Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 61 - 90 of 103 in total
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jose M. Garcia, Purdue University; Rick Homkes, Purdue University; Mark T. Carnes, Purdue University; Kevin D. Taylor, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
experience with Electrical and Mechanicalengineering students enrolled in one course. The biggest conclusion from their study was thatstudents struggled to manage their time appropriately to finish the projects, but were able tocomplete them on time. In this case, the students were charged with creating a complete roboticsystem, not just a subsystem component that would interface to a base unit. They alsohighlighted the importance of using PBL as a tool to put the theoretical content of a class into areal life context.Maxwell and Meedem3 reported in their article the perceptions of students who participated in a1999 robotics competition. One of the students reported enjoying learning to work in a team. Thestudent also reflected on the importance of
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steve E. Watkins, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Randall L Musselman, U.S. Air Force Academy
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
could be configured to transmit when the UAV experiences loss of power orwhen an accelerometer senses an impact. The operator components are the receiving antennaand receiver. A highly discernable antenna pattern is needed for the receiving function. The on-board power needs for the transmitter are defined by the search limits. Power concerns arerelated to the maximum distance between the operator and the crashed UAV and to the desiredsearch time. The procedure for the transmitter hunt is influenced by the antenna characteristics,the supporting electronics, and the environment. For instance, direction finding is complicatedby obstacles or terrain that block line of sight and introduce multipath reflections. An appropriate frequency of
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sabin Gianelloni, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Molly H. Goldstein, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
a lifelonglearner. This suggests that the modern engineer is becoming increasingly similar to the systemsengineer and designer, and makes sense considering the growing complexity of our technologicalsystems and manufacturing processes. The need for systems thinking and design thinking isbecoming ever more relevant to modern engineering and the education of the next generation ofengineers must reflect this vital new aspect of modern engineering. Figure 1. Systems thinking vs. Design thinking Systems thinking Design thinking Ability to Take Holistic View
Conference Session
Capstone Design Projects and Courses
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; John K. Gershenson, Michigan Technological University; Amilcar Alejandro Rincon-Charris, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamon; Carlos A. Alvarado, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico; Jose A. Rojas, Universidad del Turabo
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
reflect this variability in expected Page 25.725.7learning. Besterfield, et al. directs readers to a web site with example rubrics for evaluating theattributes along this type of scale.4Having decided on the attributes and levels of learning, the next step is to select and developinstruments that balance the need for good information and practicality. The TIDEE group did anextensive review of the design and education assessment literature and chose four types ofassessment
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Sugarman, United States Air Force; Kellie Schneider, University of Dayton; Edward F Mykytka, University of Dayton
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
, using a textthat is internationally recognized and implemented is invaluable to our students.Finally, the SEBoK is available to all of our students online, free of charge. With the rising costof tuition and fees associated with post-secondary education, it is nice to offer students a reprievein the cost of their textbooks. A quick on-line search of some of the top systems engineeringtexts reveal that the cost of a new systems engineering text is in excess of $100, with severalbooks in excess of $150. Also, the fact that the SEBoK is available online offers numerousbenefits. It is accessible anywhere, anytime a student has internet access. It is regularly updatedto reflect the latest processes and techniques important to the implementation of
Conference Session
Innovations in the IE Curriculum
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Heidi A. Taboada, University of Texas, El Paso; Jose F. Espiritu, University of Texas, El Paso
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
curricula can be easily replicated at other institutions. Undoubtedly, there will bemany challenges to overcome in the near future to achieve the level of success set by BGREEN.However, all the participating investigators understand the requirements, work and effort neededto make a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional approach like BGREEN a success.Acknowledgement - This project is funded by a grant received by the United States Departmentof Agriculture under the Hispanic-Serving Institutions Education Grants Program. The findingsand the views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect theposition of the United States Department of Agriculture
