Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 6: Belonging

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Nicole Fitzpatrick, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Chloe Faith Mann, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Jessica Deters, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

difficult transition. To shed light on thechallenges faced by these students, Author 1 proposed the initial framework for this project toAuthor 3, who contributed to the comprehensive conceptualization of this exploratory study.Author 2 joined the team after most data analysis was completed and helped write the findingssection of the paper. Author 2 is a civil engineering undergraduate student and an undergraduateresearcher working under Author 3. All authors identify as white women.FindingsAfter conducting a thematic analysis on the data, we observed recurring themes that wereprevalent among professors with comparable levels of experience. As a result, our findings arestructured according to the experience levels of the participants. Table 2

Conference Session

Programming Education 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy James, Purdue University; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

able to effectively engage a broader audience.1. IntroductionThe number of jobs in software development is projected to increase substantially over the nextdecade [1]; this increased demand will require many new workers to learn how to developsoftware. Traditionally, many universities and colleges have provided computer science degreeprograms that will prepare future workers. However, more scalable approaches like MassiveOpen Online Courses (MOOCs) could be an alternative – a more scalable approach to preparingthe next generation of software developers that might reach a broader audience [2]. Thesecourses can help to address rising demand for computer programming education and expandaccess to educational opportunities [3]. Unfortunately, MOOCs

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 6 - Institutional Contexts

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Regina Werum, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Patricia Wonch Hill, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Joseph C Jochman, University of North Dakota; Andrea Johnson; Lance C. Perez, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Stephen Cooper, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

below. Moreover, R1 institutions, which tend to be more selective and frequently offerterminal/doctoral degrees, represent just about 3 percent of all postsecondary institutions inthe United States in 2017 [47].In addition, many institutions are mission driven: Land-grant and religiously affiliatedinstitutions, and those receiving funding from mission-driven federal agencies (e.g.,Department of Defense MURI projects), prioritize initiatives that impact student bodydemographics and programs offered – which may, in turn, affect gender-specific majoringand graduation dynamics. The landscape of postsecondary institutions is also internallystratified: A disproportionately large number of women and African American studentsattend 2-year and for

Conference Session

Engineering Equity: Challenging Paradigms and Cultivating Inclusion in Technical Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nrupaja Bhide, Purdue University; Yash Ajay Garje, Purdue University; Siddhant Sanjay Joshi, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Formation of Engineers,” in 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings, Tampa, Florida: ASEE Conferences, Jun. 2019, p. 32173. doi: 10.18260/1-2-- 32173.[40] A. Wilson-Lopez, C. Sias, A. Smithee, and I. M. Hasbún, “Forms of science capital mobilized in adolescents’ engineering projects,” Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 246–270, 2018, doi: 10.1002/tea.21418.[41] J. Martin, M. Miller, and K. Gipson, Utilization of a Think-Aloud Protocol to Cognitively Validate a Survey Instrument Identifying Social Capital Resources of Engineering Undergraduates. 2011. doi: 10.18260/1-2--18492.[42] D. Radhakrishnan, J. DeBoer, and N. Bhide, “Recentering local knowledge and developing collaborative

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reem Khojah, University of California, San Diego; Josephine Relaford-Doyle, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

data analysis and Matplotlib for data visualization. The survey was conducted usingGoogle Forms and Excel.Ethical ApprovalThe manuscript includes results from anonymous end-of-course evaluation survey, end-of-coursestudent performance and pre/post lecture assessment performance survey. Students were providedwith an informed consent statement, approved by the University of California San DiegoInstitutional Review Board (IRB) (IRB-807339). The University of California San Diego hasdetermined that this project to be exempt under category 45 CFR 46.104(d) and CFR 46.117(c)(1)(ii).Results and DiscussionStudent Demographic:The Programming for Bioengineers course engaged in pre-post lecture self-assessments have adiverse background of 22 students

Conference Session

First Year and Cross-Disciplinary

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Rahul Sharan Renu, Francis Marion University; Michael V Potter, Francis Marion University; Mark Kanaparthi, Francis Marion university

