Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 8: Engineering Design in Elementary School

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole Batrouny, Tufts University

materials and engineering practices. In addition, elementary students are often asked towork in teams, requiring them to engage in difficult collaborative work involving roles andrelationships, planning, gathering and sharing information, generating ideas, and resolvingconflict [1]. Engineering design tasks require students to engage with both the technical and thesocial as they navigate the complexities of collaborative decision-making. Oftentimes, decisionpoints are where these technical and social aspects of engineering come to a head; students mustwork collaboratively to choose a solution, while balancing the disciplinary ideas relevant to theirdesign problem. Additionally, when we ask students to engage in engineering within the contextof

Conference Session

Computers in Education 10 - Technology 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Lopez, University of Florida; Thiago Matheus de Andrade Bezerra, University of Florida; Dalton Cravens, University of Florida; Jeremiah Blanchard

human activity) [1]-[7]. Shifts in global climate, such as the rise in sea level and thefrequency and intensity of storms, contribute to the increased global coastal erosion rate [1]-[4],[6], [8]. As 1.4 billion people worldwide live within 25 kilometers to the coastline [5], coastalflooding and erosion impact more communities each year as sea levels rise and weather patternschange [1]-[2], [4], [6], [9]. However, many communities lack the resources or managementplans to handle the threat that increasing coastal erosion rates bring, such as the loss of land,economic activity, and local cultural practices [1], [4], [6]. Additionally, while different coastalmanagement tactics exist to handle coastline recession, they generally involve a

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Chambers, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Stephen Moyer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David Gray, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Po-Jen Shih, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Matthew James, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Lessons Learned: Developing Homebrew Software Tools to Enhance and Combine Grading, Assessment, and Research1. IntroductionThis lessons learned paper describes the development and deployment of software tools designedto facilitate grading, assessment, and research efforts by interfacing the standard learningmanagement system (LMS) used by our university with spreadsheet-based systems developedin-house. Faculty in instruction-focused roles are charged with providing the high quality, timelyfeedback that enables student success [1]. They may also need to capture student performancefor internal and external assessment purposes or pursue their own educational research. Each ofthese efforts carries significant overhead in terms of time

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farah Faruqi, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Khomson Keratithamkul, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Gillian Roehrig, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Benny Mart Hiwatig, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Elizabeth Forde; Nilay Ozturk, University of Minnesota

promotion of students' conceptual understanding of chemical concepts.Elizabeth FordeNilay Ozturk University of Minnesota © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Manifestation of Integration into Practice: A Single Case Study of an Elementary Science Teacher in ActionIntroduction The inclusion of engineering in K-12 science education is growing increasingly commonin the United States through A Framework for K-12 Science Education [1] and the NextGeneration Science Standards (NGSS) [2]. The framework articulates the role of engineering asa vehicle for students to learn scientific concepts and to engage them

Conference Session

PCEE Session 2: Teacher Learning Experiences

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebekah Hammack, Montana State University - Bozeman; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University

studiesillustrate the value of having PSTs teach engineering lessons to children; however, this is not anoption for many PSTs due to programmatic constraints on classroom placement, which oftenlimit how long and what subjects they are able to teach. Therefore, it is important for researchersto explore other factors that can enhance engineering teaching efficacy for PSTs, especially whenthey do not have access to teach children. The purpose of the current study was to explore howinfusing engineering learning opportunities into a science methods course (in the absence ofteaching to children) impacts PSTs engineering teaching efficacy. Specifically, we sought toanswer the following research questions: (1) How does participating in a K-8 engineering-focused

Conference Session

Remote Pedagogy in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technical University; Ankit Gupta, Mississippi Valley State University; Seymur Hasanov, The University of Alabama in Huntsville; Alisa Henrie, The University of Alabama in Huntsville; Perihan Fidan, Tennessee Technological University

an FC, students watch onlinelectures, collaborate in online discussions, or carry out research at home, while actively engagingconcepts in the classroom, with a mentor's guidance” [1].In FC practice research performed by Bishop and Verleger, it is indicated that ‘Students tend toprefer in-person lectures to video lectures but prefer interactive classroom activities overlectures. Anecdotal evidence suggests that student learning is improved using the FC structurecompared to the traditional classroom structure. However, there is little work investigating thestudent learning outcomes objectively. For future work, we recommend that studies investigateobjective learning outcomes using controlled experiments or quasi-experimental designs” [2].Due