Conference Session
Capstone Design Projects and Courses
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Benito Flores, Universidad de Monterrey
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
: assuring that new faculty whoteach the course (one of two in a given semester out of a total of six to eight faculty teachingthe course) know the whole system well; that students choose truly challenging projects (sincesome shoot low); and mostly assuring that the final results entirely pleased the client. Clients'most frequent complaint is that ―students design solutions and start implementing them—andthen leave us holding the bag when they graduate.‖ (Such comments might reflect on thelevel of client involvement.)ConclusionThe qualitative and quantitative results presented here reveal that the Systems EngineeringCapstone Course makes a difference in engineering students who take it. The all-roundpurpose of a capstone course is to integrate
Conference Session
Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kathryn D. Abel, Stevens Institute of Technology; Anirban Ganguly, Stevens Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
, therefore making it important to both academicians, as well as, practitioners. EM as aformal degree has been present since the mid 1940s 3 and currently, there are more than 100universities in the US offering an undergraduate and / or graduate program in EM. EM programswere historically embedded within the departments of industrial engineering, depending upon theuniversities 4. However, in order to reflect the gradual shift from manufacturing to turn-keysystems integrators in a global economic environment, many more universities are aligning theirEM programs with their systems engineering program 5.Importance of Analyzing FailuresFailure analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the cause of afailure. It relies on
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammed BOUGAA, CentraleSupelec and EISTI; Stefan Bornhofen, EISTI; Alain RIVIERE, SUPMECA; JEAN-CLAUDE TUCOULOU, AFIS ASSOCIATION FRANCAISE D'INGENIERIE SYSTEME
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
” [6]. Thefollowing list compiles a number of significant advances:Systems Engineering competenciesAccording to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge book (SEBoK) [6], SE compe-tencies reflect the individual’s Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Attitudes (KSAAs), whichare developed through education, training, and on-the-job experience. According to the samesource, ”For an individual, a set of KSAAs enables the fulfillment of the competencies neededto perform the tasks associated with the assigned systems engineering role”. A set of SE competencies form a SE competency model which reflects the individual’sKSAAs. The KSAAs are in turn related to different roles in the company or the project, sothat they are associated to a set of tasks. A
Conference Session
Integrating Research
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alison M. Knight, Mayo Clinic; Gillian M. Nicholls, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Paul J. Componation, University of Alabama, Huntsville
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
reflected the average of thetotal number of attempts for that assignment. For example, if a student scored 80, 90, and 100for the three assignment attempts for Homework #1, the Homework #1 assignment score wouldbe 90. If another student scored 90 and 100 and used only two attempts for Homework #1, thenthe assignment score would be a 95. Students quickly realized that in this scenario they wouldearn a higher score if they repeated the assessment a third time to earn a second 100 and increasethe average.Because these homework assignments were identical for each student and the questions hadmultiple choice answers, the instructors realized that either guessing or the sharing of answersamong students was possible. To counteract the effect of this
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Madeleine C Brannon, George Washington University ; Zoe Szajnfarber; Thomas Andrew Mazzuchi, George Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
process, calculate takt time, and identify how to Balance and 6Sthe process.Week 5 concluded with a lecture on designing a test plan which would help the students with thetest day for the navigation challenge. The lecture emphasized the importance of testing andcreating a design which is flexible enough to account for reasonable variability. The studentswere assumed to have no statistical training and therefore, the lecture reflected their level ofcomprehension. Students were encouraged to think of the program they had created so far fortheir maze competition and what problems they could face if the maze was designed in a certainway which they had not yet anticipated. F. Week 6On week 6, students were given a brief overview of Systems
Conference Session
Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mysore Narayanan, Miami University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
). Page 25.225.6 It is important that the aims and objectives of discovery approach are reflected in everyaspect of the learning environment created. The creative new approach should documentaccomplishments at the upper levels of Bloom's Taxonomy Triangle (Bloom, 1956 & 1976;Boud & Feletti, 1991). Scholars in the area of cognitive science and educational psychologyhave identified four features that clearly separate a problem-based curriculum from a traditional,topic-based curriculum (Nickerson, et. al. 1985).Assessment Procedure Assessment of the Discovery approach was carried out by the author using severalproven, well established and widely recognized tools (Rowntree, 1977). Sample quizzes, homework assignments