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

. Your dream job would involve (select all that apply and add write-in options) a. Hands on work b. Sitting in front of a computer and investigating simulations c. A good mix of option A and option B d. Write in: _______________ 10. When you think of a career in engineering, which of the following comes to mind? (Select all that apply) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 a. Great salary, and lots of jobs b. Exciting projects and meetings c. Long working hours d. Lots of mathematics and science e. Lots of hands-on, implementation work f. Write-in: ________________11. Rate the following images on a 1 to 4

Collection

2024 CIEC

Authors

Ghazal Barari; Brian Sanders

Industry and Education Collaboration Copyright ©2024, American Society for Engineering Education ETD 515start time and 𝑞𝑖 be the conditional probability of failure (death), the survival probability to 𝑡𝑖 orbeyond is: 𝑆(𝑡𝑖 ) = ∏𝑖−1 𝑗=1(1 − 𝑞𝑖 ) Eq. 1In this project, a learning activity is analogous to a medical treatment. We apply this approach topredict students’ success.This versatile analytical tool has found applications in various domains, including education. Inthis literature review, we explore the

Conference Session

Mathematics Division (MATH) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis E Montero-Moguel, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Joel Alejandro Mejia, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Guadalupe Carmona, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics Division (MATH)

practices in the ABET criteria.AcknowledgmentsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.2215788. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.References[1] National Research Council, A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2012, p. 13165. doi: 10.17226/13165.[2] C. L. Dym, P. Little, and E. J. Orwin, Engineering design: a project-based introduction, 4th Ed. New York: Wiley, 2014.[3] R. Lehrer, M. J. Kim, and R. S. Jones, “Developing conceptions of statistics

Conference Session

International Division (INTL) Technical Session: Cultural Perspectives

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hashim Alyousef, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

protocol.Table 2: Interview Protocol Interview Questions Probing Questions Section Subcategory (theory) (conversational) How did you learn about this research project? Tell me more about yourself. General N/A Tell me about your family. Background How did you learn about this institute

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laine Schrewe Ph.D., Otterbein University; Elena Joy Caruthers, Otterbein University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

as first-year engineering students, understanding that they still have a lot to learn within the field and have their own specific areas of growth to focus on. 7 Stress I found this class to be stressful / I had a Students did not find the course to be overwhelmingly stressful but did lot of nervous energy surrounding this note that they felt the most stress during projects. course. 8 Stress I found it difficult to relax into this Students felt that there was a lot of work in this

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Seema C. Shah-Fairbank; William Kitch; Kenneth Lamb P.E.

SEEMA C. SHAH-FAIRBANK is an Assistant Professor and RBF Fellow of Civil Engineering atCalifornia State Polytechnic University Pomona. She obtained her BS in Environmental Engineering fromCalifornia Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo in 2001. Prior to attending graduate school at ColoradoState University (CSU) she spent 3 years working as a Design Engineer for RBF Consulting in Storm WaterManagement. Where, she worked on various flood control, hydrology and hydraulics projects. She is a LicensedProfessional Engineer in the State of California. She completed her graduate studies in Civil Engineering at CSUwith a MS in 2006 and Ph.D. in 2009, where she specialized in sediment transport and river mechanics. She teachescourses in

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Tina Smilkstein

projects, themost informed, highest-achieving and/or strongest personality often ends up doing the majorityof the work and the other members of the group follow orders or stand mute. Observing groupsand the individuals in them that seemed to be non- or low-participants, there seemed to be acommon thread of a lack of confidence in their abilities and their knowledge. Observations oflow-confidence students making good suggestions to their lab partners and being ignored is not arare event.The third inspiration for this work was the fact that information on weaknesses of the studentswas not clear until during the actual lab itself or after the lab had been finished. Feedback is goodbut the late timing of identification of problems seemed such that it

Collection

2013 GSW

Authors

Edward E. Anderson

, graphic representation, variables lists, and mathematicalmodel, and requires users to develop each of these mental models (graphical representation isoptional). Andes includes an equation solving tool although users can also solve the equationsoff-line. A research project conducted on some 330 students approximately one-half of whomwere in a control group, resulted in a 3% (1/3 letter grade) student performance improvement ondepartmental pencil and paper examinations by students who did Andes homework rather thantraditional homework. Anecdotal results from Andes users (Schulze, et al.18) indicate thatstudents are initially reluctant to carefully define their variables, some students ask for help onalmost every step of a problem solution, giving

