Conference Session

ME Laboratories and Undergraduate Research

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sriram Sundararajan, Iowa State University; James Dautremont

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

students. The experience suggests that anin-lab support person is important and the ability for that individual to communicate with theremote student groups via an audio-visual interface can enhance the student experience. Inaddition to the above, future development of this project includes provision of a means to controlthe PTZ camera, adding an audio feed to give students additional feedback when useful (e.g.fluid flow labs) and developing pre-labs for students to better understand the equipment beingused. We are also considering various means to allow students to conference among separatelocations in and out of lab. Our plan is to refine the remote setups and redeploy for the comingyear and also develop/adapt laboratory experiences in our other

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Don E. Malzahn, Wichita State University; Lawrence E. Whitman, Wichita State University; Ali Ghobahi Katamjani, Wichita State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

Page 24.465.13equivalent or are all degrees of the same value? Obviously there are more inputs into the systemof higher education than number of faculty and there are likely other outputs. This is a verysimple structural model.References[1] Massy, W.F., “Initiatives for Containing the Cost of Higher Education,” Stretching the Higher Education Dollar, American Enterprise Institute: Special Report 1, 2013.[2] Duderstadt, J. J., Engineering for a Changing World, The Millennium Project, The University of Michigan, Available at: http://milproj.dc.unich.edu, 2008.[3] College Board Advocacy and Policy Center, Trends in College Pricing , Trends in Higher Education Series, Available at: http://trends.collegeboard.org, 2012.[4] Gabriele

Conference Session

Engineering & Our Global Society

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

wenjuan wang, Beihang University ; Ming Li, Beihang University; Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Qin Zhu, Purdue University; Jian Yuan, Beihang University; Qing Lei, Beihang University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

a modern profession,per Western standards. Confucian liberal learning remains a promising resource that could helpdevelop personal and professional integrity among Chinese engineering students and practicingprofessionals, including in terms of both “micro-ethical” and “macro-ethical” considerations.20At the micro level, Confucianism provides guidelines for how to appropriately deal with human Page 24.474.9relations, including the relations between engineers and other stakeholders. At the macro level, aConfucian outlook offers processes and standards to evaluate the sociopolitical ramifications ofengineering projects in terms of their roles in

Conference Session

Innovative Use of Technology and the Internet in Engineering Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chirag Variawa, University of Toronto; Susan McCahan, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

betweenparticipants and computer-assigned scores is much lower; slightly less than 0.7.Currently a group of senior-year students from computer engineering are developing a web-based project based on the modified TF-IDF algorithm. The goal is to make this projectaccessible to people from around the world, so that they can submit their exams for calculation.This is in response to questions asked during ASEE-2013 where instructors wanted access to thissoftware for their own courses. The users of this platform will have their documents categorizedand added to the existing repository, and in return receive a scored wordlist based on themodified TF-IDF algorithm

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manuel D. Rossetti, University of Arkansas; Kim LaScola Needy, University of Arkansas; Edgar C. Clausen, University of Arkansas; Carol Schubert Gattis, University of Arkansas; Micah Hale, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

to encourage and enable academically talented but financially needy studentsto complete STEM degrees and enter the workforce. The SIIRE project addresses NSF’sprogrammatic goal by integrating external (industry supported) intern or co-op experiences ofstudents with ongoing on-campus engineering research activities to provide a guided pathway toa graduate engineering degree. The requested scholarship funds defray student educational costsduring their sophomore, junior, and senior years of undergraduate study and during 1.5 years oftheir graduate studies.The SIIRE program addresses the following objectives:1. To provide underrepresented and financially needy undergraduate students with information on the benefits and opportunities associated

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Assessment in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra M. Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Christina Smith, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

educational practices and in promoting the use of higher-level cognitive skills in engineering problem solving. His research interests particularly focus on what prevents students from being able to integrate and extend the knowledge developed in specific courses in the core curriculum to the more complex, authentic problems and projects they face as professionals. Dr. Koretsky is one of the founding members of the Center for Lifelong STEM Education Research at OSU. Page 24.556.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Examining Diffusion Networks and Identifying Opinion

