theunambiguous symbol CHX will be used. In principle the conductance is calculated by Q& ave C HX = (6) FG ⋅ LMTDAny heat transfer textbook will recite this formula where Q& ave is the average heat transfer rate, FG is the geometrical correction factor, and LMTD is the log mean temperature difference.The preceding measurement function is deceptively simple in appearance. In fact asshown below, both the heat rate and the LMTD are rather complicated. The best estimate of the heat rate is the average between the rate that heat isadsorbed by
of the system and the surroundings. Based on this study, a change seems warranted forthe first and second laws analysis relating to the electrical work.BackgroundA typical thermodynamic problem is solved by the traditional methodology of analysis thatcombines the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law describes the principle ofconservation of energy and is defined as the net energy transfer into the system being equal tothe change of the total energy in the system. Although there may be minor differences indescribing the principle by different authors, the first law of thermodynamics is usually given ina general equation form as Q – W = ΔE or Qin - Qout + Win – Wout = ΔE for closed systems where
. Topics emphasized in this chapter See example in Sections 2.2 − 2.6. Input valve A1 Q 1 + ∆Q 1 Establish the control goals
to its three outputs. The input vector is denoted as I (A, B, C),potential to minimize power consumption and enhance while the output vector is represented as O (P, Q, R). Thecomputational efficiency. Numerous studies have examined relationship between the inputs and outputs follows specificthe role of reversible logic gates in the development of logical operations: P = A, Q = A ⊕ B (XOR operation), andenergy-efficient sequential circuits, leading to remarkable R = (A ⋅ B) ⊕ C (AND followed by XOR). Since the Peresprogress in digital circuit design. gate is reversible, it preserves information, making it highly In [1
Web: hubs and authorities. Ahub is a page that links to other pages; an authority is a page that is linked to by other pages. The Page 26.1736.7ranking philosophy behind HITS is a mutually reinforcing relationship: “a good hub is a page thatpoints to many good authorities; a good authority is a page that is pointed to by many goodhubs” 11 . HITS is usually implemented in an iterative manner. In each iteration, the updating rulesfor the authority value Auth(p) and hub value Hub(p) of page p are formulated as Auth(p) ← Hub(q) (5
performance in a subsequent course (e.g., intermediate thermodynamics or heat transfer).ConstraintsAs an important and fundamental restriction to this project, students are prohibited fromapproaching the problem by analyzing the refrigeration system, i.e., the refrigerant flow. Instead,students must explore the meaning of the quantities involved, particularly heat and work, byexamining the refrigerator compartments. In other words, instead of investigating where theenergy is going to, students should question where it is coming from.It should be noted that the actual COP may also be defined in terms of the rate of energy transfer: Q˙ c COP actual
differential equations2: q = −∇ • (k∇T ) + ρ C P • ∇T (1) ρ • ∇ = ∇p + µ ∇ (2)where q, k, T, ρ, Cp, u, p, and µ represent heat flow, thermal conductivity, density, heat capacity,velocity vector, pressure, and viscosity, respectively. Unfortunately, an analytical solution to Page 12.393.3these equations is not available except for the simplest geometries and flow patterns. Therefore,a practical engineering approach based on Newton’s law of cooling is presented to undergraduateengineering students for describing the
Experiences for All Students Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers2 Patton, M. Q.(1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications3 Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing groundedtheory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Page 22.1519.21Memorandum To: Thermodynamic Analysis Team From: Sharon Parker, Cal Poly Supermileage Team Date: June 30, 2010 Re: Engine Performance AnalysisEach year, Cal Poly’s Supermileage Vehicle Team competes in the Shell Eco-Marathon
management courses with bonus points for the in-class problem solving relatedto each topic of the course. The survey questions are presented in Figure 2. The first two questionswere asked to understand the students’ perceptions and attitudes about the course content andalignment. The third question introduced the active learning concept and its effect. Q.1. Did tests reflect the material covered in the class? a. Excellent (5) b. Above Average (4) c. Average (3) d. Below Average (2) e. Very Poor (1) Q.2. Is there a good agreement between the course outline and the course content? a. Excellent (5) b. Above Average (4) c. Average (3
ordifficulties with demonstrating their KSAs in machine design are rapidly uncovered with weekly conceptquizzes. Finally, the outcomes of the pilot and full implementation of a machine design course usingcompetency-based assessment will be presented, with a discussion of future planned work.KeywordsMachine Design, Competency, Course DesignIntroductionAssessing student knowledge, skill, and ability in a senior-level machine design course typically oftenrelies on a combination of homework (HW), quizzes (Q), and major exams (E). The HW may includethree to four problems and may be scored for completion and/or correctness, assuming that students maybe working in collaborative teams to complete their work outside of a class setting. Whereas Q and E areoften