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
John Alexander Mendoza-Garcia, University of Florida; Andrea Goncher, University of Florida; Mengyu Li, University of Florida
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
.114] were developed to measure systems thinking competencies in contexts beyond self-reported attitudesand behaviors. The problem scenario is a hypothetical vignette that asks students to consider multipledetails in an ill-structure problem context. The scenario provides information that possibly representsengineering and technical skills, economic feasibility, ethical considerations, and cultural sensitivity,which can be considered when studying potential solutions [21, p. 114]. "The Village of Abeesee has about 50,000 people. Its harsh winters and remote location make heating a living space very expensive. The rising price of fossil fuels has been reflected in the heating expenses of Abeesee residents. In fact, many
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3 – Course and Program Outcomes
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Devanandham Henry, Regent University; Charles Daniel Turnitsa, Regent University; Cheryl Beauchamp, Regent University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
. • Resource Material: Most established and long-running courses in engineering or otherwise, tend to take the approach of selecting a course textbook and to utilize all the instructor resources, presentation slides and test banks provided by the publisher. While instructors do customize course content to reflect their personal teaching styles or to incorporate contemporary trends and developments in the field, this is still optional. But with the engineering core courses, particularly with the objective of introducing appropriate systems engineering knowledge, generating instructional material not found in the course textbook is imperative and no longer an option. This also means generating assignments
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Learning Outcomes and Assessment
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kamran Iqbal, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Gary T. Anderson, University of Arkansas, Little Rock
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
evaluationcontext 0 2 20 0 reportAssessment of SO(i)SO(i) includes a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning. InCapstone II, students must reflect upon the project they just completed and state what they woulddo differently if starting over again. Table 7 shows the results of this assessment. All six (100%)of groups performed satisfactorily or better on this factor. Table 7: Results of assessment of SO(i) AssessmentCriteria Unsatisfactory Marginal Satisfactory Excellent Tool Commentsi - a recognitionof the need for,and an ability toengage in life
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suxia Cui, Prairie View A&M University; Lin Li, Prairie View A&M University; Lei Huang, Prairie View A&M University; Yonghui Wang, Prairie View A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
project is supported in part by National Science Foundation award # 1229744. The HPC Page 26.652.10cluster is funded by NSF MRI project with award # 1332566. Opinions, findings, andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) http://www.tacc.utexas.edu2. B. B. Brey, “Intel Microprocessors Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing”, 8 th edition, Prentice Hall, 2008 (ISBN: 0-13-502645-8).3. M. Feldman, “HPC Going Embedded”, HPC Wire, Dec. 01, 2011; http
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Valasek, Texas A&M University; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
jointcooperative project.The project commenced with instructors studying SEDI documentation developed during theprior work along with an assessment of current SE content in the two capstone design courses.Particular SE topics needing to be added to Aerospace Vehicle Design I and Aerospace VehicleDesign II were identified, and a new syllabus was created for each course to reflect addedcontent. In the design elective, the existing topics related to SE were aligned with the new skillsidentified in Aerospace Vehicle Design I with additional changes to existing SE lecturesproposed.Systems Engineering Concepts Addressed in the CoursesIn Chaput’s 2013 document, he defined SE as a rigorous, disciplined, and systematic engineeringapproach to design, development
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University; Michael A. Swartwout, Saint Louis University
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
hands-on laboratory exercises and real-world examples of aircraft and space missions, which willbe used to illustrate the use of the analytical techniques and demonstrate the relevance of thematerial.Entrepreneurial MindsetIn terms of student learning outcomes, the term “Entrepreneurial Mindset” goes beyond someonebecoming an entrepreneur and creating or starting a business venture. This is also reflected in whatindustry needs as skillset in future workforce. Thought sound technical background and Page 26.1454.3understanding is essential to having a successful engineering career, engineers find remarkablesuccess when they couple
Conference Session
Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Polinpapilinho Katina, Old Dominion University; Joseph M Bradley, Leading Change, LLC
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
Keating 38 39; Keating Methodology semiautonomous subsystems et al. 40Classification Systems-based Description Primary Proponents Methodology Critical Systems A process of critical reflection based on a set of boundary Ulrich 41 42 Heuristics questions that examine the legitimacy of designs by contrasting what ‘is’ proposed versus what ‘ought’ to be Organizational Makes explicit individual and organizational models that enable Argyris and Learning organizations to make
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Learning Outcomes and Assessment
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeremiah J. Neubert, University of North Dakota
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
process of testing and refining the design. The testing isconducted in a small arena similar to that used in the competition. A reasonable lunar simulantwas created using fly ash, sand, and gravel. The original test pit was roughly 15 feet long, 10 feetwide and covered with one foot of simulant. Recently, it was modified to have an area that isapproximately three feet deep to allow testing of a system designed to dig icy regolith—regolithmore than one foot below the surface. This area contains regolith with larger rocks to moreaccurately reflect the icy regolith used in NASA’s competition arena. The pit dimensions aresufficient for the creation of a small obstacle course to test the drivability of the robot in the lunarregolith. In addition, the
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dominic M. Halsmer P.E., Oral Roberts University; Robert P. Leland, Oral Roberts University; Emily Dzurilla
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
nature. The final project report includes a section where the students areencouraged to reflect on the quality of their experience as it pertains to their understanding ofsystems engineering. Student surveys are also conducted in an effort to assess the impact of thecourse and elicit feedback on how the course may be improved.Previous Design Explorations in Engineering Education via Systems EngineeringCourses involving integration and testing of complex hardware systems are not new toengineering education. In 2012, faculty at St. Louis University reported on a systems engineeringcourse where students gained hands-on experience with the development of a small satellite.They claim, “It is very important to use real hardware for practicing the
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4 – Systems Thinking Integration and Systems Engineering Skills Evaluation
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adedeji B. Badiru P.E., Air Force Institute of Technology; LeeAnn Racz, US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
do not reflect the official policy orposition of the Air Force Institute of Technology, United States Air Force, Department of Defense,or United States government.
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3 – Course and Program Outcomes
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zachary David Asher, Colorado State University; Nicole L Ramo, Colorado State University; Thomas H. Bradley, Colorado State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
, design and policy for sustainable energy systems. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 The Use of Systems Engineering Principles to Improve Learning Outcomes in a Multidisciplinary CourseAbstractAs individual engineering disciplines and applications mature, there is an increased need formultidisciplinary education and application competencies. As an example, a course on modernautomotive vehicles must now incorporate electrical propulsion in addition to mechanicalpropulsion to reflect the current state of the art. Systems engineering provides a framework forteaching a multidisciplinary approach in the design and analysis of these complex systems. In thisstudy, the hypothesis that
Conference Session
Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan K Donohue, University of Virginia; Ali Bouabid, Khalifa University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
tosystems engineering in this paper. Planning for this new academic track took place in Fall, 2011;the pilot of the Introduction to Systems Engineering course occurred in Spring, 2012 and Fall,2012. The course is consciously structured after the introductory course at the University ofVirginia (UVa), the transfer target for a majority of PVCC students, to ensure that the transfercredit is accepted and students are prepared for success. Based on our experiences in the pilots,the syllabus became slightly modified to prepare students for study in other undergraduateprograms in systems engineering. Course goals, objectives, and content are described. Finally,we offer student reflections on their experiences and course utility as they prepare to
Conference Session
Research Projects, Course Development, and Industry Issues
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Travis P, Dunn, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Joseph M. Sussman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Naomi E. G. Stein, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; David Louis Uniman, Steer Davies Gleave
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
