Conference Session

The Interdisciplinary Nature of Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehmet Vurkaç, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Multidisciplinary Engineering

, delegating andaccepting responsibility, and dealing with the interpersonal conflicts that inevitably arise—maybe more vital to the success of a project than technical expertise” [5, p. 18]. Whether these aremore important than technical expertise may be debated—the best approach to teamwork maynot solve the problem if no one on the team has the requisite knowledge and experience—butperhaps the two can be seen on an equal footing as necessary-but-not-sufficient conditions forsuccessful engineering design.Lee, in a paper presented at the ASEE Southeast Section Conference in 2002 [6], pulls nopunches when it comes to stating the role of an understanding of philosophy of science inbattling junk science, or fraud, as part of engineers’ responsibility to

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade for Teaching II

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Jessica Yellin; Jennifer Turns

represented the experiences of a small number (N < 6) of undergraduates andgraduate students within the context of this program.In this paper, we will first describe the background for this project. Secondly, we will provide anoverview of the undergraduate Engineering Teaching Portfolio Program (ETPP) which includesa description of the context in which we piloted this newly developed undergraduate version ofthe ETPP curriculum and the process we used to adapt the curriculum materials that wepreviously developed for an advanced graduate student audience to the undergraduate level.Third, we will present the design of the research study linked with this pilot offering and discussthe results and their implications of the formative evaluation of the

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard L Canale; Ellen J Duwart; Cheryl Cates

criterion area, ABET requires that engineering programs demonstrate that theirgraduates have acquired eleven attributes of an engineer. Each program must have an Page 5.145.2assessment process with documented results. Evidence that ABET suggests may be used todocument results include student portfolios, design projects, alumni surveys that documentprofessional accomplishments and career development activities, employer surveys, andplacement data of graduates.Cooperative education is a viable educational strategy that enhances the learning of engineeringundergraduate students. However, additional research in this area is needed to document

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ansari, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

! Due 02/28/2023 at 5 pm This is a personal experience, but you can chat with your friends. And enemies.IntroductionThis took longer than expected to make, so please excuse any small errors. The big ones, please call meout on. ;)HI HELLO! TODAY I WANT US TO BREAK FOURIER MATH. I have created a set of puzzles andmysteries using the FFT function that you will be using for your Midterm Project. In order to make itunique and different I want to focus on different aspects, but this may help you a little bit if you wanted totry to figure out how best to represent your signals there!But, to begin, I want you to download the files that I have uploaded into the Moodle folder!ProceduresThe main premise of today’s lab is that Fourier Series and

Conference Session

Instructional Showcase

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Richardson, University of Connecticut; Todd Campbell, University of Connecticut; Marina A. Creed, UConn Health and UConn School of Medicine; Kristina M. Wagstrom, University of Connecticut

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Interest Council (PIC)

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

Paper ID #43089Corsi-Rosenthal Box Learning Module: How Can We Make Clean Air Accessiblefor Schools? (Resource Exchange)Aaron Richardson, University of Connecticut Aaron Richardson studies and teaches with a focus on social and racial justice, accessibility, and creating relevant curriculum that will make use of students’ lived experiences and knowledge to help them bring their own personal meaning to their education and into the classroom. Aaron Richardson’s interest in the Corsi-Rosenthal Learning Module project revolved around accessible, relevant science and engineering education for students by using phenomena that

Conference Session

Mathematics Division (MATH) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olivia Ryan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Susan Sajadi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics Division (MATH)

recording the interviews and filling out a structured memo directly after the interview‬ ‭ended. Ideally, I wanted to collaborate with the participants to share the transcripts and findings‬ ‭with them‬‭[31]‬‭; however, it was beyond the scope and‬‭timeline of this project.‬‭ able 2‬T‭Codebook‬ ‭Transition‬ ‭Four S’s‬ ‭Definition in Study Context‬ ‭Types‬ ‭ xplains students' situation when the pandemic began (ex: school practices and home‬ E ‭Situation‬ ‭life)‬ ‭ onsiders the students' outlook on their education and future at the