Conference Session

Computers in Education 8 - Video Technology

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hannah Sloan, University of Calgary; Richard Zhao, University of Calgary; Faisal Aqlan, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Hui Yang, Pennsylvania State University; Rui Zhu

material to suit individual student needsincreases motivation and student successes. While learning remotely using an immersive virtualenvironment, a student is often working in an independent manner. Seeking help often requiresthe student to leave the virtual environment and break immersion. In this research, we propose anadaptive virtual assistant in the game environment to support the student learning process. Bytracking student actions in the game environment and building a model of the student usingreinforcement learning, the virtual assistant can learn and adapt to the student’s preference in thetypes of assistance to provide. We show the adaptation of the virtual assistant through simulatedexperiments of typical student preferences.1

Conference Session

Computers in Education 5 - Modulus 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Schibelius, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Amanda Ross, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Andrew Katz, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

industry for the most prominent engineeringdisciplines. Specifically, for this paper, we sought to answer the following two researchquestions: 1) Which programming languages are most commonly listed in recent U.S. employerjob postings for some of the top engineering disciplines? 2) How do the programming languageneeds in these job postings vary by engineering discipline?To answer these research questions, nearly 130,000 U.S.-based job postings were collected fromthe engineering job site engineerjobs.com. Engineering disciplines used in the job postingssearch included: mechanical, electrical, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering; since thesedisciplines are the most popular in engineering as measured by counts of undergraduateengineering

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 6: Engineering Design in High School

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Klein-Gardner, Vanderbilt University; Leigh Abts, The Johns Hopkins University; Gail Goldberg

selection of portfolio content; the criteria forselection; the criteria for judging merit; and evidence of student self-reflection” [1].Archbald and Newmann [2] and Paulson, Paulson, and Meyer [1] were among the firstproponents of the idea that students should be active developers and assessors of their ownportfolios, and there is general agreement in the assessment community that students musttake the lead in documenting their learning. Towards that end, most portfolio assessmentsystems provide students at minimum with a general outline or “menu” of contents(suggested and/or required entries) and the evaluative criteria that will be applied.The AP ® Studio Art portfolio assessment has served as a critical model in conceptualizinga considerably

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashita Bawankule, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Lara Hebert, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Rafael Tinoco, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Tracy Dace, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Alexandria Cervantes

)IntroductionThe diversity of the U.S. population is changing with predictions indicating that by 2050 therewill be no “majority race.” Already, Latino and Black communities make up 30% of thecountry’s population [1]. However, this current level of diversity is not reflected in the STEMfields. In engineering, there has only been a small increase in Hispanic graduates from 8.5% in2011 to 11.9% in 2019 and almost no increase in Black graduates (4.2% to 4.3%). Over 50% ofthe engineering graduates nationwide continue to be White [2]. Increasing diversity in STEM isrequired to solve important problems faced by society through a wider array of solutions [3].Unfortunately, Black, Latino, and Indigenous youth often close the door to STEM careers earlyin their

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjeev Adhikari, Kennesaw State University; Sandeep Langar, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Rachel Mosier, Oklahoma State University

departments have always praised him for his outstanding teaching and research excellence. He has been involved in numerous professional societies to supplement his teaching and research, including ASCE, ACI, ASEE, ASC, ATMAE, and TRB. His research output has been well disseminated as he has published thirty journal papers and thirty-nine conference papers. His research interests are 1) Creating Innovative Sustainable Materials, 2) Digital Construction, 3) BIM and VDC, 4) Virtual Testing Lab, 5) Construction Education, and 6) Sustainability.Sandeep Langar (Dr.)Rachel Mosier (Associate Professor) Rachel Mosier is an Associate Professor at Oklahoma State University and a licensed as a professional engineer in Construction

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Sayed, Milwaukee School of Engineering