Conference Session

Student Learning, Problem Solving, & Critical Thinking 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oluwatosin Alabi, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; R. Edwin Garcia, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

techniques used by the battery industrythrough leaning the theoretical and practical aspects of battery fabrication. The instructional teamdesigned this course to build students’ conceptual understanding by integrating the usevisualization and graphical artifacts, like the ones depicted in figure two, and engaging thestudents in the use of modeling and computational analysis to complete class projects andhomework assignments.In addition, the instructor focused on teaching students how to model and analyze batterysystems using analytical and computational techniques used by practitioners and research expertsin battery systems design. The computation tool used in the course was the Virtual Kinetics ofMaterials Laboratory (VKML). The VKML tool is an

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gholam Ali Shaykhian, NASA; Mohd Abdelgadir Khairi, Najran University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

one entity, this way analytical usage will be easy,project risk reduces, data governance relieved, and the scope and ROI will be limited.However, the technology focus will not solve all business problems which leadcompanies to pursue CDM option [12].Limitation factor: FDM Compensate for SQL limitations at the data source byprocessing parts of a distributed request at the MDM federated server (Godinez et. al.,2010). Confounding factors such as legal constraints limit MDM across geopolitical Page 24.593.4boundaries [3][5][6] do not allow CDM. Another limitation to use CDM is master datalocking in Line of Business (LOB) packaged application.A technology

Conference Session

Student Learning, Problem Solving, & Critical Thinking 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ben D Radhakrishnan, National University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, Page 24.140.7 6playing and demonstrating a game that is relevant to the subject matter and supports courselearning outcomes. In this SCL practice the course team project will be quantified anddemonstrated through a game that the team will design, create, play and demonstrate. Teams aregiven full freedom (empowered) to create/innovate and even to adopt any existing game to suit theproject under study. This SCL has been successfully implemented in more than one course in theMS Sustainability Management program. This particular SCL is perhaps one of the most advancedSCL used in the graduate classes since real world problems need to be well

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Xiaobo Peng, Prairie View A&M University; Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Elif Ozturk; Ke Liu, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

paucity of activities in the curriculum that promoteadaptive expertise 9. There is also a documented lack of opportunity for self-learning in mostengineering curricula 12. This work is part of a larger collaborative research project that examinesthe role of contextual exercises on development of adaptive expertise. This particular study aimsto examine the effects of the introduction of a series of contextual exercises on students’performance in a CAD modeling assessment as well as manifestation of adaptive expertise in anadditional modeling exercise. The role of contextual exercise on CAD modeling procedure isalso examined. The paper is organized as follows. The methods are introduced in the nextsection. This is followed by the results from the

Conference Session

Improving Laboratory Education in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqueline Gartner Ph.D., Washington State University; David Finkel; Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University; Olusola Adesope, Washington State University-Pullman

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Education and Community Service: Themes for the Future of Engineering Education. Journal of Engineering Education, 2006. 95(1): p. 7-11.3 Yadav, A., G.M. Shaver, and P. Meckl, Lessons Learned: Implementing the Case Teaching Method in a Mechanical Engineering Course. Journal of Engineering Education, 2010. 99(1): p. 55-69.4 Clark, W.M., D. DiBiasio, and A.G. Dixon. An Integrated, Project-Based, Sprial Curriculum for the First Year of Chemical Engineering. in FIE. 1998. ASEE.5 Lee, C.S., N.J. McNeill, E.P. Douglas, M.E. Koro-Lyungberg, and D.J. Therriault, Indispensable Resource? A Phenomenological Study of Textbook Use in Engineering Problem Solving. JEE, 2013. 102(2): p. 269-288

Conference Session

Computing in the First Year

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meagan Eleanor Ita, Ohio State University ; Krista M. Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Katlyn Elizabeth Ashley, Ohio State University; Brooke Morin, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

