Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Najme Kishani Farahani, University of Toronto, Canada; Aimy Bazylak, University of Toronto, Canada; Jason Bazylak, University of Toronto, Canada

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

profession. These efforts have mostlyfocused on women in undergraduate studies or industry. Outreach and retention efforts forwomen considering or pursuing graduate studies are limited, despite the underrepresentation ofwomen in postgraduate studies in Canada.At a major research-based Canadian university, we investigated a) the recruitment practices ofengineering departments for graduate studies, and b) the factors contributing to undergraduatestudents’ intention to apply to graduate studies and their admission success. This article presentsfindings from the first phase of a multiphase mixed-method research project exploring thebarriers women face in pursuing engineering graduate studies and existing interventions toaddress these barriers.Using

Conference Session

Technology Integration in Manufacturing Curriculum

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne P. Hung, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing Division (MFG)

, and Wayne Hung Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas Paper ID: 37593AbstractTraditional manufacturing classes cover engineering materials and manufacturing processes.Upon familiar with basic hand tools like calipers, micrometers, or indicators in laboratoryexercises, students would understand metrology as dimension with tolerance and miss otherimportant aspects of metrology such as shape, surface finish, and how the part shape wouldaffect dimensional tolerances. The limited metrology knowledge would later show in capstoneprojects for undergraduate students and research projects for graduate students when designingand fabricating their engineering components. The issues

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 7: Innovative Pedagogy

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin N. Johns, The State University of New York, Buffalo; Robert P. Hesketh, Rowan University; Matthew D. Stuber, University of Connecticut; Ashlee N. Ford Versypt, The State University of New York, Buffalo

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

engineering topics across the curriculum. • Pick a file from our set of templates. Play with the interface and reflect on how to adapt for your purposes: lecture/in-class activity, homework, group projects, other.Conclusions and reflections for the futureThe workshop and materials described in this paper were developed to provide faculty withresources for incorporating modern computational tools and computational thinking into theirclassrooms through lecture materials, interactive textbook-like content, case studies, in-classactivities, homework, and course projects. We focused on instructing and equipping chemicalengineering faculty rather than students to scale our efforts to reach the target student audiencefor the overall goal of

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division 5 - Nurturing Well-Being and Promoting Awareness

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Rossi, Penn State Behrend; Sarah Lengel

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

/ lifethreatening is discussed on their platform [7]. While it is helpful for students to be able tosupport one another anonymously, the preferred approach was to get students connected toprofessional resources available on campus who are trained to handle mental health issues.3.0. Implementation3.1. Development The development of this app was done by three students, two were studying ComputerScience and the other was studying Software Engineering. A member of the school’s ComputerScience and Software Engineering faculty served as their advisor. It was determined that inorder for this project to be successful two additional advisors would be needed. The first was amember of the school Counseling Center who served as a subject matter expert on mental

Conference Session

Broadening Participation through Access, Equity, Inclusion in ECE

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalind M. Wynne, Villanova University; Jared Halsey

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

student took to prepare for the internship hiringprocess. ”Preparation for an internship is crucial to secure a spot. The first thing that would needto be organized is your resume. Making sure all the relevant work experiences (if you have any),accomplishments and skills are properly listed can help you stand out. Assuming one has the rightskills for the job gained from academic experience, that should be listed on the resume. One caneven display projects they did either for class or in a club.Prior to an interview, it is best to express interest in the company and do research prior to workingfor any company. Nobody should go to an interview without knowing what the mission of thecompany is. In this case, before I was interviewed and hired at J

Conference Session

ERM: Lessons Learned from COVID (COVID Part 2)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gianluca Guadagni, University of Virginia; Deepyaman Maiti, University of Virginia; Farzad Shafiei Dizaji, University of Virginia

: 10.18260/p.26664[9] Sazhin, S. S., (1998) ‘Teaching Mathematics to Engineering Students’, International Journal ofEngineering Education, 14(2), pp. 145-152.[10] Lealdino Filho, P. et al. (2016) ‘Students’ Perceptions of Mathematics in Engineering Coursesfrom Partners of MetaMath and MathGeAr Projects’, in 44th SEFI Annual Conference. Tampere,Finland. Available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01546443 (Accessed: 10 February 2022).[11] Vitasari, P. et al. (2010) ‘Exploring Mathematics Anxiety among Engineering students’, Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8. Available at: https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/971805 (Accessed:10 February 2022).[12] Wood, L.N. (2007) ‘Engineering mathematics---what do students think?’, ANZIAM Journal, 49

