Conference Session

International Engineering Education I

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Waddah Akili

basis • Class lectures are strictly out of the text book with no discussion or feedbackTable 3. Some Cited Weaknesses and Deficiencies in Math/Science Component of a TypicalPrimary School in the Arab Gulf States • Modify offerings to allow for electives • Widen selection of courses to cover additional areas such as: world history and culture, human psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc… • Encourage group projects, library and internet search, and field-related projects • Introduce one or two courses (per year) using simplified English. Thus, helping learners of English to improve their English skillsTable 4. Suggested Modifications and Improvements in the

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Warren Phillips; Joseph Clair Batty; John Gershenson; Christine Hailey

. III. Graduates will be able to communicate 3. Laboratory MAE 2040, and work effectively on team-based Experience MAE 4040, engineering projects. etc. IV. Graduates will recognize the importance 4. Computer-based MAE 1100, of and have the skills for continued Engineering etc. independent learning. 5. Humanities, Arts, and MAE 1110

Conference Session

Design and Innovation

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Robin Adams; Pimpida Punnakanta; Craig D. Lewis; Cynthia Atman

their design activities may differ significantly from their actualperformance in solving “messy” open-ended problems. In the Pacific Northwest, multi-university participants in aNational Science Foundation supported project (Transferable Integrated Design Engineering Education, TIDEE)have implemented and disseminated a Mid-Program Assessment instrument for assessing engineering studentdesign competency. One part of the instrument requires student teams to document (e.g., self-report) their designdecisions and processes while engaged in a design task. These written self-reports are scored using a rubric thathas demonstrated a high inter-rater reliability. We are interested in comparing the scores derived from these self-reports with measures of

Conference Session

Assessment and Its Implications in IE

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Siripen Larpkiattaworn; Obinna Muogboh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre; Larry Shuman; Alejandro Scalise; Dan Budny; Barbara Olds; Ronald Miller; Harvey Wolfe

Engineer with ALCOA and with the U.S. Army Human EngineeringLaboratory.LARRY J. SHUMAN is Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, School of Engineering, University of Pittsburghand Professor of Industrial Engineering. His areas of interest are improving the engineering educational experienceand the study of the ethical behavior of engineers. Together with Dr. Atman, Dr. Shuman co-chaired the 1997Frontiers in Education Conference held in Pittsburgh. He is a co-author of Engineering Ethics: Balancing CostSchedule and Risk - Lessons Learned from the Space Shuttle (Cambridge University Press, 1997). Dr. Shuman hasbeen principle or co-principle investigator on over twenty sponsored research projects funded from such governmentagencies and foundations as

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Shawn Gross; David Clarke; David Bentler; Joseph Hitt; Janet Baldwin; Ronald Welch

Engineering Educationchairs may be more suitable. The equipment in the room to include the amount of black boardspace, projection systems, etc. may limit how course material is presented. Is the classroomclose to a laboratory or is their classroom space in the laboratory if experiments are part of thelesson objectives? Is there space in the classroom for large models or demonstrations? Is thecourse covering design or is it a seminar?13 All of these (and many more) issues affect thelearning environment for the course.Even though there is an appearance at some universities that funding is only sought for researchfacilities rather than maintaining or upgrading existing classrooms, the professor must still seekout and demand classrooms that are conducive

Conference Session

FPD II: Increasing Engagement and Motivation of First-Year Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Walter Curtis Lee, Virginia Tech ; John Andrew Janeski, Virginia Tech; Katherine E. Winters, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

22.785.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 How Instructors and Classroom Climate Contribute to the Motivation of First-Year Engineering Students.AbstractStudent perceptions of faculty and Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTAs) are important factorsfor student retention and classroom engagement in engineering. As courses become moregrounded in student-centered learning approaches through the addition of design projects,problem-based learning, and other student-centered learning activities, it is important that theinteractions between the instructors and the students allow for a positive classroom environment.Grounded in self-determination theory, our study investigates the