% of Grade Preparation Assignments 10% Application Assignments 20% Laboratory Assignments 21% Journals 3% Design Project 5% Extra Weekly Assignments 3% BONUS Quizzes 6% Midterm Exams 20% Final Exam 15%There were 13 total class sections of this course made up by 11 standard sections, 1 advancedprogramming section, and 1

Conference Session

ME Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard N. Shapiro, Iowa State University; Gloria Starns, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Online student groups that performed well (B- or higher) also had multiple members inthe group who attended on-line office hours regularly.The workload for the course included two take-home exams, five homework assignments, and afinal project. Given that the course spanned a 6 week period, significant effort was required by thestudents in order to submit assignments by their due dates. Considerable latitude was given on theexams and homework assignments; collaboration was allowed within and across groups. Studentswere allowed and encouraged to post questions to other students and/or the instructor when theywere unable to determine a consistent answer to a problem or to apply concepts. Of the eightteams in the class, four distance education teams

Conference Session

FPD 1: The Path to Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shelley Lorimer, Grant MacEwan University; Jeffrey A. Davis, Grant MacEwan University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #9596Consistency in Assessment of Pre-Engineering SkillsDr. Shelley Lorimer P.Eng., Grant MacEwan University Dr. Shelley Lorimer, P.Eng. is Chair of the Bachelor of Science in Engineering Transfer Program (BSEN) at Grant MacEwan University in Edmonton, Alberta. She teaches undergraduate courses in statics and dynamics, as well as courses in engineering professionalism. She is currently participating in a research project with Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures in the oil sands and hydrocarbon recovery group doing reservoir simulation of enhanced oil recovery processes. She has a Ph.D. in numerical modeling

Conference Session

The Nature of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Paper ID #8627Creative Go-Getters: Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Activities in Engineer-ing UndergraduatesDr. Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Dr. Sarah Zappe is Research Associate and Director of Assessment and Instructional Support in the Leonhard Center for the Enhancement of Engineering Education at Penn State. She holds a doctoral degree in educational psychology emphasizing applied measurement and testing. In her position, Sarah is responsible for developing instructional support programs for faculty, providing evaluation support for educational proposals and projects, and working with

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Learning 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn W. Ellis, Smith College; Halimat A. Ipesa-Balogun, Smith College; Yanning Yu, Northwestern University; Yezhezi Zhang, Smith College; Xi Jiang, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

who is pursing a Bachelor Science degree in engineering. Motivated by the importance of education in improving social mobility, she is passionate about engineer- ing education. With a strong interest in learning theories, she has conducted education research with a focus on Knowledge Building theory and the 21st century skills in hopes of designing a more effective learning environment.Miss Xi Jiang, Smith College A Smith College sophomore majoring in engineering, Xi has participated in the knowledge building special study group since last semester. She is also the instructional designer in the project designing online engineering learning environment for hight school students. Being active in extracurriculum life

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devin Turner, Marquette University; Mark Nagurka, Marquette University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

common, rather than jumping around between other fields/projects.□ It would be more effective if students could really design a mini helicopter. It would help students understand how each element or subsystem works with each other.□ Too often teachers don't provide meaningful applications of how to connect textbook mate- rial to real life. I don't think that is an issue at all in this class. Based on student feedback, the goals of implementing the helicopter theme as a means toincrease interest in the material and encourage students to see the real-world applications of thecourse content appear to have been met. Formative assessment will continue throughout thecourse

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammed Taqiuddin Taher, DeVry University, Addison; Ahmed S. Khan, DeVry University, DuPage

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

workbench for electronics. The large central area on the screenacts as a breadboard for circuit assembly. On the top is a shelf of test instruments and programcontrols and on the left is a bin of parts. A click of a mouse button allows a user to causes anaction to occur such as selecting & connecting components to make a circuit and to run thesimulation to observe the circuit behavior and performance. According to Pogrow9 a learning strategy based on the higher order thinking skills project(HOTS) involves three principles: 1. Creating an intriguing learning environment. 2. Combining visual and interactive learning experiences that help students to form mental representations, 3. Developing cognitive architecture that unifies