. His fields of research interest are Image processing, Bioinstrumentation, Ultrasonics, Biomechanics, Finite-element modeling, and development of computer algorithms. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Remote Laboratory Delivery with an At-Home Biomechanical Kinematic Data Acquisition Method (WIP) Ahmed M. Sayed 1,2 1 Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, MSOE University, Milwaukee, WI, USA 2 Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Helwan, EgyptAbstract Under the remote learning

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Best Paper

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Lande, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Thomas Machamer, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

coolOnce this information is obtained, the motivating factors can be used to improve theeffectiveness and increase interest from the student perspective in an attempt to reduce dropoutrates from engineering students.Context in LiteratureAcross Activities in Curriculum, Co-curricular, and WorkStudying engineering as an undergraduate student allows for the exploration and investigation ofpossible interests. A program of study in a particular major may map out a balance of breadthand depth in that engineering field. There are co-curricular and extra-curricular opportunities thatadd to that [1, 2].And certainly, internships bring additional context for what students may consider as the practiceand activities of engineering. With all that, students

Conference Session

PCEE Session 2: Teacher Learning Experiences

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison Antink-Meyer, Illinois State University; Ryan Brown, Illinois State University

describing curiositythat stimulates noticing and the former that motivates knowledge generation. While intimatelyconnected in engineering, this study sought to understand the nature of teachers’ perceptualcuriosity only. In what ways did they notice, find interest, and express curiosity aboutengineering knowledge, processes, and cultural connections. Understanding the nature of thisstudy’s group of participants’ perceptual curiosity, as a group of non-engineers but futureengineering educators, has implications for finding teacher education supports that better engagethem. 1 Curiosity can serve as a motivator to teaching and learning. In Cunningham

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 5 Design Teams

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Clavijo, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Louis Oh, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Kishore Pochiraju, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science)

design courses. Thecourses associated with the competition have skill-building exercises that are needed to beeffective participants. The final competition participation does not carry any course credit, andthe cash prizes are the motivators for the high-achieving teams. This paper describes an analysisof student performance data that tracks the correlation between course performance tocompetition success.Introduction and BackgroundA literature review related to competition-based learning (CBL) shows that it is a derivative ofproject-based learning and has numerous benefits in engineering education [1-4]. Competitionsprimarily motivate students to learn independently and supplement the traditional classroom [1].Working in a team towards a common

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 13: Work-in-Progress Postcard Session #2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sequoia Callahan; Blaine Pedersen, Texas A&M University; Lerah Lockett, Prairie View A&M University; Camille Burnett, Prairie View A&M University; Bimal Nepal, Texas A&M University; Karen Rambo-Hernandez, Texas A&M University

several decades [1]-[5]. First-year student retention in science,technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs is particularly important asstudents primarily leave STEM programs between their first and second years [2]-[8]. Seymourand Hewitt’s [8] comprehensive review of attrition in STEM programs reports that roughly 35%of students leave STEM majors during the transition between the first and second year; most ofthese students switched majors, but some dropped out of college entirely. They also describehow attrition rates in STEM programs decrease dramatically after this initial loss, suggesting thatstudent retention in STEM programs may increase if efforts are made to better retain first-yearstudents [8].A more recent report

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Integration of Engineering and/or Technical Rigor with Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Justice (DEIJ)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald Wang, Carnegie Mellon University

today than it ever has been that theengineers of tomorrow must not only be exposed to — but rather steeped in — the principles ofdiversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). In recent years, incorporation of DEI principles hasbecome a marquee focus in engineering curricula across the country. However, these efforts havealso drawn considerable skepticism from pedagogical traditionalists, who perceive anintrinsically zero-sum relationship between DEI and technical rigor, the latter of which isthe sine qua non of engineering education.In this work, we address these (understandable and justifiable) concerns by highlighting twoopportunities to engineer a virtuous cycle that simultaneously elevates technical rigor and DEIoutcomes: (1) identifying