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junaid A. Siddiqui, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

alternatives to prevalent educationalpractices. For example, a variety of educational approaches were presented in the plenarysession of the 2011 ASEE annual conference. Examples of some of the approaches presentedincluded active learning, formative assessment as a strategy to support learning, and problem-based learning. Each description of an approach included a summary of research-based evidenceon specific educational impacts. The National Science Foundation, which funds projects forimproving STEM education through its Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement(CCLI) and Transforming Undergraduate Education in STEM (TUES) programs, has sponsoredforums in which panels of practitioners and scholars were commissioned to investigate the issueof

Conference Session

Broader Approaches to Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle Payne, Collins Engineers

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

trying to determine whether an ethical dilemma exists and what action, if any,should be taken in response, it can help to see the “black and white” situations with clarity andnot overanalyze. In Harmony’s case, being asked to misrepresent who owns the fabrication shopwhere a client’s components would be manufactured was an obvious step too far. In response toher leader’s request, she explained, “I immediately took him aside and I said, ‘You’re going tocome up with a reason why the client is going to see somebody else’s name on the gate becauseI’m not!’” Justine shared a similar case about dishonesty in which she faced pressure to share anunrealistic project schedule, stating, “I’m literally being asked to lie to them. This is not okay

Conference Session

Mentoring, Case Study of Racial and Ethnic Diversity, Identity Dilemmas, Cultural Homelessness and Intersectionality, and Transfer Students

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maimuna Begum Kali, Florida International University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

cultural home by somemore than others.Furthermore, engineering culture can be a cultural home, and more for some than others. Disciplinary andeducational cultures are enacted in shared physical and social spaces, but those same spaces areexperienced differentially by some as inclusive and by others as exclusive or marginalizing. Identity andintersectionality play a significant role in that differentiation of engineering culture. This paper considersthe interplays of engineering culture, identity (as culture), and intersectionality as creating or disrupting asense of cultural home.3. Methodology3.1 Data collectionData for this study comes from a larger project, Audio for Inlcusion [13], that focuses on exploringstudents’ experience of

Conference Session

Formation and Development of Engineers

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dina Verdin, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Carlos Luis Perez, Arizona State University; Sharona Krinsky, California State University, Los Angeles; Emily L. Allen, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

looking at how mastery learning shifts instructors’ beliefs about teaching practices and assessments.Sharona Krinsky, California State University, Los Angeles Sharona Krinsky is an instructor and course coordinator in the Mathematics department at California State University, Los Angeles and the co-PI of the NSF funded project ”Commitment to Learning Instilled by a Mastery-Based Undergraduate Program (CLIMB-UP). She works with faculty on redesigning courses to utilize the principles of mastery-based grading in order to enhance student success and enable increased equity, inclusion, and access to careers in STEM fields for students from historically underrepresented groups. Sharona is a founding organizer of ”The

Conference Session

Student Division (STDT) Technical Session 4: Minoritized Student Experiences

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micaha Dean Hughes, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; John Roberts, UK College of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

significant barrier to belonging, and yetschool climate nor current or historical patterns of exclusion are incorporated into college andcareer choice models as depicted in the academic literature.Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this rapid review is to conduct an investigation of the academic literature onexisting initiatives and models for attracting Black high school students to undergraduateengineering programs, which may also be referred to as “broadening participation” inengineering. This work is part of a larger project to understand the lived experiences of Blackhigh school students during the engineering admissions process and how those experiences alignwith the programs, practices and systems that are enacted within higher education today

Conference Session

Virtual Mentoring Program, Listening to Those That Matter, Moving Beyond Research, and Career Outcomes Tracking

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerard Dorvè-Lewis, University of Pittsburgh; Danielle Vegas Lewis, SUNY Fredonia; Maricela Bañuelos, University of California, Irvine; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, University of California, Irvine; Linda DeAngelo, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

leastI've seen or talked to in any way. And I think that's kind of always a constant thing,getting an effect of more people looking at me or a kid who's never met a Black persongets put in a group with me in an engineering project and doesn't know, like he thinks I'ma different species or something. I have never felt any malicious intent towards me at thisinstitution purely because I am Black, but I have had experiences where I’ve had to dealwith ignorance from my white peers. And I know that it happened just because they havenever met a Black person before. So there's always this feeling that just knowing that theway I've maybe talked to someone in my family, I can't talk to a peer about like acomplex engineering process. I can't necessarily just