Conference Session

Improvements in ECE Signals and Systems

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anusha Sathyanarayanan Rao, Vanderbilt University; Jing Fan, Vanderbilt University; Cynthia J. Brame, Vanderbilt University; Bennett Allan Landman, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

engineering sciences: Overview and future research directions." Journal of Engineering Education 97.3 (2008): 279-294.[14] Nelson, Jill K. "Work in progress: Project-based assignments for a graduate-level digital signal processing course." Frontiers in Education Conference, 36th Annual. IEEE, 2006.[15] http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/services/small-group-analysis/[16] Hake, Richard R. "Relationship of individual student normalized learning gains in mechanics with gender, high-school physics, and pretest scores on mathematics and spatial visualization." submitted to the Physics Education Research Conference (Boise, ID. 2002.[17] Hake, Richard R. "Interactive-engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics

Conference Session

FPD 2: Building Community

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nora Honken, University of Louisville; Patricia A. Ralston, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

control. Page 24.747.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Informal Peer-to-Peer Collaboration, First Semester GPA and First Year RetentionIntroduction A tremendous amount of research has been conducted on the benefits of collaborativelearning. College students can participate in multiple types of collaborative learning, includingrequired in-class activities, required out-of-class project work, organized formal study groups,and informal peer-to-peer collaboration on homework and studying. Within the literature the terms collaborative

Conference Session

A Focus on Non-Traditional Students and Non-Traditional Course Delivery Methods

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Connie Gomez, Galveston College; Leslie Braniger, Galveston College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

were allowed to choosetheir own topic, such as Green Building or Bottled Water versus Tap Water, so that they couldtake ownership of their work and peak their interest in STEM topics, courses, and majors. Theeffectiveness of this course is based on both its ability to meet its learning objectives and itsability to engage students in sustainability topics, projects, and career choices. Both classroomdiscussions and major assignments served as the basis for course assessment and revision of thiscourse.1.0 IntroductionThe focus of this paper is to assess the use of Sustainability Engineering within a Composition II Page 24.778.2course to increase

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

technology. They provide students with the tools and conceptualfoundation to understand basic particle/powder technology and fundamental engineeringconcepts. The main focus of this work was pharmaceutical technology but the conceptsintroduced apply to a wide range of industries. The integration of technology modules intotraditional engineering courses is an excellent way to familiarize students with importantindustries and technologies without adding courses to the engineering curriculum.AcknowledgementsThis project has been supported by a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Centergrant, NSF grant #ECC0540855.Bibliography1.Savelski, M.J., Slater, C.S., Del Vecchio, C.A., Kosteleski, A.J., Wilson, S.A., “Development of Problem Sets forK

Conference Session

The Interdisciplinary Nature of Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Chong, University of Toronto; Lydia Wilkinson, University of Toronto; Deborah Tihanyi, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Multidisciplinary Engineering

should not diminish their success in helping students not only to understand,but to successfully practice the unfamiliar ‘modes of thought’ that characterize a liberal artsclassroom.Bibliography:[1] Kastenberg, William E., Gloria Hauser-Kastenberg, David Norris. “An Approach to Undergraduate Engineering Education for the 21st Century,” American Society for Engineering Education Conference Proceedings, 2006.[2] Duderstadt, James J. Engineering for a Changing World. A Roadmap to the Future of Engineering Practice, Research, and Education. The Millenium Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2008.[3] Akera, Atsushi. “Liberal Learning Revisited: A Historical Examination of the Underlying Reasons, Frustrations, and Continued