bythe instructor and the final class grades. To understand the effect of in-class problem-solving onthe perceptions and attitudes of students, surveys were conducted at the end of the semester withthree questions to compare the students’ learning experiences. The survey questions are presentedin Figure 1. The first two questions were asked to understand the students’ perceptions andattitudes about the course content and alignment. The third question introduced the in-classproblem-solving and its effect. Q.1. Did tests reflect the material covered in the class? a. Excellent (5) b. Above Average (4) c. Average (3) d. Below Average (2) e. Very Poor (1) Q.2. Is there a good
in the sketch.Following the online performance, however, the facilitators, like sports analysts, recap thesituation and ask the student audience to comment regarding how they feel. The students respondusing the Zoom Q&A feature to enter comments and questions which are addressed by thefacilitators. Instead of bringing student audience members into the Zoom team, the actors areinterviewed, on-screen and in character, and asked how they feel about what happened, why theydid what they did, and how they think their actions made the other characters feel. The studentaudience is encouraged to ask questions of the characters using the Q&A feature and to “upvote”questions to help determine which questions have the most audience interest
condenser coil. As thetemperatures rise, the system can transfer the excess heat to a thermal battery. A thermal batteryis a device that stores energy [5]. For this, water could be used for testing (explored later). Thissystem could be tested with major appliances such as refrigerators and ovens/stoves, with theidea being to store and redistribute the energy needed to heat the water.The potential energy that can be harnessed can be represented by the heat transfer equation Q = A × G × η × ΔTQ(BTU) = the amount of heat gathered and storedA = the surface areaG = solar irradiance (BTUs/hour)η = the efficiency of the solar paneΔT = the temperature difference between the panel temperature and the storage
frontend that contains a “down-converter,” which converts the RFsignals at the received frequency into two parts: the I signal (in-phase) and Q (quadrature) signal,which is 90 degrees out of phase (relative to I). To perform down-conversion, we use a Tayloedetector 6 . The detector is a simple, inexpensive circuit that does a complete quadrature down-conversion. The I and Q signals feed directly into the soundcard of the PC, where they areconverted from analog to digital signals using the soundcard’s A/D converter.Once converted by the soundcard, I and Q signals are demodulated. This process consists of thefollowing basic steps for receiving7-10. 1. Time-domain shift: while I and Q are in the time domain, their (center) frequencies are
capacitance in quasistatic equilibrium in inversion toavoid undershooting into deep depletion. 3. Models for MOS Capacitance CharacteristicsFor an MOS structure built on a uniformly doped semiconductor the Poisson equation [5] can besolved exactly to get the electric field, Es and the total charge the semiconductor has stored in itsspace charge (or depletion) layer, Qs as a function of the electrostatic potential ψs its surface hasreached under the influence of the gate field applied. The resulting equations are given below. 2. k. T . ψ s . Εs ψs F ψs q. L D ψ s Qs ψs ε Si. Ε s ψ swhere β
Method, a series of two equations must be used. First, the log mean temperature difference must be found using the equation below: ∆T1 − ∆T2 (1) ∆Tlm = ln(∆T1 / ∆T2 ) where ∆T1 is the temperature difference at the hot fluid inlet, and ∆T2 is the temperature difference at the hot fluid exit. Once this is found, the overall heat transfer coefficient, U, is found using the equation: Q&= U As ∆Tlm (2) where
finite line of charge of length and linear charge density of tL(C/m2) along the z-axis. For a differential element of charge dQ = tLdz, one can computethe electric force exerted on the charge q located at a distance t (cylindrical coordinatest,h,z are used here) from the line using Coulomb’s law asdFy = q dQ cos c/(4rg0R2) (g0 = 8.854 x 10-12 F/m is the free space permittivity) Page 11.523.5where c is the angle from the y-axis and R2 = t2 + z2. With cos c = t/R and integratingto get total force (also utilizing the symmetry of the problem)Fy = 2 Ð q tL t d z /(4rg0R3) where integration is from z = 0 to z = /2.Fy = q tL t I /(2rg0) with
Int Ext Int Ext Int Ext Int Ext Int Ext Int Ext California Polytechnic State University S √ University of California, Irvine Q √ University of California, Riverside Q √ √ University of Central Florida S √ √ University of Colorado at Boulder S √ Colorado State University S √ Columbia University S √ University of Delaware
methods to evaluate physics instruction and assessesundergraduate engineering students’ understanding of certain topics in thermal physics.PER documents students’ difficulties with the conceptions of heat and temperature5, 6, 7.Much of this research suggests that many students hold an intuitive belief about theconceptual relationship of heat (Q) and temperature (T) which might be represented bythis proportionality: Q∝TAs opposed to the established physics principle that heat transfer is proportional to thechange in temperature: Q ∝ ∆TMany research-based conceptual diagnostic surveys are openly available for assessinglearning in physics. The Heat and Temperature and