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benny Mart Hiwatig, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Gillian Roehrig, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Joshua Ellis, Florida International University; Mark Rouleau

Paper ID #37387Examining Student Cognitive Engagement in IntegratedSTEM (Fundamental)Benny Mart Hiwatig Benny Mart Hiwatig is a PhD candidate in the STEM Education program at the University of Minnesota. He earned his bachelor's degree in Secondary Education and took master's coursework in Chemistry Education in the Philippines, where he also taught high school chemistry. He is currently involved in a research project that aims to develop an observation protocol for STEM lessons and relevant training materials that are directed at improving the quality of STEM instruction in K-12 spaces. His primary research

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 4: Bring Your Own Experiment (BYOE)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eliza Banu, University of Georgia; Dominik May

, choose a flow rate, valve function, andpressure port readings in order to develop friction factor versus Reynolds number plots (Moodydiagram) and calculate fitting coefficients.ConclusionIn this BYOE paper, we detail a complex and self-driven laboratory set-up for measuring theflow rate through a pipe network and pressure at distinct points within the network. Users canexamine the dependence of frictional losses on flow rate and Reynolds in real-time from outsidethe laboratory building and with little supervision. So far, the project has been pilot tested withstudents performing a lab for extra credit in the Fluid Mechanics class in Fall 2021. Because ofits flexibility, student enthusiasm and feedback, we foresee the lab to become an integral

Conference Session

Supporting Transfer Pathways

Collection

2022 ASEE Zone IV Conference

Authors

Kathryn Mary Rupe, Western Washington University; Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College

Tagged Topics

Conference Submission

... Figure 1. Image from Student 1’s response ...In the image above the red cord represents the sweep in the xy plane that allows us to form the plane with the z axis. It's important to make sure that the vector is found by moving "down" from the z axis rather than "up" from our projection in the xy plane.Student 2 made direct connections between the physical model and an abstract symbolicrepresentation of the relationships. Going back to the example vector, we can use the following equations above to get the unit vector. Figure 2. Image from Student 2’s response So why exactly is the unit vector so useful? One of the characteristics of a unit vector is that when you multiply it with a

Conference Session

First Year and Cross-Disciplinary

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

George Prpich, University of Virginia; Natasha Smith, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

© American Society for Engineering Education, 2023with industry expectations can begin to form when these concepts are integrated into thelaboratory experience, stressing the importance of safety thinking each time students enter thelaboratory. In previous work we implemented a series of safety education interventions into a 4thyear CHE lab course and demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in students’perceptions about safety.4 As student perceptions shifted, so too did the safety culture in thelaboratory. By providing multiple opportunities for students to practice discussing and engagingwith safety in the laboratory, we were able to improve the students’ professional safety skills.Building on the success of this study, this project

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 1: Online or Remote Teaching and Curricular Developments

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weiying Zhu, Metropolitan State University of Denver

components by analyzingstudent survey results and compared the student performance by showing average student scoresin the “flipped-classroom” approach vs. in the traditional approach. In [7], Yildiz et al share thedetails (course curriculum, student body, projects, and components) of a project-basedmicrocontroller course and presents feedbacks freely written by students.Educational researchers have been exploring and studying the online teaching mode in CS, CpE,and EE courses. In a Database course [8], the t-tests indicate that face-to-face studentssignificantly outperformed online students when there were no significant differences inbackground characteristics. Whitney et al explored the impact of captions on learningperformance in an online Intro

Conference Session

PCEE Session 13: Equity in P-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Cunningham, Pennsylvania State University; Gregory Kelly, Pennsylvania State University

to actively engage in engineering practices such as designing,building, analyzing, testing, and sharing new technologies through hands-on activities andsensemaking. The active engagement and associated discussions about engineering provideopportunities to construct knowledge of engineering and science. Through experience, studentslearn new skills, struggle through challenging moments or complicated ideas, and developfacility manipulating concepts and working through processes. Active, project-based, inquiry andsensemaking activities also provide students opportunities for teamwork and help create a senseof accomplishment and interest.There are many engineering practices, and many ways to engage students in such practices.These need to vary

