrogen and RPM for Briggs and Stratton; Without Knock BRIGGS AND STRATTON 23HP ENGINE TEST Ranges of H2 % Injection versus RPM 14 13 12 11 % H2 Injected 10 9 8 7 6 5 1500 2000

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Zietlow, Bradley University; Jacqueline Henderson, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

to applying entropy to a variety of applications in life ranging from theautomobile to natural disasters to medical applications. The 145 statements wereevaluated based on their correctness. A partially correct answer is one where the effect ofentropy was not completely explained. An example of this is the statement “In weather,precipitation is a form of entropy.” A correct answer would be “In weather, precipitationcreates entropy when it erodes farm soil.”The students in the thermodynamics class were given a different assignment for theiressay (Appendix B). Fifty statements from the essays were evaluated based on thecorrectness of the definition of entropy. The results are contained in Figure 8. Thirty fivestatements about the purpose of

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sriram Sundararajan, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

(i) A recognition of the need knowledge of mathematics, engage in life-long learning (b) An ability to design and (d) An ability to function on

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert G. Ryan, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. TORGteam leaders are identified, responsibilities of each team member aredefined, etc.)Budget/Schedule - If appropriate, a project budget and schedule are clearly B/Sdescribed using appropriate tools (e.g. Gantt chart, spreadsheet, etc.) Page 25.223.4 Table 1 Performance Criteria for Oral Presentationsperformance criterion, to range from 0 to 3, which can be assigned by the course instructor basedon the importance of that criterion to the particular project. The rating given for eachperformance criterion is multiplied by the weighting factor, and then the weighted scores aresummed over all the criteria to

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Curricula and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Abrams, Ohio State University; James William Altschuld, Ohio State University; Blaine W. Lilly, Ohio State University; Daniel A. Mendelsohn, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

did not respond to the postassignment.The pre and post Focus Group Interviews (Appendix B) were similar with the only differencebeing appropriate to whether the course was in progress or had been completed. After a warm upquestion, the discussion dealt with questions such as the organization of the course, working inteams, what they felt they had learned, and other parts of the experience. Four males and twofemales were in the first group and four males and one female were in the second. A summaryof the final course evaluations can be found in Appendix C.Results of AssessmentIn analyzing the pre-version of the Power Point assignment, more than 160 responses weregenerated for the first question. This is an approximation since several thoughts

Conference Session

Capstone Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Vipul Laddha, Kettering University; Sualp Ozel P.E., Autodesk, Inc.; James Herzing

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

different cross sections of the same shape.Evaluation of car-truck stands using Autodesk® Simulation MechanicalDesign Assumptions:Following the technical specifications for railway tracks [4], the following specificationsfor the car stand are used for the test stand. a. Distance between rails is 1435 mm. b. Distance between rail track and coach floor is 1300 mm. c. Car stand is 1000 mm long. d. Beam element type will be used for the analysis e. In order to eliminate any confusion in the strong vs. weak axis, a symmetrical cross section will be used for the optimization a. AISC 2005: Pipe Schedule 40 (STD) b. AISC 2005: Pipe Schedule 80 (XS) c. AISC 2005: Pipe XXS f. Weight of coach is 40 tons. So the

Conference Session

Laboratory Innovations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven O'Halloran, University of Portland; Matthew Rodrigues, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

end plate. Plastic waschosen as the material for the screws to reduce heat transfer through the screws. The assembly isalso surrounded with rigid insulation (2” thick housing type insulation) on all sides except for thetop plate to ensure that the heat provided by the heater is transferred through the thermoelectricdevice and not dissipated elsewhere. The insulation is not shown on Figure 2, but it can be seenlater in Figure 4. Figure 2: (a) assembled view of thermoelectric testing device with dimensions in millimeters and (b) exploded view of thermoelectric testing device.A block diagram of the overall experimental setup is shown in Figure 3. In addition to thethermoelectric testing device

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; John-David S. Yoder, Ohio Northern University; Briana B. Morrison, Southern Polytechnic State University; Fong K. Mak, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

community.When first presented in April 2003 at the Best Assessment Processes V Symposium5 andsubsequently in October at the Frontiers in Education Conference6, the structure of the FCARdocument was slightly different than that presented here, as that version separated theinformation reported in support of the student outcomes from the remainder of the courseoutcomes. Called “components”, the intent was to draw attention to this information both tomake it a focus of attention and to make this information more readily stand out for ease ofextracting information. An example of an FCAR using components, which is the format stillemployed by the ONU ECCS Department, is presented in Appendix B. Unfortunately, this

