Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 36451 - 36480 of 38334 in total
Conference Session
Outcome Assessment, Quality, and Accreditation
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Nilufer Gozacan; Reza Ziarati
Business Review, 39, pp. 111-121.22. ZIARATI, R. (1998), Total Quality Management, Staff Development Seminar, Doğuş University, Istanbul, Turkey.23. GÖZAÇAN BORAHAN, N. and R. ZIARATI (April 2001, “3D Modelling of Quality Assurance and Control System for Higher Education Sector”, Doğuş University Report.24. ZIARATI, R. (1995), “Learning Organisation”, Keynote Paper, European Action Programme for Education and Training, LEONARDO CONFERENCE, Birmingham, UK.25. BLANDFORD, S. and M. SHAW (August 2001), “Managing International Schools”, RoutledgeFalmer, Pb: 0-415-22885-9. Page 7.67.15 "Proceedings of the 2002
Conference Session
Inter. collaboratory efforts in engr edu
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Sami Ainane; Chandra Thamire
Conference & Exposition, American Society for Engineering Education.4. Charles, J. Adaptions of Distance Education in the 1993, ITCA Teleconference Yearbook, 1991.5. Eydgahi, H.Y., and Eydgahy, S. Y., Global Engineering Education: Benefits and Limitations of Distance Education, Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, American Society for Engineering Education.6. Johnson, A. F., Bridging the Gap from Technician to Engineer, a New Engineering Program at UND, North Midwest Section Meeting of ASEE, 1990.7. FSU at a glance, web page, http://www.frostburg.edu/ungrad/glance.htm.8. University of Maryland - Quick Facts, web page, http://www.inform.umd.edu/CampusInfo/Departments
Conference Session
ASEE Multimedia Session
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Maher Murad; Robert Martinazzi; Jerry Samples
between all parties and the ensuing dialogue promotes commitment,ownership, enthusiasm and deep interest in the topic(s) of mutual benefits (4).To be an effective professor, faculty, especially new faculty, must take the initiative to find waysto establish trust with their students beginning on the very first day of class. Many times facultyare so intent on getting started with the course content they overlook the critical need to beginestablishing a positive rapport with the students. Investing a small amount of time on the firstday of class with the student exercise described in this paper can pay great dividends for both thestudents and faculty member. The specific exercise begins the process of establishing trust withthe students by having
Conference Session
New/Emerging Technologies
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
R. Radharamanan
Insight Video by SME, VT516-2393 (1994).2. Dessouky, M. M. et al. Virtual Factory Teaching System in Support of Manufacturing Education. Journal ofEngineering Education, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 459-467 (1998).3. Goldman, S. L., Nagel, R. N., and Preiss, K. Agile Competitors and Virtual Organizations: Strategies forEnriching the Customer. Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1995).4. Goodchild, M. F. Manage Your Metadata. Geo Info Systems, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp.43-45, 2000.5. Hardwick, M. What You Should Know About STEP. Machine Design, Vol. 72, No. 13, pp. 98-102, 2000.6. Hitchcock, M. F., Baker, A. D., and Brink, J. R. The Role of Hybrid Systems Theory in Virtual Manufacturing.Proc. IEEE Symposium on Computer-Aided Control Systems Design (CACSD), IEEE, New
Conference Session
CE Rap Session and Toys in the Classroom
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Tonya Emerson
College Science Education”, Journalof College Teaching, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 286-290, 1993[5] Kramer-Koehler, P.; Tooney, N.; and Beke, D., “The Use of Learning Style Innovations to Improve Retention”,ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Conference Proceedings, vol. 2, pp. 4a2.5-4a2.8,[6] Ford, N.; and Chen, S. “Matching/Mismatching Revisited: An Empirical Study of Learning and TeachingStyles”, British Journal of Educational Technology, vol.32, no. 1, pp. 5-22, 2001[7] Allen, E.; Mourtos, N. “Using learning styles preferences data to inform classroom teaching and assessmentactivities”, 30th Annual ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Conference Proceedings, Champaign, IL,:Stripes Publishing, vol. 2, . pp.S2B/6, 2000[8] Felder, R
Conference Session
Control in the Classroom
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
W. San Yip; Michael Hough; Eric Wood; Thomas Marlin
Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society for Engineering Education S-LOOP plots deviation variables (IAE = 32.0664) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time 30 20 10 0 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 TimeFigure 5. Closed
Conference Session
Moral Theories and Engineering Ethics
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
William Jordan; Stan Napper; Bill Elmore