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khosro Shirvani, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale; Marjaneh Issapour, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale; Conor Ricchetti, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale

Engineering Department at Rowan University from January 2017 to June 2019. During doctoral and post-doctoral research with Howard University where he earned his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering in 2015, he was involved with projects sponsored by The Boeing Company and National Science Foundation. Prior to 2011, he worked in industry as a consultant and designer at MAPNA Turbine Engineering and Manufacturing Company (TUGA), one of the main global players in the turbine industry in Asia. Mr. Shirvani is a member-at-large of the Early Career Engineering Programming Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and was a 2018-19 ECLIPSE Member of the Board of Governors.Conor Xavier Ricchetti (Mechanical

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanaz Motamedi, University of Florida; Mckenzie Landrum, University of Florida; Tara Ippolito, University of Florida; Austin Hayes

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 1: Student Success Boot Camps, Summer Bridge Programs, and Living Learning Communities

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yang Yang, Kansas State University; Amy Betz, Kansas State University; Craig Spencer

and hand-onactivities, such as lab experiences, field trips, and a community service project, were offered in    order to prepare students to be successful in calculus and excited about engineering. Thisprogram improved retention of students in STEM fields overall by 12% after three years.In another hybrid summer bridge program [5], both online and in-person components wereincluded to improve math preparation among incoming students who initially place into a mathcourse below Calculus I. The results indicated that both student preparation before enrolling inthe summer bridge program as measured by ACT scores and the amount of time the studentspent learning during the bridge program were positive predictors of student success. Takentogether

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheldon Jeter, Georgia Institute of Technology

repurposed in any typical modelinglanguage.   ConclusionFurther results and details will be presented in the finalized poster including interestinginformation being developed from current engineering, purchasing, and construction management(EPCM) activities on an ongoing international concentrator solar power (CSP) project. Theproposed poster is offered to assist instructors in undergraduate thermal systems analysis anddesign courses and possibly to guide or stimulate further student research on cost engineering forthermal energy and thermal power systems. Table of Nomenclature CM,ACT ; CM,0 Actual and Baseline cost for module M R; R0 Actual and Baseline Rating or Capacity for Sizing

Conference Session

How Communities and Systems Influence Equity: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dustyn Roberts, University of Pennsylvania; Robert Carpick, University of Pennsylvania; Igor Bargatin, University of Pennsylvania

Scholars would pursue a project to advanceDEI efforts in MEAM, and would become full members of the MEAM DEI Task Force.However, there were so many applicants (19 in total) and good ideas, that another stage wasadded to help narrow down the applicant pool (see Appendix B for follow-up communication).Again, the Task Force was faced with several strong applications that could be roughly sortedinto three themes: 1) Mentoring programs, 2) A DEI minor, and 3) Recruiting & communitybuilding. The Task Force decided to award three $2,500 scholarships to the three strongestapplicants (DEI Scholars) but also chose to award smaller grants of $250 each to one or more“DEI Associates” whose proposals fell in the same general thematic area as the DEI

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Allain, Pennsylvania State University

, and criminal law. • LPE 853 Engineering, Law and Policy Systems (3): An interdisciplinary course providing a broad exploration of the relationship between engineering, policy, and law. From driverless cars to AI-powered systems, engineering is transforming public and private spaces. This course identifies the legal and political constraints engineering solutions must satisfy to be implemented within complex engineering systems. • LPE 854 Engineering, Law and Technology Policy Practicum (3): This course addresses current pressing issues in innovation, technology policy, and law through the eyes of policymakers. Students work on public-facing projects in interdisciplinary teams applying

Conference Session

Thinking Outside the STEM Box: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan Fertig, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Subha Kumpaty, Milwaukee School of Engineering

through promoting socialjustice and equity, providing a safe and supportive learning environment, caring about the planet,and leading with trust and integrity. Integral to STEMpathy is teaching informed bycompassionate concern for others and the world expressed through projects and assignmentsdesigned to improve lives and solve pressing societal and environmental problems. STEMpathystudy participants were asked to indicate the degree to which projects and assignments weregeared toward making the world a better place and reflected compassion for others outside ofengineering. It has been argued that the days of the laboratory scientist, responsive only to peerreviewers and funding agencies, have given way to demands for scientists accountable to