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig J. Hoff, Kettering University; Gregory W. Davis, Kettering University; Kathryn L. Hoff

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

understanding how students prioritize their work load, as described laterin the paper.During the third term, the same tutor posted the tutor schedule and hosted weekly study sessions,with weekly email reminders that were sent to all students. In this third term, two differentprofessors were teaching the course. One of the professors (Prof C) made no commitment to theprocess, and despite the emails, only two of his students sparsely attended during the term. Theother professor (Prof B) promoted the tutor several times during the term, as well as providedhomework problems and solutions which were consistently assigned and graded throughout theterm. A more consistent response was seen from this professor’s students, providing furtherinsight into the minds

Conference Session

Capstone Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manish Paliwal, College of New Jersey; Bijan Sepahpour, College of New Jersey

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

execution. At the School ofEngineering (SOE) of the College of New Jersey (TCNJ), the best practices for promoting seniorproject quality and evaluating quality is an ongoing process and effort and such practices arecontinuously reviewed, evaluated, and improved. The SOE's efforts and most recent approachand revisions to promote project quality and evaluation practices for capstone senior designproject activities are presented.The elements emphasized and adopted uniformly by the SOE to promote project qualityincluded: a) early involvement of the students (in junior year), b) introduce projects with real-world engineering design problems encompassing considerations of sustainability andinvestigation of design alternatives, c) multi-disciplinary

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Curricula and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simin Hall, Virginia Tech; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Deyu Hu, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

approach isdesigned to allow for more effective integration of course objectives with online strategies,pedagogies, and best practices (Royce 1970). We worked with our distance learning institute andusing their process that follows a life-cycle model with seven phases: (a) Planning Phase; (b)Analysis Phase; (c) Design Phase; (d) Development Phase; (e) Testing Phase; (f) ImplementationPhase; and (g) Evaluation, Support, and Maintenance Phase. Each phase is distinguished byactivities, techniques, best practices and procedures that combine to construct viable, sustainable,efficient, and useful online courses. The design choices are driven primarily by the learningobjectives associated with a given course. This methodology for eLearning course

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenna L. Gorlewicz, Vanderbilt University; Robert James Webster III, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

single piece, unlike the original Stanford design9 . A key difference in our paddle is that wehave replaced the capstan drive with a friction drive, in view of enhancing student usability (weFigure 1: (a) The Stanford and Johns Hopkins Haptic Paddle. (b) The University of Michigan Page 25.49.3Haptic Paddle. (c) The Rice University Haptic Paddle. (d) The University of Utah Haptic Paddle.found that the capstan drives were difficult for undergraduates to wind effectively and that thecable can be prone to falling off the spool, leading to student frustration and lab delays). Thefriction drive trades off some haptic fidelity for robustness and

Conference Session

Capstone Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Blair T. Allison, Grove City College; Stephen Ludwick, Aerotech, Inc., and University of Pittsburgh; William P. Birmingham, Grove City College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

specifications, its performance wassometimes marginal. This led to the addition of a third controlled axis, an improved spindle, anda new user interface two years later. Page 25.63.7 Figure 11. User interface for two-axis tube notcher.Development of the 3-axis tube notching CNC machine – mechanical detailsFrom a mechanical perspective, the 3-axis tube notching machining center was primarily amodification of the 2-axis machine to include a third controlled axis and an improved spindlethat was better suited for machining operations. Figure 12 shows the three axes (linear axis Xand rotary axes A and B). Figure 13 shows the 3-axis CNC

Conference Session

Outreach, Engagement, and Undergraduate Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter John Arslanian, NASA/Computer Sciences Corporation; Payam Matin, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

flow qualityis shown to be acceptable since minor cross flow and up flow angles have been observed. Flowaround a sphere and an infinite airfoil have been simulated as instructional experiments. Theperformance of the wind tunnel under such experiments is adequate. The cost estimated is wellbelow the commercial systems available in the market. Valuable levels of knowledge have beengained through this undergraduate research in the areas of fluid mechanics, CFD simulations,computational methods, solid modeling and design.References1. Anderson, John D Jr. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics 5Th Ed. McGraw-Hill. New York, NY. 2011.2. Barlow, Jewel B. Rae Jr, William H. Pope Alan. Low Speed Wind Tunnel Design 3rd Edition John Wiley and Sons Inc. New