Conference Session

Student Mental Health and Communities of Care

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Robert, University of Denver; Jon A. Leydens, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

disclose any of thesetraits to the school nor did she seek accommodations as she perceived accommodations would not behelpful for her and were reserved for students with greater needs than hers. As a result of herparticipation in this research project, Esperanza later sought a diagnosis for what she suspected wasneurodivergence in the form of autism. Esperanza identifies as a first-generation student despite herparents having attended college for the performing arts. Her parents were children of immigrants fromEurope and the Caribbean and as minority and first-generation students, they received an abundance ofguidance and assistance through their college experiences and did not come away fully understandingthe higher education systems and

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 1: Sense of Self in Biomedical Engineering Students

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Jill Lunn, Florida International University; Cristi L. Bell-Huff, Georgia Institute of Technology; Joseph M. LeDoux, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

Conference Session

Faculty Development and Research Programs (NEE)

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Jennifer J. VanAntwerp, Calvin University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators Division (NEE)

faculty found their jobs interesting andconsistent with their own passions and under their own control for how they selected andexecuted their job duties. Table 5 summarizes the perspectives on workplace autonomy sharedby faculty. Study participants spoke to autonomy needs being satisfied or frustrated along threemajor subthemes: freedom to express themselves and to pursue interesting work, sufficientresources to pursue their interests, and absence of extreme work stress.Need for freedomFaculty expressed autonomy need satisfaction when they felt the freedom to choose theparticular projects or tasks on which they worked. They appreciated being allowed to establishtheir own approach to courses they taught: It’s actually been pretty beneficial

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camila Olivero-Araya, The Ohio State University; Julie P. Martin, The Ohio State University; Micah Organ

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

. Enmei thought about reporting her, but she had heard that Chinese students were often blamed for dragging down scores of group projects with domestic students, so she decided not to do it. Adapted from [38] b. Relationship of case to the literature • She has many questions about how to be ready for this new experience.Our literature review (Section 2) highlights that international students do not have enoughfamiliarity with the US educational system, but they are described as willing to learn andhardworking (see Section 2 for more details). • She wanted to make US friends, yet she had a bad experience. So now, she is focused on

Conference Session

Research Methodologies – Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neha Kardam, University of Washington; Shruti Misra, University of Washington; Denise Wilson, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

human-in-the-loop approaches to more complex, multi-topic analysis of open-ended responses from students and teachers prompted their use in this study. Like many otherstudies, our work relies on thematic analysis to facilitate effective use of NLP in the processingof qualitative, text-based feedback from students. Unlike many previous studies, however, weapply NLP at a broader scope. Instead of asking students to reflect retroactively on theirexperiences in a particular course, we open the door wider, asking them to identify anything atall a TA could do to better support their learning.MethodsThis study is part of a larger, single-institution research project, which used a survey toinvestigate the connections between different forms of support

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics: Modes and Methods

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Papadopoulos, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

periodic retakingGrading Average grading with partial credit; Discrete approval, no Average grading with partial credit; projects weighted < 20% of grade partial credit; tests Activities = 50% of grade constitute 100% of gradeAs a final note before proceeding, in preparing the team aspect of the Studio format, I used (forthe first time) the CATME system (https://catme.org). My primary use was to use the TeamMaker Survey function to create teams that had compatible time schedules outside of class,reasonable range of student ability based on self-reported GPA, and non-isolation ofunderrepresented students. I am still

Conference Session

ERM: Conceptualizations of Engineering and Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikita Dawe, University of Toronto; Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto; Amy Bilton; Kimia Moozeh, University of Toronto