. However, the moral theory based analysis is new to this paper.The first author was a metallurgical engineer for a steel company. Our customer was one of the fivelargest companies in the country making consumer appliances. We were selling them sheet steel to beused in the core of the electrical motors of the appliances. Being a large company, the specifications forthe steel were written by engineers at a site about 200 miles away from the customer's productionfacility. We were faced with a problem for if our steel met the specification for hardness, then the steelwould not physically work in the customer' s press. If we made a softer steel that could be fabricatedin the presses then it will not have met the customer's written specifications. We
Conference Session
Tools of Teaching
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Richard Jacques; Mark Shields; John O'Connell; Matthew Mehalik
: Attributes, experiences, ABET 2000 and an implementation. ASEE Annual Meeting, 1997 Session #2653. 5. Shields, M.A., and O'Connell, J.P. Professional development and collaborative teaching in an undergraduate curriculum. ASEE Annual Meeting 1997, Session #3253. 6. Shields, M.A., O'Connell, J.P. Technological capability: A multidisciplinary focus for undergraduate engineering education. ASEE Annual Meeting 1998, Session #1261. Page 7.909.9 7. Musselwhite, W.C. Flying High; Exploring whole systems and quality. Proc. 1992 Int. Creativity and Innovation Networking Conf., Stanley S. Gryskiewicz
Conference Session
Knowing Students:Diversity and Retention
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Elizabeth R. Crockett; Matthew Ohland
Engineering Education1 National Resource Center for The First-Year Experience & Students In Transition, http://www.sc.edu/fye/2 Gándara, P., and J. Maxwell-Jolly, Priming the Pump, Strategies for Increasing the Achievement ofUnderrepresented Minority Undergraduates, http://www.collegeboard.org/research/html/PrimingThePump.pdf ,item number 987257, The College Board, New York, December 1999, chapter 4.3 Gándara and Maxwell-Jolly, p. 30.4 Virginia Tech Minority Engineering Programs Homepage, http://www.eng.vt.edu/affairs/ugrad/mep.html .5 Rogers, E.M., The Diffusion of Innovation, 4th Ed., New York: Free Press, 1995.6 Gándara and Maxwell-Jolly, p. 32.7 Gándara and Maxwell-Jolly, p. 28.8 Fletcher, S., and M.R. Anderson-Rowland, “Developing
Conference Session
Closing Manufacturing Competency Gaps I
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Karen Harris; Sunday Faseyitan; Robert Myers; Pearley Cunningham; Winston Erevelles
Competency Gaps Among Newly Hired Engineering Graduates”, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 19975. SME Manufacturing Education Plan: 1999 Critical Competency Gaps “Industry Updates Competency Gaps Among Newly Hired Engineering Graduates”, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 19996. Manufacturing Programs Accredited by the ABET, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, World Wide Web Site - http://www.sme.org/7. “EAC Accredited Programs for 1999”, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, World Wide Web Site - http://www.abet.org/8. Michie Joan S. and Frechtling Joy, User Friendly Project Evaluation, National Science FoundationWINSTON F. EREVELLESWinston Erevelles is the Associate Dean of the School of Engineering
Conference Session
Web Systems and Web Services
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Ralph Buchal
associates; Higher Education in an era of Digital Competition , Attwood Publishing, 2000, p.60 6 Lang, S.; Dickinson, J., Buchal, R., An Overview of Cognitive Factors in Distributed Design, Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Work in Design , London, Ontario, July 12-14, 2001, pp.190-197. 7 Curtis, David D.; Lawson, Michael J.; Exploring Collaborative Online Learning, Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, Vol.5, No.1, February 2001, pp.21-34. 8 Chin, George Jr.; Carroll, John M.; Articulating Collaboration in a Learning Community, Behaviour and Information Technology, Vol.19, No.4, 2000, pp.233-245. 9 BSCW, OrbiTeam Software GmbH
Conference Session
Improving Statics and Dynamics Classes
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Mandeep Thukral; Kurt Gramoll
. Page 7.1308.10 Fig. 11. TA Privilege(s) Customization Screen Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering EducationV. Communication Between the Instructor and StudentsResearch has shown that for the success of an online course, interaction between the instructorand students is necessary [4]. The system has two main built-in features for communicationsbetween different students and between the instructor and students. The web-board (Fig. 12)provides a discussion forum so that questions can be posted and drawing-board (Fig. 13) allowsstudents and the instructor to interactively draw
Conference Session
International Engineering Education
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Webert Lovencin; Adnan Javed; Fazil Najafi
(Social Science 2210 Technical Writing Sciences) TERM 3 TERM 4 Course Course Title Credits Course Course Title Credits MAC 2313 Analytical Geom. & 4.0 MAP 2302/ Differential Equations or Intro to 3.0 Calculus 3 EGM 3311 Engineering Analysis PHY 2049 Physics with Calculus 2 3.0 EGM 2511 Statics 2.0 PHY Physics Lab 1.0 Gen. Ed. Humanities or Social Science 3.0 2049L (Hum/S) Gen. Ed
Conference Session
Use of Labs to Introduce Students to Engr.