Conference Session

Capstone Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Edin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

community.References[1] B. Boehm, Get ready for agile methods, with care, Computer, 35 (2002), pp. 64-69.[2] http://www.agilemanifesto.org/principles.html, 2012-03-11.[3] C. Larman, V. R. Basili, Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History, Computer, 36 (2003), pp.47-56.[4] http://www.scrum.org/storage/scrumguides/Scrum_Guide.pdf, 2012-03-11. Page 25.279.13[5] F. Harashima, M. Tomizuka, T. Fukuda, Mechatronics-what is it, why, and how? An editorial. IEEE/ASMETransactions on Mechatronics, 1 (1996), pp. 1-4.[6] M. Grimheden, M. Hanson, Mechatronics - the Evolution of an Academic Discipline in EngineeringEducation, Mechatronics 15 (2005), pp

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Horacio Vasquez, University of Texas, Pan American; Arturo A. Fuentes, University of Texas, Pan American; Robert A. Freeman, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

vectors of particles a Force distributed reactions at machines Conversions loads supports Figure 1. Main topics studied in Statics course at UTPA. Figure 2 presents the passing and failing rates of students that took Statics taught by the sameinstructor in the regular semesters during 5 years, from the Fall 2006 to Fall 2011 semesters.Students that passed the course got A, B, and C grades, and the ones that failed were those thatdrop or got D or F grades. Considering the results up to the Spring 2011 semester, the averagepassing rate in Statics during such time was 60.7%. That is, the average failing rate was 39.3%;students that dropped were about

Conference Session

Simulations and Visualizations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ricardo Medina, California State University, Los Angeles; Ashkan Motamedi, California State University, Los Angeles; Murat Okcay, Interactive Flow Studies Corporation; B. Uygar Oztekin, Interactive Flow Studies Corporation; Gustavo Borel Menezes, California State University, Los Angeles; Arturo J. Pacheco-Vega, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

provides his vision, strategic direction, very broad experience, nationally and internationally, and industry contacts to Interactive Flow Studies.Dr. B. Uygar Oztekin, Interactive Flow Studies CorporationDr. Gustavo Borel Menezes, California State University, Los Angeles Gustavo Borel Menezes is an Assistant Professor of civil engineering at California State University, Los Angeles, where he has been since 2009. During 2007-2009, he was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Spelman College. He received a B.S. from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in 2001, and an M.S. from the University of North Carolina, Charlotte, in 2004. He received his Ph.D. in infrastructure and environmental systems in 2007 from UNC Charlotte. His

Conference Session

Laboratory Innovations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas R. Consi, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2012-3588: A VERSATILE PLATFORM FOR TEACHING MECHA-TRONICSDr. Thomas R. Consi, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Thomas R. Consi is an Assistant Professor at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, with a joint ap- pointment in the School of Freshwater Sciences and the Department of Mechanical Engineering. His researches focuses on the development of new and novel marine robots designed to operate in challenging environments. He is also keenly interested in engineering education and involves many UWM engineer- ing undergraduates in his research projects as well as teaches mechatronics in the UWM Department of Mechanical Engineering

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Trends and Tools

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne E. Whiteman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2012-2943: A SURVEY OF DISTANCE LEARNING PROGRAMS THATOFFER A MASTER’S OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGDEGREEDr. Wayne E. Whiteman, Georgia Institute of Technology Wayne E. Whiteman is a Senior Academic Professional and Director of the Office of Student Services in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He received his B.S. degree from the U.S. Military Academy in 1979, a master’s degree from MIT in 1987, and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Georgia Tech in 1996. Whiteman is a retired Colonel in the U.S. Army and completed 24 years of active military service. He served on the West Point faculty from 1987 to 1990, and 1998 to 2003. He has been at Georgia

Conference Session

Active and Project-based Learning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isaac M. Choutapalli, University of Texas, Pan American; Robert A. Freeman, University of Texas, Pan American; Young-Gil Park, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

tests, pre and post-affectsurveys, will also be administered to the students to gauge the effectiveness of challenge-basedlearning in MECE 3320.References1. Pandy, M., Petrosino, A, Austin, B. and Barr, R. “Assessing Adaptive Expertise in UndergraduateBiomechanics,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 93, No. 3, 2004, pp. 211–222.2. Barr, R.E., Pandy, M.G., Petrosino, A.J., Roselli, R.J., Brophy, S., and Freeman, R.A., “Challenge-BasedInstruction: The VaNTH Biomechanics Learning Modules”, Advances in Engineering Education, Vol. 1, No. 1,Fall 2007, pp. 1 – 30.3. Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., and Cocking, R.R., “How People Learn : Brain, Mind, Experience, and School”(Expanded Edition), National Academic Press, (2000).4. Giorgio, T.D. and