Conference Session

Understanding Inclusivity and Equity in STEM Contexts: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tyrine Jamella Pangan, Tufts University; Chelsea Andrews, Tufts University

sociotechnical aspects of engineering alongside the original technical content. Weaim to center engineering and data science within larger sociotechnical systems; to have studentsdelve deeply into the social, economic, and political impacts of data, algorithms, and relatedtechnologies. A main research area of the overall project is to investigate different pedagogicalstructures and supports and explore how these relate to shifts in students’ sociotechnical literacyover the course of the semester. In this work-in-progress paper, analyzing some of the pilot dataof this project, we analyze students’ sociotechnical understandings mid-way through thesemester, as expressed in a reading reflection assignment.As sociotechnical literacy is a fairly new research

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sreyoshi Bhaduri, Amazon; Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida; Michelle Soledad, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Debarati Basu

roles in industry and academia, having worked as a software engineer, project lead and manager for Accenture before serving as Assistant Professor and Department Chair for Electrical Engineering at the Ateneo de Davao University. She has also served in administrative and teaching faculty roles at Virginia Tech and The Ohio State University.Debarati Basu (Assistant Professor)Sreyoshi Bhaduri Dr. Sreyoshi Bhaduri is an Engineering Educator and People Research Scientist. As part of Global Talent Management Science at Amazon, she employs innovative and ethical mixed-methods research approaches to uncover insights about the 21st century workforce. Sreyoshi has a doctorate in Engineering Education, and Masters degrees in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Mejia, The University of Texas at San Antonio

consciousness while uncovering the multiple intersectionalidentities that dispel the myth of the Latino/a/x monolith. The overarching goal of this qualitativestudy is to generate knowledge on how Latino/a/x engineers make meaning of their experiencesand the adversity they face throughout their engineering pathways, and how these meaningsmay provide a heightened sense of agency to persevere as they acknowledge themselves asholders and creators of knowledge.This project has focused on four major activities: (1) develop and expand the methodologicalpractices that explore the development of conocimiento (consciousness) among Latino/a/xengineers while centering on their intersectionalities; (2) explore the different forms in whichinstitutional practices may

Conference Session

Assessment in Mechanics Courses

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Sevier, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Vincent Prantil, Milwaukee School of Engineering

solving the system of linear equations. It may be toodifficult for undergraduate students to create their own 2D FEA code from scratch except for therare student whose coding capability, determination, and passion align with the demands of sucha project. Providing some scaffolding is usually necessary to undertake such a task [13] [14]. Theauthors propose that MATLAB Grader may be a viable alternative towards having studentscreate their own FEA code [15]. Advantages of using MATLAB Grader for homework problemsover traditional paper and pencil include: • Allows for more complex problems to be assigned on a regular basis (e.g., problems that demonstrate trends such as dynamic gain vs. frequency) • The student may have multiple tries

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 12: Work-in-Progress Postcard Session #1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacques Richard, Texas A&M University; Janie Moore, Texas A&M University

Lab 11, 11b 12 (11/11-11/15) Functions and use in Lab 12, 12b top-down/bottom-up design 13 (11/18-11/22) Systematic Debugging Lab 13 14 (11/25-11/26) Exam 2 Exam 2 15 (12/2-12/4) Topic TBD possible project 14 Finals Week NO FINALTable 2: Fall 2020 Course Topics, Calendar of Activities, Major Assignment Dates (dates may bechanged due to exigent circumstances) Week Class Topics Assignments 1 (8/19-8/25) Introduction to Course, Lab 1, 1b Engineering, and Programming 2 (8/26-9/1) Sequential Steps, Variables, Lab 2, 2b

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gibin Raju, University of Cincinnati; Sheryl Sorby, University of Cincinnati; Grace Panther, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Clodagh Reid, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest; Jasmine Mogadam, University of Cincinnati

discussed at the end.BackgroundAcademic stress can be described as the student’s interaction with environmental stressors, thestudent’s cognitive judgment in coping with those academic-related stressors and involves thepsychological or physiological response to these stressors [1-3]. Engineering students mustundergo a substantial and comprehensive curriculum during their undergraduate years—aspects ofthe curriculum are often described as being stressful. Progression through the engineeringcurriculum can be stressful because the students are expected to perform well with a significantworkload in the form of projects and other required homework. Consequently, to meet suchdemands, students may not be able to enjoy their campus life [4]. Excessive