Conference Session

PCEE Session 12: STEM, Technology, and Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Brown, Illinois State University; Allison Antink-Meyer, Illinois State University

need to explore theunderstandings of engineering held by middle and high school Technology and Engineeringteachers. This study incorporated two phases: 1) the alignment of the Standards forTechnological and Engineering Literacy (STEL) Benchmarks (ITEEA, 2020) for grades 9-12with the Nature of Engineering Knowledge (NOEK) framework, and 2) data analysis of 69Technology and Engineering teachers Views about the Nature of Engineering Knowledge(VNOEK) questionnaires (Antink-Meyer & Brown, 2020). The VNOEK explores 7 features and17 sub-features the describe the epistemology of engineering knowledge, which reflectbenchmarks in seven of the eight STEL Standards.This study found that the 7 features of the NOEK were found in the STEL standards at

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in Mechanics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ardakani; Joshua Ellis, Ohio Northern University

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thea Pepperl

tostudents’ professional goals, civic and community engagement, and needs identification. The initialresults of the thematic analysis are presented in this paper. Based on the results, we will discusschallenges related to the implementation of the program and suggest modifications intended for Fall 2022.IntroductionClinical immersion is a necessary component of the biodesign process and therefore serves a critical rolein the development and education of biomedical engineers. [1, 2, 3] Typically, biomedical engineeringprograms offer courses with a clinical immersion component as advanced elective courses [4], meaningthat students receive clinical immersion experiences later in their programs or not at all. In contrast,biomedical engineering students

Conference Session

Assessment in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Pittman, Texas Tech University; Sheima Khatib, Texas Tech University; Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University

confidence, confidence following topic coverage, and metacognitive reflection,as well as with mock FE exam scores. An exploratory k-means cluster analysis further identifiedstudents belonging to four clusters. A potential implication of this study for engineeringeducation is to highlight the importance of students’ confidence in problem-solving skills forsubsequent performance. Importantly, this study presents students’ perceptions and appraisals ofthe course activities that impact their problem-solving confidence.IntroductionEngineers are problem solvers and thus fostering problem-solving skills during their academicendeavors is extremely important [1]. Problem-solving is defined as a process used to obtain abest answer to a context or situation [1

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mostafa Batouli, The Citadel; Negin Shamsi, The Citadel; Nahid Vesali, The Citadel; Rebekah Burke, The Citadel

, construction has been booming throughout the USA. The construction industry is one of the nation'slargest industries and one of the largest sources of employment. Employment in construction is projected to grow 6percent from 2020 to 2030 [1]. At the same time, since projects are becoming more complex, attaining a bachelor'sdegree is an increasingly important requirement for obtaining access to high-demand, well-paying careers in theconstruction management industry [2]. The demand for construction education graduates has increased markedly inthe past several years. As a result of this demand, construction education programs flourish throughout the nation [3,4]. The search result of ASC Archives for all past articles on construction programs shows that

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Supporting and Evaluating Student Learning in BioE/BME Courses

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vibhavari Vempala, University of Michigan; Aileen Huang-Saad, Northeastern University

' understanding of career opportunities inBME, we developed a series of 1-credit (4-week) BME-In-Practice Modules that exposedbiomedical learners to biomedical engineering practice. Each 1-credit module in the series wasdesigned to run for four weeks and focused on different areas in BME such as Tissueengineering, Computational Modeling, Medical Device Development, Drug Development,Regulations, and Neural Engineering. Learners' enrolled in one or multiple modules and engagedin experiential learning for 4-weeks to gain knowledge and skills relevant to the BME area offocus in the module(s). Following the conclusion of the BME-In-Practice series, we collectedsurvey data from learners who participated in the modules to address the following researchquestions

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Rabb, The Citadel; Nahid Vesali, The Citadel

Electrical Systems, was chosen and includedthese broad topics as well as plumbing. The faculty know it as the MEP course, and studentsnickname it the Mechanical course since that is the first area in the course they study. Forconstruction engineering students, this course broadens their curriculum and allows them tointeract with faculty and students in other departments. Mechanical engineering students can takethis course as an elective to apply many theoretical concepts from previous courses into anarrower field. Since its inception, the course has been taught by a mechanical engineeringfaculty member.The ASME Vision 2030 [1] states that the problems that mechanical engineers work on ofteninclude elements of other engineering disciplines, require