Collection

2016 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Jing Guo; Kathy Kasley; John M. Santiago

classroom.Keywordsengineering lab, online flipped lab, online laboratory experiments, flipped classroom,introduction to engineeringIntroductionFaculty members in the Colorado Technical University College of Engineering started to developonline courses since April of 2015. Because the undergraduate degrees in electrical engineeringand computer engineering at CTU are ABET-accredited, the online courses that need to bedeveloped have to meet ABET standards as well. In addition, the courses must meet the samelearning outcomes whether delivered online or traditional face-to-face instruction. This paperpresents faculty experiences in developing and conducting engineering laboratory experiences tobe completed remotely for an online course. The project attempts to convert a

Collection

2005 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Thomas R. Marrero; Andrew K. Beckett

multiyear project of 20 carefully selectedcolleges and universities that assessed practices and conditions that help students succeed incollege.22 This book, published in 2005, is an excellent source of specific information aboutenhanced college education, including practices and conditions applicable to freshmenengineering students.Daempfle reported major causes of attrition that affect freshmen engineering students, and first-year college math and science majors. This review refutes some common explanations for highstudent attrition rates from engineering programs after their first-year in college. Daempfle’sresearch indicates that poorer retention rates arise from higher student dissatisfactions due to:classroom instructional factors, differing

Collection

2013 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Madhulika Srikanth; Abu S. Asaduzzaman; Ramazan Asmatulu

taking online courses have the highesttendency to plagiarize by using unauthorized notes/books, completing exams jointly andallowing another person to do the exams and other coursework activities [14]. Since theProceedings of the 2013 Midwest Section Conference of the American Society for Engineering Educationinstructors cannot control the exams, homework and projects at home, the students basicallydecide whatever and however they like to complete them. Recently, it was reported that over70% of the college students who take the online courses have admitted cheating during theexams and quizzes regardless of the instaurations on the uses of books, notes, and other devicesmentioned above [14].Like traditional students, the online students prefer to

Collection

2017 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Nicolas Ali Libre; Jeff Jennings; Amy Skyles

Materials Institute (2011-2013) at the University of Tehran. In April 2013 herelocated to the US and joined Missouri S&T as a visiting scholar and served as an assistantteaching professor since 2015. In that capacity, he had the opportunity of leading several scientificand industrial research projects and mentoring graduate and undergraduate students. Dr. Libre ismanager of Materials Testing lab at Missouri S&T, teaches mechanics of materials and developsdigital educational resources for the engineering mechanics courses. Over the span of his career,Dr. Libre authored and co-authored 3 chapter books, 17 peer-reviewed journal articles and over60 conference papers. He has advised and co-advised 7 graduate students and mentored over

Collection

2013 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Charles E. Baukal; Lynna J. Ausburn; John E. Matsson; Geoffrey L. Price

one,select the response that best fits you, and follow the arrows to find the group to which youbelong. When considering a new learning activity such as learning a new craft, hobby, or skill for use in my personal life, I like to identify the best I usually will not begin possible resources such as the learning activity until manuals, books, modern I am convinced that I will information sources, or enjoy it enough to experts for the learning successfully finish it. project

Collection

2010 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Christopher L. Reitsma

(9) 15 (5)Quizzes @ 20 pts 20 (10) 12 (6)Daily Writs @ 5 pts 5 (10)* 5 (10)*Prelabs/Labs @ 30-50 pts 6/6 (4/4) 6/8 (4/4) 8/12 (4/4) 14/16 (4/4)Project Demo/Report @ 25-50 pts 2(1)/4(1) 2(1)/4(1) 5(2)/5(1) 5(2)/5(1)Instructor @ 60/50 pts 6 6 5 5WPRs @ 100 pts 30 (3) 30 (3) 20 (2) 20 (2)TEE @ 200-300 pts 20 (1) 20 (1) 25 (1) 30 (1)Events In-class 84 (20) 76 (16) 72 (10) 81 (10) Out-of-class 16(8) 24(17

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Philip Samuel P.E.; Kathryn Jablokow