Conference Session

Active and Inquiry-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhsin Menekse, Arizona State University; Glenda Stump, Arizona State University; Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Michelene T.H. Chi, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineering and education, capstone design, and introductory materials engineering. His research interests are evaluating conceptual knowledge, miscon- ceptions and their repair, and conceptual change. He has co-developed a Materials Concept Inventory for assessing conceptual knowledge of students in introductory materials engineering classes. He is cur- rently conducting research with NSF sponsored projects in the areas of: Modules to Promote Conceptual Change in an Introductory Materials Course, Tracking Student Learning Trajectories of Atomic Structure and Macroscopic Property Relationships, and Assessing the Effect of Learning Modes on Conceptual Change.Michelene T.H. Chi, Arizona State University Micki Chi is a

Conference Session

Rethinking PowerPoint and Other Acts of Communication

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine G. Nicometo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Traci M. Nathans-Kelly, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

formy…project. I made it a goal to use as few words as possible and as many graphics aspossible. I think it is probably the best power point [sic] I have every put together.”Another cohort member, an electronics engineer for a United States government agencynoted that using these techniques …has caused me to change up a little how I usually prepare for my presentations. In these past presentations, I was more reliant on the slides to tell most of the story and I think that hurt some of my flow. I found using that by using visual cues in the slides my presentation flowed very well and was felt much more like story telling rather than just going though the information line by line.As well, a design engineer for

Conference Session

Active and Inquiry-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonte Bernhard, Linköping University, Sweden

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

report of project 167/96. 2005, Council for Renewal of Higher Education: Stockholm.44. Richards, M.J., An ABC of dimensional analysis. Physics Education, 1971. 6(4): pp. 244-249.45. Baillie, C. and J. Bernhard, Educational research impacting engineering education. European Journal of Engineering Education, 2009. 34(4): pp. 291-294.46. Erickson, F. and K. Gutierrez, Comment: Culture, rigor, and science in educational research. Educational Researcher, 2002. 31(8): pp. 21-24.47. Thornton, R.K., et al., Comparing the force and motion conceptual evaluation and the force concept inventory. Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research, 2009. 5(1): p. 010105.48. Redish, E.F., Teaching physics with the Physics Suite. 2003, New

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions: Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick W. Pace, University of Texas, Austin; Kristin L. Wood, University of Texas, Austin; John J. Wood, U.S. Air Force Academy; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Brian K Skibba, Air Force Research Laboratory

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

U.S. Air Force. After completing his Ph.D. in 2002, he returned to the Air Force Academy where he has been on the faculty ever since. The current focus of Dr. Wood’s research is the continued development of empirical testing methods using similitude-based approaches. This approach provides significant potential for increasing the efficiency of the design process through a reduction in required full-scale testing and an expansion of the projected performance profiles using empirically-based prediction techniques. Dr. Wood’s research also includes the development of micro air vehicle systems using innovative conceptual design techniques for current technology implementations, as well as futuristic projections

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne R. Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Rebecca K. Toghiani, Mississippi State University; Christopher Dawson, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Page 22.1357.5degree at her university. She began listing a series of experiences: minority representation in theStudent Senate, comments made, isolation in project teams, etc. Each event separately could beperceived by a majority individual to have a plausible secondary explanation, or be brushed asideas an unfortunate coincidence. However, when viewed collectively, they created a suffocatingenvironment. The lesson here is that while an obstacle may not be insurmountable, repeatedobstacles can become wearying and collectively drag a person down. Talking openly aboutperceptions can help all individuals put events in perspective and realize the impact of theirbehaviors.Obtaining Feedback on Climate in Classes / Departmental CommunityClimates

Conference Session

Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ziyu Long, Purdue University; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Klod Kokini, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robyn F Wilson, Purdue University; Jennifer C Batra, Purdue University ; Lindsey B. Anderson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

research questions: (RQ1) how do womenengineering faculty construct their mentoring networks? and (RQ2) what are engineering womenfaculty’s mentoring network configurations?Methods This paper is part of a larger project to assess the revised formal mentoring programsdesigned and offered by the College of Engineering at a large Midwestern (U.S.) university andto study the mentoring experiences of faculty members in the STEM discipline. Our paperfocuses on women faculty members’ mentoring experience from a network perspective. Seventenure-track women faculty members from the College of Engineering agreed to participate inour study (see Table 1). Participants represent five different engineering specialties in theCollege. Two of our