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Nathaniel Allen; Mike Klein; Matthew Cunnington; Levi Westra; Ronald Smelser; Edwin Odom
active interest in the ME Machine Shop as a key element in design education sincejoining the University of Idaho eleven years ago. Dr. Odom maintains an avid interest in the literature of creativityand management and is especially well versed on the subjects of team dynamics and leadership styles. He wasrecognized for his role in development of the Idaho Engineering Works by a university teaching award in 1998.DR. RONALD E. SMELSERDr. Ronald E. Smelser is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Idaho. He holds degrees fromthe University of Cincinnati, MIT, and Carnegie Mellon University. Prior to joining the University of Idaho, heworked for fourteen years at U. S. Steel, Alcoa, and Concurrent Technology Corporation. He
Conference Session
Instructional Technology--What Works
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Keith Adolphson; Rujin Cheng; Kurt Gramoll
determine if auser has visited the web page. This helps determine which aspects of the EMET instruction arebeing used, which are more effective or, conversely, which are ineffective. This feature permitsdevelopers to determine of the overall effectiveness of the respective learning strategies. Withthis information patterns indicating the preferred learning style(s) can be identified and used tomake adjustments to the program. This mechanism is similar to methods used by commercialweb sites. For example, e-commerce sites also examine the behavior pattern of users at theirwebsite. Using this information, these sites can evaluate, re-distribute and improve developmentefforts more effectively
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
William Keat; James Hedrick; Christine LaPlante; Richard Wilk; Cherrice Traver; Frank Wicks
design studio experiences,and even sitting in on each others lectures to be better prepared to present the material. Ifthis approach is used with a group of cooperative faculty, the benefits of the exposure todifferent teaching styles and understanding of other disciplines can be extremely positiveand rewarding and will ultimately benefit the students.Bibliography1. Ercolano, V., “Designing Freshmen,” ASEE Prism, April (1996).2. Ambrose, S. A. and Amon, C.H., “Systematic Design of a First-Year Mechanical Engineering Course at Carnegie Mellon University,” Journal of Engineering Education, V 86, n 2, 1997, p.173-181.3. Barr, R.E., Schmidt, P.S., Krueger, T.J. and Twu, C.Y., “An Introduction to Engineering Through an Integrated Reverse
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Ed McCombs; Camille F. DeYong
there was aquantitative method available to estimate the mean and the variance even if they had nohistorical data. We believe that this assignment was worthwhile and will continue to useit in future undergraduate classes.Bibliography1. Case, Kenneth E., 2001, Regents Professor Industrial Engineering and Management, Oklahoma StateUniversity, Discussions on minimal data set size necessary to estimate an underlying distribution, 8January.2.Greer, Wilis J., Jr., 1970, “Capital Budgeting Analysis with the Timing of Events Uncertain,” TheAccounting Review, January, 103-114.3. Park, Chan S., and Sharpe-Bette, Gunter P., 1990, Advanced Engineering Economics, John Wiley andSons, New York.4. White, John A., Case, Kenneth E., Pratt, David B., and Agee
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Nakeya Norman; Janelle Meyer; Charu Dugar; Jason Keith
(2000). 3. Batill, S. AME 470 Senior Design Project, http://www.nd.edu/~batill/www.me470/ 4. Brockman, J. and Fuja, T. EG111/112 Introduction to Engineering Systems, http://www.nd.edu/~engintro/JASON M. KEITHJason Keith is an Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at Michigan Technological University, and is theinstructor for the course titled CM4900 Interdisciplinary Design 1. He received his PhD from the University ofNotre Dame in August 2000. While at Notre Dame Jason was active in the development of a new freshmanengineering sequence EG111/EG112 Introduction to Engineering Systems, serving as a graduate instructor in thiscourse during the 1999-2000 academic year. Jason also holds a B.S.ChE degree in Chemical Engineering from
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Amir Karimi
#982940, Vol. XIX, August 2000, Number 5, p. 64. Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2001, American Society for Engineering Education3. Karimi, A.; Arroyo, G. A., Passos, A., and Shih, C. S., “Re-Evaluation of Engineering Curriculum Foundation,” presented at of the 1998 Annual Meeting of the Gulf-Southwest Section of ASEE, March 25-27, 1998, New Orleans, Louisiana.4. URL: http:/www.thecb.state.tx.us/divisions/ctc/ip/Core/background.htm; Core Curriculum in Texas: Introduction and Background.5. URL: http:/www.thecb.state.tx.us/divisions/ctc/ip/Core/finalreport.htm; Report of the Advisory Committee on Core Curriculum