) of the ideas (e.g., Monte Carlo simulations) andthrough more structured processes (e.g., Cause and Effect Matrix). Innovative convergenttechniques enable the evaluation and selection of ideas through the analysis of approximateor soft information (e.g., Pugh Matrix) and using more qualitative assessments (e.g.,Kawakito Jiro Method).We propose to expand, adapt, and link this classification approach to the psychologicalinertia of the designer, providing a framework which instructors and students can use to makebetter choices about the techniques they adopt in the early stages of a design project. Inaddition, we propose that techniques can also be ordered in terms of cognitive level –specifically, in this case, in terms of the degree of

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

YILI TSENG

, J. and Kramer, J., Concurrency, Wiley, 2006[22] Yang, L. and Guo, M., High-Performance Computing, Wiley, 2006[23] Arora, G. et al., Microsoft C# Professional Projects, Premier, 2002[24] http://software.intel.com/en-us/blogs/2006/10/19/why-windows-threads-are-better-than-posix-threads/[25] Gropp, W. et al., Using MPI, MIT Press, 1999[26] Gropp, W. et al., Using MPI-2, MIT Press, 1999[27] Sanders, J. and Kandrot, E., CUDA by Example, Addison-Wesley, 2011,[28] Kirk, D. and Hwu, W., Programming Massively Parallel Processors, Morgan Kaufmann, 2010[29] Hwu, W., GPU Computing Gems Emerald Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2011[30] www.top500.org 641

Collection

2006 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Chong Shen; Zhongwei Zhang; David Lai

of simulation tools hasbeen developed in the context of educational purpose: In the year of 1997, Shifroni and Ginat developed a simulation game to let the students un-derstand the characteristics of network protocol [15]. The simulation game implemented a basicprotocol of Stop and Wait in the data-link layer. They found the simulation game method aremore effective than traditional lecture presentation. The understanding level and motivation of thestudents is also dramatically improved. But the concept of the protocol is simulated as a gamerather than presenting animation to students. This is different from our simulation package sinceanimation plays a very import role in our project. In the paper [9], Guido and Bernd provide a

Collection

2006 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Carlos Bertha

Engineers in Savannah, Georgia, first as a design engineer, then as a constructionrepresentative, and finally as a project manager. Throughout this essay, then, I struggled withpersonal pronouns (when I say “we,” do I mean “we, philosophers” or “we, engineers”?) becauseI feel tempted to identify both with engineers and with philosophers. I will say this: I am atheart an engineer who for reasons too complicated to get into here decided to study philosophy.Now that I teach philosophy, I feel I have something valuable to give back to the field I leftbehind: I can teach theory without losing sight of the practical.Theory versus PracticeFor Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE), a moral decision required what he called “practical wisdom”(better, prudence or, in

Collection

2006 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

LeeRoy Bronner; Peter Kazanzides; AmenRa Mashariki; Paul Domingo; Pauline Pelletier; Trevor Thomas

and solution concepts and communicate them for greater problemunderstanding.Information Design Pattern3: is a record of the design of information gained through experiencewhere this record systematically names, explains, and evaluates an important and recurringinformation design.Joint Application Development (JAD) Session15: a structured workshop where users anddevelopers come together to plan projects, design computer systems, or make business decisions.This workshop involves a detailed agenda, visual aids, a facilitator who moderates the sessionand a scribe who records the agreed-upon requirements.“Proceedings of the 2006 Mid-Atlantic Section Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

Teaching with ML and Generative AI

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Han Kyul Kim, University of Southern California; Aleyeh Roknaldin, University of Southern California; Shriniwas Prakash Nayak, University of Southern California; Xiaoci Zhang, University of Southern California; Muyao Yang, University of Southern California; Marlon Twyman, University of Southern California; Angel Hsing-Chi Hwang, Cornell University; Stephen Lu, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

ideas in engineering design course projects,” Design Studies, vol. 47, pp. 47–72, 2016.[23] D. H. Cropley, Creativity in engineering. Springer, 2016.[24] G. Salton and C. Buckley, “Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval,” Information processing & management, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 513–523, 1988.[25] H. K. Kim, H. Kim, and S. Cho, “Bag-of-concepts: Comprehending document representation through clustering words in distributed representation,” Neurocomputing, vol. 266, pp. 336–352, 2017.[26] D. H. Cropley, A. J. Cropley, and B. L. Sandwith, “Creativity in the engineering domain,” Creativity & Engineering, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 233, 2017.[27] Y. Zhu, J.-Y. Nie, K. Zhou, P. Du, H. Jiang, and Z. Dou, “Proactive