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jinhui Wang, University of South Alabama; Jill Motschenbacher, North Dakota State University; Amber Finley

experience unfamiliar cultures, by eliminating physical, financial, and conventionalbarriers, helps seed ideas and insights on how these obstacles can be overcome in the future. Intime, collective knowledge obtained from these learning experiences will provide new wisdom inthe lives of the Native American student participants, their family and peers, and future students.Similar to all cycles in life: Providing opportunity seeds hope; hope nurtures motivation, and;motivation blooms change.1. ActivitiesWe completed the first year of the project. Two Native American students from Nueta HidatsaSahnish College (NHSC) joined the 5-week program. The students had preparatory training atNorth Dakota State University (NDSU), which focused on the basic

Conference Session

LEAD Tech Session #2: Assessing and Evaluating Engineering Leadership Development.

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhen Zhao, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Adam Carberry, Arizona State University; Samantha Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Jennifer Chandler, Arizona State University

advance their leadership skills [1]. Thereported changes in the understanding of leadership included gaining the awareness of newaspects, embracing extra roles, correcting prior beliefs, and reevaluating the fit [1]. Variousleadership-related skills such as project management, communication, relationship-building,organizing, and leading were also described by the study participants. A subsequent quantitativestudy was designed to investigate to what extent serving as mentors helps engineering graduatestudents develop their leadership understanding and skills. This WIP paper proposes aninstrument that will be used in the subsequent quantitative study. The instrument was built basedon both existing instruments and the aforementioned qualitative

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Maeng; Amanda Gonczi; Robert Handler; Hamid Nadir, University of Virginia; Whitney McCoy

from this case study suggest a need to invest inbuilding teacher confidence, knowledge, and the belief that technology-enhanced engineeringinstruction is appropriate (and necessary) at all grades in light of future educational disruptions.Funding StatementThis project was supported by Grant #1850296 awarded by the National Science FoundationInnovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers. The opinions, findings, andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect those of the NSF.ReferencesAnderson, S. E., Groulx, J. G., & Maninger, R. M. (2011). Relationships among preservice teachers' technology-related abilities, beliefs, and intentions to use technology in

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sabia Abidi, Rice University; Javier Lasa; Parag Jain; Kirsten Ostherr, Rice University; Austin Hwang, Northwestern University; Nellie Chen

are being discussed with faculty teaching engineering designcourses as an opportunity for student-led design projects. Overall, the co-production model wassuccessful in identifying areas for future design innovation in pediatric healthcare.References:1. SECTION ON CARDIOLOGY AND CARDIAC SURGERY et al., “Off-Label Use ofMedical Devices in Children,” Pediatrics, vol. 139, no. 1, p. e20163439, Jan. 2017, doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3439.2. J. Kadlowec, T. Merrill, S. Sood, J. Greene Ryan, A. Attaluri, and R. Hirsh, “ClinicalImmersion and Team-Based Design: Into a Third Year,” in 2017 ASEE Annual Conference &Exposition Proceedings, Columbus, Ohio, Jun. 2017, p. 28040. doi: 10.18260/1-2--28040.3. E. P. Brennan-Pierce, S. G. Stanton, and J. A. Dunn

Conference Session

ERM: Persistence and Attrition in Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyeonghun Jwa, Pennsylvania State University; Catherine Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University

attritionconsiderations, though, are at best a “snapshot” in time [29], [30], [31]–[35]. and do notlongitudinally follow participants to track their experiences over time or their final persistence ordeparture decisions. Literature posits that for some students, there may be critical events that causethem to depart from the PhD [36], whereas for other students, dissatisfaction and unhappiness maybuild over time, with no singular identifiable incident as the event causing attrition.As part of a larger project exploring doctoral engineering attrition mechanisms from the PhD, thepresent paper presents a method developed to conduct longitudinal tracking of engineeringdoctoral student experiences and attrition considerations over time using SMS text messages.Because