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Christopher Jorden; Farouk Attia
software. This type of systemallows quick modifications to adapt to the constantly changing needs of the customer.Bibliography1. Applehans, W., Globe, A., and Laugero, G., Managing Knowledge-A Practical Web-Based Approach: Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1999.2. Grinberg, I.Y. and Stratton, J.A., “A Systems Engineering Approach to Engineering Design Methodology.” The Journal of Engineering Technology. Vol.13, no.2 (Fall 1996): pp8-13.3. Simpson, G.S., Lamb, F.E., and Dinnie, N.C., “Applying Probabilistic and Qualitative Methods to Asset- Management Decision Making.” The Journal of Petroleum Technology. Vol.52, no.12 (Dec 2000): pp49-50.4. Kalpakjian, S., Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials. 3rd ed. Menlo Park, CA
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Martin Trethewey; John Gardner; Thomas Litzinger
remainder of the semester, each team set about redesigning and reconstructing cars for therace. The race had three events: flat course speed, hill-climb, and obstacle course. The speedevent was timed with a start at zero velocity with the distance reached in the allowed timemeasured for three heats. In the incline event the vehicle had to carry another vehicle up theincline, and the incline was increased incrementally until the vehicle could no longer climb. Theobstacle had three segments: equally spaced bumps, randomly spaced ½” PVC pipe, and an “S”style obstacle course. All three courses were available prior to race day for testing and practice.Each team was permitted to modify two cars for the races, so that they had to make trade-offs intheir
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Barrie Jackson
Hands-on work is the best way to start, With help face to face with experienced T.A.’s I can get the kind of education that really pays At last, something exciting and new, QUFYAS is a challenge that I can relate to Shirking labs isn’t my goal, Believe me sincere, It’s QUFYAS that would make me a true engineer!” “Initially I was a little hesitant as to whether or not I should sign up for the QUFYAS Project. There were many obstacles that stood between my decision to apply for this course. I find chemistry and physics labs easy and straightforward. Therefore it seems foolish to sacrifice these marks. What if the projects are too difficult? What if I don’t get along with my group
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Arnoldo Muyshondt; Ing-Chang Jong
Proceedings.7. Alam, J., and Rencis, J. J., “Use of Internet in Information Content Creation and Delivery for Promoting Active Cooperating Learning,” Session 2220, 1997 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings.8. Herrmann, E., Teach Yourself CGI Programming with PERL in a Week, Sams Net, 1996.9. Brenner, S., and Aoki, E., Introduction to CGI/Perl: Getting Started with Web Scripts, IDG Books, 1995. (This book covers CGI scripting and cgi-lib.pl.)10. Lemay, L., Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML 4 in 14 Days, Second Professional Reference Edition, Sams Net Publishing, 1997.ARNOLDO MUYSHONDTArnoldo Muyshondt is currently a Principal Member of Technical Staff at the Sandia National Laboratories. He re-ceived a BSME in 1986 and an MSME in 1988
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Tony Rogers; David Miller; Bruce Barna
Design Data, AIChE, (1983 - updated in 1986).Skjold-Jorgensen, S., B. Kolbe, J. Gmehling, and P. Rasmussen, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibria by UNIFAC Group Contribution. Revision and Extension," Ind. Eng. Chem., Process Des. Dev., Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 714-722, 1979.Tiegs, D. and J. Gmehling, "Vapor-Liquid Equilibria by UNIFAC Group Contribution. 4. Revision and Extension," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 159-161, 1987.Wilson, G.M. and C.H. Deal, "Activity Coefficients and Molecular Structure," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 20- 23, 1962.DAVID C. MILLERDavid C. Miller is an Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at Michigan Technological University. He
Conference Session
"Green" Topics in Architectural Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary Ann Frank, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
schedule of lamp replacement so that students learn the practical meaning of ‘ratedlamp life’. To support Habitat’s sustainability goals, luminaire maintenance is achievable by thehomeowner without assistance of an electrical contractor.Recycling options for fluorescent lamps are also addressed in consumer education. Studentresearch of LEED requirements indicates that this educational component contributes to theLEED prerequisite for ‘Guidance on occupant activities and choices, including….lightingselection’13. This is part of the documentation included in an operations and maintenance manualprovided to the homeowner(s) satisfying the LEED Education of the Homeowner or Tenant