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division WIPS 2: Students and Peer Mentors

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Ekong, Western New England University; Arnab A. Purkayastha, Western New England University; Gladys Ekong

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

Nintendo generation to program. Communications of the ACM, 45(4), 17-21. 4. Margolis, J., & Fisher, A. (2002). Unlocking the clubhouse: Women in computing. MIT press. 5. Zawojewski, J. S., Diefes-Dux, H. A., & Bowman, K. J. (2008). Models and modeling in engineering education: Designing experiences for all students. Brill. 6. Laal, M., & Ghodsi, S. M. (2012). Benefits of collaborative learning. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 31, 486-490. 7. Ekong, J., Chauhan, V., Osedeme, J., & Niknam, S. (2022, August). A framework for Industry 4.0 workforce training through project-based and experiential learning approaches. In 2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. 8. Al Mezrakchi, R

Conference Session

Inclusivity, Mentorship, and Entrepreneurial Thinking

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W Liberatore, University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

://www.chronicle.com/article/why-campus-life-fell-apart.27. Hylton, J.B. and B.A. Hays. Modifying the value rubrics to assess the entrepreneurial mind-set. in 2019 ASEE Annual Conference. 2019. Tampa, FL. DOI:28. Beichner, R.J., J.M. Saul, D.S. Abbott, J.J. Morse, D. Deardorff, R.J. Allain, S.W. Bonham, M.H. Dancy, and J.S. Risley, The student-centered activities for large enrollment undergraduate programs (SCALE-UP) project. Research-based reform of university physics, 2007. 1(1): p. 2-39. DOI: https://www.academia.edu/download/32837058/Chapter.pdf29. Hylton, B.J., D. Mikesell, J.-D. Yoder, and H. LeBlanc, Working to Instill the Entrepreneurial Mindset Across the Curriculum. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 5: Identity & Belonging

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wee Sing Yeo, University of Cincinnati; Muhammad Asghar, Utah State University; Sheryl A. Sorby, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

technological and non-technological methods to enhance the learning processes of undergraduate engineering students. He is currently leading a second research project related to use of mobile learning technologies in undergraduate engineering education. This research explores available empirical evidence about the role mobile learning technologies may play in improving student accessibility to knowledge, academic engagement and motivation, and self-regulation.Dr. Sheryl A. Sorby, University of Cincinnati Dr. Sheryl Sorby is currently a Professor of STEM Education at the University of Cincinnati and was recently a Fulbright Scholar at the Dublin Institute of Technology in Dublin, Ireland. She is a professor emerita of

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division WIPS 3: Courses and Curricula

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey David Carvell, Marian University; Sarah Klanderman, Marian University; Salomon Turgman Cohen, Marian University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

across disciplines of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. He is interested specifically in the interactions between ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and ferroelastic materials on the nanoscale, with emphasis placed on the applications of these materials to electronic devices. Dr. Carvell is also interested in research in engineering and physics education and has presented research on multiple topics in this area, with more projects moving forward. While at Marian, Dr. Carvell has taught eleven courses across the physics and engineering programs. He also received the Marian University Advisor of the Year and the E. S. Witchger School of Engineering Award for Service Excellence, both in 2022, and the E. S

Conference Session

ELOS Technical Session 3 - Diversity

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Orlando D. Hulse, San Francisco State University; Kunal Avdesh Verma, San Francisco State University; Kevin Diaz Chim, San Francisco State University; Hyeon Soo Jung, San Francisco State University; David Quintero, San Francisco State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

curriculum will beaccessible on GitHub for engineering educators to build this low-cost educational tool withintheir engineering program. In conclusion, this proposed mechatronics actuator education testplatform promises to significantly enhance education accessibility, serving as an invaluablelearning tool for mechatronics students to acquire a hands-on learning experience.IntroductionIncorporating a hands-on laboratory curriculum is a great way to solidify theoretical concepts toreal-world practice in a classroom setting. Having a versatile physical tool to experiment withwill go a long way toward helping students retain information with engineering practice.Students working on a mechatronic project have to make an engineering selection of the