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle A. Watson, University of the Pacific; Ashland O. Brown, University of the Pacific; Rachelle Kisst Hackett, University of the Pacific; Alexis Pham, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the learning modules are to provide the studentswith (a) an alternate insight into heat transfer concepts that are covered in a traditionalundergraduate course, including steady-state heat conduction, transient heat conduction, and heatconduction through a semi-infinite medium, (b) a basic knowledge of finite element theory, and(c) the ability to apply commercial finite element software to engineering problems involvingthermal systems. From an instructor’s point-of-view, the implementation of the learningmodules should result in minimal impact on the course content and schedule by not requiring theelimination of other content in order to make room for the learning modules. Assessment hasbeen done through the use of pre- and post-learning

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Evan C. Lemley, University of Central Oklahoma; Baha Jassemnejad, University of Central Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2012-5110: USE OF SUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE LECTURE MATE-RIALS IN A HEAT TRANSFER COURSEDr. Evan C. Lemley, University of Central OklahomaProf. Baha Jassemnejad, University of Central Oklahoma Baha Jassemnejad is Chair and professor of engineering and physics, University of Central Oklahoma. Page 25.1412.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Use of Supplementary Online Lecture Materials in a Heat Transfer CourseAbstractStudents are often looking for internet resources to supplement college courses. Solutions manuals forcourse textbooks are readily (if illicitly) available and reduce the

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Trends and Tools

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy A. Doughty, University of Portland; Steven O'Halloran, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2012-3841: DATA ACQUISITION AS IMPLEMENTED IN THE MOD-ERN UNDERGRADUATE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CURRICULUM.Dr. Timothy A. Doughty, University of Portland Timothy Doughty received his Ph. D. from Purdue University. An Assistant Professor at the University of Portland, he researches nonlinear modeling and system identification in application to crack detection and vibration suppression associated with Parkinsonian tremor. He currently serves on the Model Identi- fication and Intelligent Systems Technical Committee and as Associate Editor for the Dynamic Systems and Controls Division of ASME and is a Faculty Scholar for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories.Dr. Steven O’Halloran, University of Portland Steven

Conference Session

Outreach, Engagement, and Undergraduate Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew A. Carr, U.S. Naval Academy; Jim Cowart, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2012-4611: THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF 18TH CENTURYSTEAM ENGINESDr. Matthew A. Carr, U.S. Naval Academy Matthew A. Carr is a Permanent Military Professor of mechanical engineering and Nuclear Submarine Officer.Jim Cowart, U.S. Naval Academy Jim Cowart has a Ph.D. from MIT, 2000. Page 25.1357.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Thermodynamic Modeling of a Newcomen Steam EngineabstractThe steam engine developed by Thomas Newcomen was the first successful reciprocating engineand celebrates its 300th anniversary this year. Newcomen’s first engine was built in 1712 andmore

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Curricula and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy M. Hodges P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Elizabeth White Baker, Wake Forest University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

-graduate education and after the summer program there were 50%who were not interest in pursuing graduate work.Overall ExperienceThe students at both the Undergrad Only College and the Graduate Institution were asked aseries of questions about their overall experience. 1) Think about the number of people you worked with. a. 60% of Undergrad Only said they preferred the same number and 50% of the Graduate said they preferred the same number b. 40% of the Undergrad Only preferred to work with more people and 25% of the Graduate said they preferred more people Page 25.1391.6 c. 25% of

Conference Session

Simulations and Visualizations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Koenraad E. Gieskes, Binghamton University; Roy T.R. McGrann, Binghamton University; Charles Gazeley DeRusso, Binghamton University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

student to more easily understand the interactions. These diagrams are generated through showing only the body of interest and replacingany interaction it has with other bodies as the resulting forces. In a free-body diagram, the bodyof interest is shown in a simplified shape drawn around the center of gravity. Once the body isdrawn, the next step is to indicate the forces acting on the body. An example of this is shown inFIGURE 2. The forces included are the upward force of the wire, T, and the downward force ofthe weight of the mass, w. a) System Sketch b) Free-body Diagram T w

Conference Session

Simulations and Visualizations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goodarz Ahmadi, Clarkson University; Suresh Dhaniyala, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

of these tests Page 25.1027.8was to determine how efficiently the participants could complete each task. 72. A survey questionnaire was administered to students enrolled in the courses designedto assess the students' satisfaction with the website. (a) (b) Figure 7: (a) Some of the instruments (DMAs and impactors) to characterize particle losses during transportation. (b) Aerosol size distribution monitoring under workplace conditions. (a) (b)Figure