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Integration of Engineering and/or Technical Rigor with Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Justice (DEIJ)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Sanford, Lafayette College; Philip Parker, University of Wisconsin - Platteville; Frederick Paige, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez, Colorado State University; Elizabeth Diacik, Lafayette College; Timothy Larsen, Lafayette College; Peter Canevari, Lafayette College

-introduce socio-technical context in CEE curricula, weare conducting a systematic review of the published literature. The objectives of this research areto document, synthesize, and amplify the work of these scholars and to encourage the communityof CEE faculty to re-contextualize the knowledge and skills taught in the CEE curriculum. Thispaper describes the methodology, including search terms and sources examined, reports thepreliminary results of the review, and synthesizes the preliminary findings. Future work willpropose strategies and structures that could be adapted and employed by civil engineering facultythroughout the U.S. to 1) engage and retain students from groups that historically have beenexcluded from CEE and 2) better educate CEE

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 13: Work-in-Progress Postcard Session #2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tami Coronella, Arizona State University

transitioninto college Dr. Maria Elena Chavez-Echeagaray, Dr. Tamara Coronella, and Robert Dodge Arizona State UniversityAbstractThis Work in Progress paper describes the effect of Homework 0 (HW 0), an activity offered atWestern University designed to support Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics(STEM) students’ successful transition to the first year of college. This transition is a criticaltime as students face several personal and academic challenges [1] or most, college means a newlifestyle and level of independence [1]. Pre-college academic activities are positively correlatedwith a student’s persistence and graduation [2] because these activities can support thedevelopment of a student’s sense

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuetong Lin, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; Reza Rahdar, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; Mark London, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; A. Shahhosseini, Indiana State University

is important to briefly consider several types of definitions and select which type ofdefinition that we will employ in this paper.In Chapter 3 of his book on formal logic, Clark [1] described three commonly used types ofdefinitions: connotative definitions, denotative definitions, and ostensive definitions. To helpillustrate the differences between these types of definitions let us borrow Clark’s example andconsider the varying ways to define the term eligible voter. A connotative definition defines theterm by listing the necessary and sufficient qualifications that attach to those to whom the termvalidly applies (e.g., a human being, over the age of 18, and who is a citizen of the geographicalor political region in which the election

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel A. Sanchez, University of Pennsylvania; Rocio Chavela Guerra, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University

be employed to measure and address inequities withina population. Comprehensive demographic data collection allows for the representation of diverse livedexperiences among the surveyed population. However, in many cases the survey instruments developedto collect demographic data lack the nuance required to fully capture the diversity of lived experience amongall members of the population under study. In particular, the LGBTQ+ community is one that remainscritically understudied. Recent studies have begun to examine the unique difficulties that LGBTQ+ peopleface in STEM careers and education, which include navigating coming out in the workplace [1], harassment,and professional devaluation [2]. These difficulties have detrimental effects on

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Design and Labs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Perez, Boise State University; Donald Plumlee, Boise State University

applyingsustainability to their design work. As a general trend based on the alumni data, women alsotended to feel less confident in applying sustainability to their design work. However, they weremore interested in the concept than men. This paper will suggest improvements in ALMs relatedto sustainability concepts at Boise State University.IntroductionIn recent years, sustainability concepts have piqued an interest in many professionalcommunities and have been emphasized in workforce development and student education [1],[2]. With interest in sustainability rising, many universities have begun integrating sustainabilityconcepts into their engineering curriculum [3]–[5]. Many universities, including Boise StateUniversity (BSU), introduced sustainable concepts

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Student Growth

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anu Osta, Rowan University; Melanie Amadoro, Rowan University; Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University

the demographics and the situation are different, the human touch cannot entirely bereplaced by virtual advising. Some authors have written about how students faced wideningbarriers in higher education due to lack of informed guidance as a result of inability to adapt tovirtual formats, particularly those who were not proactive about their next educational steps7.The International Association of Student Affairs and Services (IASAS) mentions acomprehensive set of out of- the-classroom student services that are designed to “enable andempower students to focus more intensely on their studies and personal growth, both cognitivelyand emotionally8. It mentions three key objectives that higher education institutions should aimfor (1) identify the