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa K. Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

and team collaboration, and use ofresources will all be recognized, while maintaining a reasonable burden of time when assessing ateam of students rather than individuals. This technique is similar to team-based design reportpresentations, with the differences in the level of open-endedness and size of the audience.Unlike project presentations, the oral examinations were presented to a closed audiencecomprised of the professor and the students’ team. Although this is less reflective of theprofessional world, as this is an introductory course, the objective for these exams was to assesstheir knowledge, not yet their ability to handle the stress associated with performing in front of afull audience of their peers. Assessment of student

Conference Session

Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Hertzberg, University of Colorado, Boulder; Bailey Renee Leppek, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kara E. Gray, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

photography students, plus students from art history, film, and journalism. In contrast tomany other art/science courses, the artists do not contribute only art to their joint projects, nor do the engineerscontribute only technical assistance. Instead, the engineers are expected to be artists, with aesthetic control overtheir work, while both the art students and the engineers are expected to preserve the scientific utility of theirimages of fluid flow by providing accurate documentation of the flow and imaging process. There are severalother unusual aspects of this course. All assignments are open-ended: students are not given explicitrequirements or instructions to use specific flows or visualization techniques. Instead they are provided with

Conference Session

Before and After: Matriculants and Alumni

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xingyu Chen, Purdue University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Research Informing Teaching Practice I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Venters, Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Virginia Tech Engineering Communication Center. Her research includes interdisciplinary collaboration, commu- nication studies, identity theory, and reflective practice. Projects supported by the National Science Foun- dation include interdisciplinary pedagogy for pervasive computing design, writing across the curriculum in statics courses, and a CAREER award to explore the use of e-portfolios to promote professional identity and reflective practice. Her teaching emphasizes the roles of engineers as communicators and educators, the foundations and evolution of the engineering education discipline, assessment methods, and evaluating communication in engineering.Dr. Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech Marie C. Paretti is

Conference Session

"How Do We Compare?" - Students, Case Studies, and Learning Approaches

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel J. Versypt, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Ashlee N. Ford Versypt, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

residential IllinoisMathematics and Science Academy and Kansas Academy of Mathematics and Science.Conversely, if just high school location was used without home addresses, the data may notadequately capture the locale background of students who attend schools in other locales.However, obtaining details on high schools attended and implementing a qualitative component Page 23.885.12where rural students are interviewed as part of the study would provide more information andpartially lessen this limitation.Because of the somewhat narrow scope of the project and the limitations, further research is stillneeded to assess rural students’ participation in

Conference Session

Potpouri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nehal I. Abu-lail, Washington State University; Fatin Aliah Phang, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Ashley Ater Kranov, ABET; Khairiyah Mohd-Yusof, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Robert G. Olsen, Washington State University; Rochelle Letrice Williams, ABET; Azizan Zainal Abidin, Universiti Teknologi Petronas

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Compatibility and Radio Science. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012Dr. Rochelle Letrice Williams, ABET Rochelle Williams recently joined the ABET headquarters staff as Educational Research and Assessment Manager in the Professional Services Department. In this role, Williams manages ABET’s educational of- ferings on a global scale and leads technical education research projects. Prior to joining ABET, Williams held two positions at Baton Rouge Community College: Science Laboratory Manager and Adjunct Fac- ulty in the Mathematics Department. In addition, Williams has worked closely with the National Sci- ence Foundation’s Next Generation Composites Crest Center at Southern University

Conference Session

ChemE Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; John L. Falconer, University of Colorado, Boulder; David L. Silverstein, University of Kentucky; Ronald L. Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