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joan Wawire, University of Houston; Jerrod Henderson, University of Houston; Brian McGowan, American University; Kristin Schaefer, University of Houston; Le Shorn Benjamin

into our identities, without creating an exhaustivebiography. The first author identifies as a Black woman of African descent who is currentlyliving through her own engineering undergraduate student experience. As this was anundergraduate research project, and though authors two through five are more senior researchers,they were careful to allow author one to lead the study, with their guidance. Author two is aneducation researcher with extensive experience using qualitative methods and photovoice.Author three is a higher education researcher of Afro-Caribbean immigrant identity who exploresminoritized learner experiences in a variety of contexts. Author four served as the independentauditor [35] and is a licensed female engineer, certified K

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 8: Engineering Design in Elementary School

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole Batrouny, Tufts University

, explaining to each other what they weredoing and why. These small group patterns also played out in the whole class conversations inboth classrooms. These subtle differences in classroom culture had large impacts on students’identity in science and their participation in scientific practices. Importantly for all of thesepoints, the design of the learning environment is not the only culprit; students must take upelements of the learning environment in their interactions. Design activities are co-constructedbetween the instructor’s choices and the students’ interpretation of them.Participants and Curricular ContextThis study took place within the ConnecTions in the Making project. As part of a multi-yeargrant, the research team, including two

Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bailey Bond-Trittipo, Florida International University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University; Nivedita Kumar, Florida International University; Tiana Solis, Florida International University

projects or problems. (Brad, Hispanic or Latino/aman)In spite of his familiarity with entrepreneurship, Brad noted that he did not want to pursue it as acareer because of the difficulty associated with acquiring the resources necessary to run acompany. We note the difference in the confidence levels, knowledge, and interest in a career inentrepreneurial pathways, between participants like Penny, Gustavo, and Cesar on the one hand,and Ron and Brad on the other. We view this difference as a form of cultural capital, whereformal and informal knowledge of how a particular pathway works is a piece of acculturationthat allows access to that pathway. In this case, acculturation and confidence also seemconnected to traditional forms of privilege, where

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Technical Session 7: Cybersecurity and Computing

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica McGill, CSEdResearch.org; Angelica Thompson; Leigh Ann DeLyser; Eric Snow; Luronne Vaval; Stephanie Wortel-London

,” 2020.[12] E. Dorn, B. Hancock, J. Sarakatsannis, and E. Viruleg, “Covid-19 and learning loss - dispar- ities grow and students need help,” 2020.[13] M. Kuhfeld, J. Soland, B. Tarasawa, A. Johnson, E. Ruzek, and J. Liu, “Projecting the poten- tial impact of covid-19 school closures on academic achievement,” Educational Researcher, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 549–565, 2020.McGill, Thompson, et al ASEE 2022[14] O. M. Oyinloye, “Possible impact of covid-19 on senior secondary school students’ perfor- mance in science education in nigeria,” Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 80–85, 2020.[15] E. J. Sintema, “Effect of covid-19 on the performance

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Continue the Conversation about Tests! Part 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Jay, University of Oklahoma; Doyle Dodd, University of Oklahoma

]. However, performance on an assignmentmight not necessarily reflect a student’s understanding of the specified topic or their participationin class. Traditionally, homework assignments have taken on many forms: projects, readingprompts (in selected articles or chapters from a textbook), or responses to question from a givensource [3]. In recent years, however, many qualities of the homework format have been altered.These aspects include digital submissions or digital assignments entirely. Students have reportedhigher scores from these digital methods, but previous data analysis suggests there are nodifferences between this and the physical forms of homework [32]. Furthermore, these studiescritique the simplicity of these digital characteristics

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Innovating New Ways to Teach

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Swenty, Virginia Military Institute; Benjamin Dymond, University of Minnesota Duluth; Camilla Saviz, University of the Pacific; David Saftner, University of Minnesota Duluth; Jeffrey Shafer, University of the Pacific; Kacie D'Alessandro, Virginia Military Institute; Tanya Kunberger, Florida Gulf Coast University; Christopher Shearer

engineering courses and enjoys working with his students on bridge related research projects and the ASCE student chapter.Benjamin Z. Dymond (Associate Professor)David A Saftner (Associate Professor) Dr. David Saftner is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering. He earned a BS from the United States Military Academy and an MS and PhD from the University of Michigan. Prior to pursuing a career in academics, Dr. Saftner spent five years as an engineer officer in the US Army and serving in Missouri, Colorado, Kuwait, and Iraq. His areas of research include beneficial reuse of waste soil material, geotechnical site investigation and characterization, and teaching and learning in engineering education. He