Conference Session
Hardware Applications
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven F. Barrett, University of Wyoming; Amos L. Purdy; Cameron H. G. Wright P.E., University of Wyoming
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Department at the University of Wyoming wascontacted by one of our alumnus in the Spring of 2008 concerning development of an industrialcontrols course. The alumni had graduated in the early 1980’s developed a highly successfulindustrial control company that provided service to the chemical, mining, oil, petrochemical, gas,and automotive industries [1]. The alumnus was interested in supporting the development of acourse that emphasized the design of programmable logic controller (PLC) based systems vital toa wide range of industries and to support the ongoing demand for engineers educated inindustrial control concepts and applications. Further, the alumnus pledged financial support todevelop a physical laboratory and the required instrumentation to
Conference Session
Engaging Families and Exciting Girls with Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan M. Caley Opsal, Illinois Valley Community College; Dorene M. Perez, Illinois Valley Community College; James A. Gibson, Illinois Valley Community College; Rose Marie Lynch, Illinois Valley Community College
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Illinois School Report Card. Lincoln Junior High School. http: //www.lasalleschools.net/files/filesystem/Lincoln Junior High Report Card.pdf.16. Center for Nanoscale Chemical-Electrical-Mechanical Manufacturing Systems. http://www.nano- cemms.illinois.edu.17. National Alliance for Partnerships in Equity Education Foundation. Stereotypes turn girls off to math and science. www.stemequitypipeline.org/_documents/MythstcchCopywr.pressversion1.pdf.18. Clason, D. L. and Dormody, T.J. Analyzing data measured by individual likert-type items. Journal of Agricultural Education. 35:4. 1994. pp. 31-35. http://pubs.tamu.edu/jae/pdf/Vol35/35-4-31.pdf. Jamison. S. Likert scales: How to (ab)use them. Medical Education: Blackwell
Conference Session
First-Year Activities and Peer Review Strategies in Civil Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine Kuder, Seattle University; Nirmala Gnanapragasam, Seattle University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
of:_______________ Reviewer:_____________ Item Check CommentsStyle/Grammar/StyleSentences are complete _____ ________________________________No repetition within abstract & LOT _____ ________________________________ASTM # included in methodology _____ ________________________________Sentences don’t begin with #s/symbols _____ ________________________________Numbers < 10 written in words ____ ________________________________0 placed before decimal _____ ________________________________Professional language (not colloquial
Conference Session
Active and Project-Based Learning
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David H. Jonassen, University of Missouri, Columbia; Sanjeev K. Khanna, University of Missouri
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
the material? The paradigm illustrated in Figure 2 will help in considering the origin of the properties. 4. a. Identify class of materials that should meet those properties b. Select 5-10 candidate materials from a database or other sources 5. Select equation(s) and calculate changes to material performance for each alternative 6. Does material need to be processed to achieve the desired properties? 6a. If yes, develop material processing necessary to meet the desired/required material properties. 7. Examine candidate materials in greater detail 8. Determine pros and cons for candidate materials 9. Develop argument in favor of final choice
Conference Session
Best Zone Paper Competition
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Andrew Petersen, University of Toronto Mississauga
Tagged Topics
Council of Sections
. Page 22.822.106 Treisman, U. 1992. Studying Students Studying Calculus: A Look at the Lives of Minority Mathematics Students inCollege. College Mathematics Journal 23(5), pp. 362-372.7 Wilson, D. 2008. Does it Matter? Psychological Sense of Community & Belonging in Engineering Education.Frontiers in Education 2008.8 Johnson, D.W., Johnson, D.T. & Smith, K.A. 1998. Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom, 2ndEd. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company.9 Hausfather, S. J. 1996. Vygotsky and schooling: Creating a social context for learning. Action in TeacherEducation. (18) 1-10.10 Jones, D.W. 1996. Empowering teams in the classroom can work. Journal for Quality and Participation, 19(1),80-86.11 Schmidt, L., Schmidt, J