to tame the “chaos” and generatenon-intuitive insights. Successful communication of goals and benefits would ensure thatstudents not only learn through experience but also achieve the second level of reflection neededto recognize what they learn and carry it forward.Term project. The most effective tool for making engineering systems thinking less abstract wasthe term project. Using a term project provides context that helps students learn to recognize Page 25.797.8systems and systems behavior and to apply engineering systems evaluation and design tools.Systems thinking is inherently process-based. In this course, it is not so much the
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Regina Ruby Clewlow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Afreen Siddiqi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Joseph M. Sussman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
supervised by an engineering systems Ph.D. student or faculty member, and wereconducted in small teams over the course of the entire semester. The projects served to engagethe students’ interest and provided real-world examples for applying the concepts and methodsintroduced in the lectures. This two-pronged approach is illustrated in Fig. 2. Page 25.840.6Figure 2. Two-pronged approach to course design: theoretical instruction and practical applicationThe lecture topics were selected carefully to reflect the introductory level of the course, but alsoto enable the students to acquire understanding of important concepts related to complex,sociotechnical
Conference Session
SE Capstone Design Projects, Part II
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Radu F. Babiceanu, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Daniel Rucker, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Hussain M Al-Rizzo, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Seshadri Mohan, University of Arkansas, Little Rock
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering
the Arena® simulation environment, reflects both thesemodels of operations to provide a means of comparison for futurechanges and improvements. The difference between the two models liesin the use of the ticket counter scheduling. The number of ticket countersin the current system model is fixed at two ticket counters per air carrier.Each ticket counter has two physical positions and is able to serve twocustomers at any one time.The per-use model was found to scale very well during the simulationexperiments. The ability to reassign a ticket counter to a different aircarrier in order to meet the passenger input demands greatly reduces high Fig. 2. DTCIS
Conference Session
SE Capstone Design Projects, Part II
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven Corns, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Cihan H. Dagli, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Ivan G. Guardiola, Missouri University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering
environment of this first course consisted of implementing multiple facets ofeducation technology and methodologies as the courses consisted of distance learners as well ason campus students. This created a unique environment for the application of “learning bydoing” as students were geographically dispersed throughout the continental United States.Hence, the course contained both a lecture component and out of class meetings. The course wastaught through Cisco WebEx®, which is an online meeting and video conferencing tool. Allcourse lectures were recorded and archived in order to assure students had the capability toreview covered lecture material or reflect upon class discussions regarding the design of thisimmersion-training vest. The class was
Conference Session
Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yaseen Mahmud, Morgan State University; Masud Salimian, Morgan State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
. Some of the responses: ‘best chance to understandthe material’, 78%; liked the incremental testing aspect, 56%; benefited from the study routine,44%. Other benefits that students noted were: learned and applied time management skills, 78%;increased individualized time with the instructor, 56%; enhanced presentation skills, 56%.Students’ reflections on the structureThis was an innovative method for teaching an engineering class. None of the students hadencountered a format like it before. Students in the topic group were forced into variousstrategies in order to perform. An unarticulated goal of the format was to create a learningcommunity. Toward this end students were encouraged and did form both formal and informalstudy groups. In the
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Education and K-12
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles S. Wasson, Wasson Strategics, LLC
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering
SE.Every viable, mission-oriented, business entity – e.g., services organizations, non-profits, et al –serves a purpose, has interfaces with external systems in its operating environment – e.g.,customers, suppliers, competitors, et al, and produces performance-based outcomes – e.g.systems, products, services, and behaviors – that are delivered to or sold in the marketplace forsome form of return on investment (ROI) or to provide service benefits. This view is reflective ofthe mindset that SE applies only to physical systems and products such as cell phones,computers, etc. without recognition that organizations are also systems that produce products andservices for both external and internal customers and users.To illustrate the two organizational