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Computing, Technology, and AI

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Quintin Kreth, Georgia Institute of Technology; Daniel Schiff, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeonghyun Lee, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jason Borenstein, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ellen Zegura, Georgia Institute of Technology

. Some studies suggest that students who are membersof racial/ethnic minority groups underrepresented in engineering will have more awareness ofsocial problems [55], [56]. However, a study by Bielefeldt applying the PSRDM failed to findsignificant differences among engineering students of different racial/ethnic groups [52]. Thus,we do not have clear expectations regarding the relationship between the race/ethnicity ofcomputing students and social responsibility attitudes, although we include these variables in ouranalysis.3. Data and methods3.1 Survey methodsThis study, which is part of a larger research project, draws on data from a survey instrumentcompleted by five cohorts of students at or near graduation from the Georgia Institute

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy - Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation.Citations[1] R. A. Cheville and J. Heywood, “The Philosophical Foundations of Technological and Engineering Literacy,” in American Society for Engineering Education, 2017, p. 19530.[2] “Charles Sturt University - Our Ethos.” [Online]. Available: Our ethos.[3] J. H. Newman, The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated: In Nine Discourses Delivered to the Catholics of Dublin. Project Gutenberg, 1852.[4] P. Dias, “The Engineer’s Identity Crisis: Homo Faber or Homo Sapiens?,” in Philosophy and Engineering: Re ections on Practice, Principles and Process, D. P. Michelfelder, N. McCarthy, and

Conference Session

Centering Black Experiences in STEM: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Merriweather, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Marah Lambert, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Shaunelle Casey; Cathy Howell, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Niesha Douglas

qualitative case study research project sought tounderstand the nature and quality of STEM doctoral mentorships at an HBCU. The analysis onthe HBCU subcase asked, how are STEM doctoral mentorships understood by Black STEMdoctoral students at HBCUs? Black STEM HBCU students were interviewed and completed amentoring competency assessment survey. In addition STEM doctoral students from threeuniversities also completed the survey. The qualitative data was analyzed using narrativeanalysis and the survey data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. This projectis part of a larger NSF AGEP sponsored research study.Research findings: The findings from this study expose that Black STEM doctoral students atHBCUs have not reached the

Conference Session

Disability, Neurodivergence, and Sense of Belonging in STEM: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mariah Arral, Carnegie Mellon University

Graduate Research Fellowship (GRFP). Mariah is an openly disabled scientist and has a passion for creating equitable access to education for everyone. During her undergraduate studies, she developed an interest in studying mentorship of disabled individuals and initiated an ongoing research project with Dr. Halpern. In addition to her mentorship research, Mariah enjoys advocating for the disability community. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com10 Tips to Make Your Course More Accessible and Inclusive to Disabled StudentsMariah L. Arral, Carnegie Mellon UniversityAbstractAbleism is a barrier to accessible engineering education

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Perspectives on Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Hedayati Mehdiabadi, University of New Mexico; Rebecca Atadero, Colorado State University

such assenior design. At the University of Toronto, Rottmann and Reeve [50] have developed a three-hour ethics workshop that introduces students to five different ethical frameworks and fourdifferent equity concepts. In an ongoing effort, Riley et al. [49] are studying the lessons learnedfrom social movements to bring about equity-oriented changes in engineering education andhave collected teaching resources at engineersshowup.com. The Partnership for Equity (P4E)project has sought to incorporate diversity, equity, and inclusion lessons in requiredundergraduate engineering and computer science courses on four different campuses bycollaborating with engineering and computer science faculty [13]. Many of the P4E activitieshave primarily focused