, including: highlights of AIChE Concept Warehouse news, added questions, new tutorials and comments about submitted questions. Search View, filter, and search for questions. Then, select question(s) for use in class. Organize, group, download (MS Power Point, MS Word), or assign (via projection in-class or Manage Tests sent to student laptops or smartphones) ConcepTests. Confidence and short answer explanation prompts can be added to questions during assignment. ConcepTests View information after questions have been answered, including all or a

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Teresa Larkin-Hein; Dan Budny

extraneous ideas. TheSensor likes hands-on projects and drill-and- practice problems so long as they do not becometoo complex. Sensors also like to learn the specific rather then the general. Thus, to be effectivefor the Sensor, the teaching and learning strategies should include hands-on experiments andsample solutions and homework problems that have only one best answer.Intuitors are so engrossed in pursuing the possibilities that come to mind when presented withinformation that they seldom look very intently at only the facts. The Intuitor likes innovationand complexity, and quickly becomes bored with routine drill and practice. To be effective forthe Intuitor, teaching and learning strategies should include open-ended essay or design

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Vipin Kumar; Margaret Wheeler; Gregory Branch

graduate mechanical engineers. Another seniordesign professor a t the University of Washington upon seeing the torsional lab, recounted astory of his own. Years before he had run into a torsional problem when working with a group ofsenior students on their senior project and had had trouble even finding how to analyze theproblem. Another example came from an “older” student who had been working a number of Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Page 6.246.3 Copyright  2001, American Society for Engineering Educationyears as a design engineer and was taking

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Melody Ivory; Kathleen Luker; Kathleen Coppock; Erol Tutumluer; David Hill; Christine Masters; Amelia Regan; Alkim Akyurtlu; Eric Matsumoto; Sandra Shaw Courter; Sarah Pfatteicher

small group activities. I also reliedupon the teaching philosophy that I had outlined during the diversity and learning stylesworkshop.The CPPD syllabus incorporated a wide range of topics that I felt were consistent with mymission and teaching philosophy. Topics varied from developing a positive self-image andattitude, time management, developing a career plan and successful career management toproblem solving, analysis, technical writing, and interpersonal skills. I also identified bothtraditional and non-traditional activities to accompany my lesson units, such as journal writing,role-playing and solving logic problems. The course culminated with a final project for whichstudents had to prepare and present a very detailed career plan in

Conference Session

Accountability and Stewardship

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen Newton; Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

change most strongly if projections come to fruition [4,16-17].Climate anxiety can be maladaptive or adaptive. It’s been demonstrated that people whoexperience an adaptive response are more likely to respond through behavioral engagement (pro-environmental action). When the anxiety response becomes maladaptive, resulting in challengeswith excessive worry and trouble with concentration, it has been observed that this behavioralengagement link weakens. In the context of climate anxiety, this is sometimes referred to as eco-paralysis [3, 18].Climate Change Anxiety ScaleAlthough there is an increasing interest in emotional responses to climate change, the method ofmeasuring this response has differed substantially [14, 19]. In 2020, Susan Clayton

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gabriella M. Sallai, Pennsylvania State University; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

Grant #DGE1255832.Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.REFERENCES[1] Council of Graduate Schools, “Ph.D. completion and attrition: Analysis of baseline program data from the Ph.D. completion project,” Washington D.C, 2008.[2] R. Sowell, J. Allum, and H. Okahana, “Doctoral initiative on minority attrition and completion,” Council of Graduate Schools, Washington D. C, 2015.[3] M. Bahnson and C. G. P. Berdanier, “Current trends in attrition considerations of engineering Master’s and Ph.D. students at research-intensive universities in the United States,” Int. J. Eng. Educ., vol. 39, no. 1

Conference Session

Wellness, Readiness, and Thriving

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julianna Gesun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Rachel Eve Gail Swan, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Bryan Watson, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

. Her prior work experiences include product management, consulting, tutoring, marketing, and information technology.Rachel Eve Gail Swan, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Rachel Swan is an undergraduate student at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU). Since 2022 she has been an Undergraduate Research Assistant in the ERAU Wireless Devices and Electromagnetics Laboratory (WiDE Lab). She has also been an Undergraduate Research Assistant at the ERAU Biologically Inspired Design-for-Resilience (BID4R) Lab since 2023. Her research projects and interests include hardware security for RF applications and machine learning. She is a recipient of the ERAU’s 2023 Outstanding Electrical Engineering Undergraduate