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment in ME

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles E. Baukal Jr. P.E., John Zink Hamworthy Combustion; Lynna J. Ausburn, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Anonymous, Special Report: The Research Agenda for the New Discipline of Engineering Education, Page 24.855.13Journal of Engineering Education, 95(4), 259-261, 2006.4. J.J. Duderstadt, Engineering for a changing world: A roadmap to the future of engineering practice,research, and education. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Millennium Project, The University of Michigan. Retrievedfrom: http://milproj.dc.umich.edu/., 20085. National Academy of Engineering, Grand Challenges for Engineering, National Academy of Science,Washington, DC, 2008.6. M.H. McCaulley, Psychological Types in Engineering: Implications for Teaching, Engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanna Tsenn, Texas A&M University; Daniel A. McAdams, Texas A&M University; Julie S Linsey, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, Hölttä-Otto K, Seepersad C (2010) An experimental investigation of the innovation capabilities of engineering students. 2010 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. Page 23.30.13 Appendix ADesign Problem - Device to Shell Peanuts Problem Description: In places like Haiti and certain West African countries, peanuts are a significant crop. Most peanut farmers shell their peanuts by hand, an inefficient and labor-intensive process. The goal of this project is to design and build a low-cost, easy to manufacture peanut shelling machine that will

Conference Session

Issues in Computer Education

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael Quinn

from computer science.Related WorkMany efforts have been made to enhance computer science education through the use ofanimation and interactive software. In this section we briefly describe some of the projects thatare most closely related to our work.More than two decades ago, Ronald Baecker at the University of Toronto released the videoSorting out Sorting, which used animation to compare nine internal sorting algorithms.2 Sincethen, three studies have concluded that passive viewing of animations is not sufficient to improvestudent understanding.3,4,5 Instead, algorithm animations must be part of an active learningenvironment to be successful. Human explanations need to accompany the animations. Allowingstudents to create the data input to

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Gary Martin

following: It sounds easy and inexpensive when first discussing and analyzing. It ends up consuming you, and depleting department funds on the order of many thousands of dollars.The University of Regina in Canada reported orally at the 2004 Cooperative Education &Internship Association Conference that they spent approximately $500,000 by the time Page 10.391.14they completed such a system. Endless additional examples exist across the country. 14One hundred percent of those who have done this will report that they either spentcountless hours and excessive funding on the project, and/or they

Conference Session

Innovations in ChE Labs

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Milo Koretsky

straightforward for them to apply it to any other package as well.The learning objective for this activity is listed in the syllabus as follows: “The student willdemonstrate the ability to: design, implement, and analyze experiments to measure therepeatability and reproducibility of a gauge; perform ANOVA analysis to estimate the variancecomponents from different sources.” In addition to the homework and lab project, twoassessments were used to measure the learning outcomes from this exercise. Students weregiven a quiz in class. The average score was 79%. This compares to 82% for the other quizzes inthe class, which covered non statistics-based topics. Thus, the numerical score was roughlyequivalent. The quiz scores were also categorized by those

Conference Session

Technology and Learning

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Chrysanthe Demetry

they forgot to take oneof these daily assessments.The Classroom Performance SystemTM (CPS) wireless response technology was used in the samemanner in the Spring and Fall offerings. Each student signed out a response pad (“clicker”) at thestart of the course. In each class period, I would typically pose two to three multiple choicequestions or problems intended to reveal common misconceptions, often in a “think-pair-share”format and, whenever possible, focusing around a demonstration. The system records studentresponses and projects them onto the screen in the form of a histogram. Students were graded ontheir participation, not whether their answer was correct. This participation in “in-classproblems” contributed 10% toward the overall course

Conference Session

Innovative Graduate Programs & Methods

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Walker; Susan Magliaro; Michael Alley; Hassan Aref, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Alex Aning, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Hayden Griffin; Mark Sanders, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech; Richard Goff; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jenny Lo, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University

learning, instruction, andevaluation and how to properly implement those theories in an engineering classroom. TheMEngE program is a non-thesis degree, which will require a minimum of 30 credits, includingthree to six credits for a project report.The proposed minimum entrance requirement for these two programs is a Bachelor of Science(BS) degree in engineering, physics, mathematics or any of the natural sciences and a 3.0 GPA inthe last 60 hours of the undergraduate program. Other applicants will have to meet specifiedrequired mathematics and science courses. Typical courses for these degrees include: Preparingfor the Engineering Professoriate (3 credits), Design in Engineering Education and Practice (3credits), Foundations of Engineering