Conference Session

Increasing Engagement in Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kylie Chau Vuu, AECOM Canada Ltd.; John R. Donald Ph.D., P.Eng., University of Guelph; Kimberly Mary Levere, University of Guelph; Cameron Farrow, University of Guelph

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

often leads to mediocre performance in a working environment despite the students’education. Thus, it is imperative to teach professional skills to students.Ethics is a professional skill that holds great importance for engineers and is evaluated for theprofessional engineer designation [4]. During their engineering studies, students are often notdeeply exposed to ethical constructs until their final year. This can result in students designingproducts and projects without considering the ethical implications their creations may have.Therefore, a module focused on the relevance of ethics to engineering was developed for incomingfirst-year students to expose them to ethical frameworks.LITERATURE REVIEWIn traditional settings of large lecture

Conference Session

Engineering Inclusivity: Challenging Disparities and Cultivating Resilience in Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Alejandro Mejia, The University of Texas at San Antonio; M. Sidury Christiansen, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

overarching goal is to amplify the voicesand perspectives of minoritized students, positioning them as knowledge holders and generatorsdeserving recognition in our quest for educational equity within engineering. Our studychallenges the idea that students inherently lack and need "fixing." Instead, we contend thatportrayals of deficit mindsets, attitudes, stereotypes, whiteness and hypermasculinity in socialmedia further sideline students and perpetuate flawed notions of success in engineering.Context of the StudyThis project focuses primarily on the portrayal of engineering identity(ies) in digital mediaspaces. Digital media spaces, as a contemporary medium for discourse, provide a rich source ofdata for understanding how these constructions

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 7

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harpreet Auby, Tufts University; Namrata Shivagunde, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Anna Rumshisky, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Milo Koretsky, Tufts University

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA)

Paper ID #43642Using Machine Learning to Analyze Short-Answer Responses to ConceptuallyChallenging Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics QuestionsHarpreet Auby, Tufts University Harpreet is a graduate student in Chemical Engineering and STEM Education. He works with Dr. Milo Koretsky and helps study the role of learning assistants in the classroom as well as machine learning applications within educational research and evaluation. He is also involved in projects studying the uptake of the Concept Warehouse. His research interests include chemical engineering education, learning sciences, and social justice.Namrata

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 6

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sreekanth Gopi, Kennesaw State University; Nasrin Dehbozorgi, Kennesaw State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

published papers | Research Project winner! Education: BE in Mechanical Engineering MBA in Information Technology MS in Computer Science (IP) My paper is accepted for 2024 ASEE Southeastern Section Conference, Marietta, GA, March 10 - 12, 2024. Research interests: 1. Meditation 2. Music 3. AI Hackathons: 1. INTEL AI Hackathon FIRST prize Winner! 2. Llama 2 ClarifAI LablabAI hackathon SECOND prize winner! Published papers: Peer-reviewed Published papers: 1. FIE 2023 IEEE conference, Texas, USA: EEG Spectral Analysis and Prediction for Inattention Detection in Academic Domain 2. AIMC 2023, Brighton, UK: Introductory Studies on Raga Multi-track Music Generation of Indian classical music using AI. 3. ASEE

Conference Session

Materials Division (MATS) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nutnicha Nigon, Oregon State University; Julie Tucker, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Materials Division (MATS)

does make sense when looking at the provided figures and briefexplanation from the CALM, the intended correct connection would be “a lattice point representsan atom, usually located at the center of an atom, which are at corners of the unit cell for the SCstructure.” This connection was not established for Max. Figure 9. A supplemental video slide showing a concept of lattice parameter. The original pictures used in this slide are from [47], which is the required textbook in the course.DiscussionThis paper is part of our broader project addressing the development of conceptual understandingin adaptive personalized learning systems. In the study reported here, we observed in detail howfour students interacted with the tool to develop