). SDR was extensively used during theIn addition to these new capabilities, the cost of SDR undergraduate digital communicationshardware continues to decrease and is becoming more course on which this paper is based.accessible to students, including the recent introductionof the ADALM-PLUTO SDR platform 8 by AnalogDevices, which employs the AD9363 9 and costs approximately $100USD (see Figure 1). Withthese latest advances, SDR hardware and software are accessible to the larger student populationand can be used not only for digital communications education but also employed in othereducational and design activities, especially those with interdisciplinary aspects such as r(t) q(t
0% Content-Specific Questions Yes No Page 26.415.7Content Questions and Keywords used to evaluate responses Questions Keywords Tissue, engineering, creating, regenerating, growing, organic matter, making, cell function, Q-1: What is tissue engineering? building, forming, examining, manipulating
democratization of manufacturingand programmable electronics. The design experience in the class provides students an outlet forexercising their creativity at the highest level of Bloom’s taxonomy. ∗A web-based, private beta version was provided to students in the Fall 2015 to assist them with their projects.Figure 5: A few pictures of the projects from the Final Robot Design Project Demo day, Fall 2015;see complete gallery of pictures at https://goo.gl/photos/WhYmy4kxFoStwNQz7References1 Shen, Q., Al-Smadi, Y. M., Martin, P. J., Russell, K., and Sodhi, R. S., 2009, “An extension of mechanism design optimization for motion generation”, Mechanism and machine theory, 44(9), pp. 1759–1767.2 The National Academy of Engineering, 2005, Educating the
. Using equation (1) the property B can then be replaced with energy in its variousguises and the accounting of energy through the control volume becomes :DU CV •U int ernal ? - Â Q% net _ in / Â W% net _ out - Â (m% e) net _ in …….(2) Dt •t By treating the surroundings (i.e. Everything else) as just another control volume onecan apply the same accounting exercise to the surroundings:DU SUR •U int ernal ? - Â Q% net _ in / Â W% net _ out - Â (m% e) net _ in …….(3) Dt •tFinally, by adding the two rates of change, equation (2) and (3), it was hypothesized byJoule and Clausius that, in the absence of Nuclear reactions, the sum should always equalzero. That is, the energy is conserved. i.e.DU SUR DU CV
Page 23.716.5understanding of the problem as they have described it. Table 1 also shows the specificcollaborative aspects present during this phase of the model. Table 1. Stage 1, Phase 2 of the CCMQuestions for Problem Formulation (Stage 1) Example of the internal structure of the CCMPreliminary Mental Model (Phase 2): for Stage 1, phase 2. Collaborative Modality: Q: What are the goals of the system? message board for Problem Understanding Q: Do any of these goals require clarification? Collaborative Processes: Q: Are there any other explicit or implicit pull and push information from the
real wind speed values at whichthe wind turbine motor shaft rotates. The given wind speed will be the reference speed to themotor system, i.e., the presumed wind speed will be converted to a reference voltage to drive themotor. The presumed wind turbine PMDC generator is connected to the presumed wind turbinemotor, rotating at the same speed and generating corresponding voltage values. The teams weregiven the following concept questions during the actual laboratory and were asked to include thecorresponding answers in their technical laboratory report: Q) Investigate the wind turbine mathematical equations, explain the variables affecting the power & voltage generation, and introduce another parameter to reflect real-life
point of the device (Q-point),input of that information was required. It should be noted that the display of gm for FETs wasnot available on either curve tracer directly from the instrument (βF was available only on the571). Thus the LabVIEW interface for the Tektronix 370 would not only provide the user withmore user-friendly interaction but additional capability for the FETs. A comprehensive user’smanual for the LabVIEW interface was another significant deliverable.After setting these design goals, a suitable LabVIEW GPIB driver that could be used as a startingpoint was downloaded from the National Instruments website (www.ni.com/devzone/idnet/).The project began late in the fall semester of 2002 with projected completion for student usage
0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q8 Q9 Q 10 Q 11 Q 15 Q 16 Question # Figure 10: Technical assessment results. Q 17 Q 13 Strongly AgreeQuestion # Q 12 Agree Neutral Q6 Disagree
modifications have been made on a regular basis.Table 4. Mentor evaluation of students in a team6 Draft Average grade Q. 2. Q. 3. Q. 4. Q. 6. score from Q. 1. Work Do Informed Q. 5. Listened out of 5 mentorStudent Meeting before team team if Contributed to team from (NG toname attendance meetings tasks absent in meetings mates Q 1-6 A+) AverageFigure 2 shows the 2008/2009 winners of the prize for the top team in the module along
numerical integration of the data. Using the breakthrough cure data from an adsorptionbreakthrough run, the time equivalent to the total or stoichiometric capacity of the column forCO2 is calculated by numerically integrating the following equation: ¥ æ cö tt = ò çç1 - ÷÷dt c0 ø Equation 1 0èwhere tt is the time equivalent to the total or stoichiometric capacity, t is time, c is theconcentration of CO2 at time t, and c0 is the feed concentration of CO2. With tt determined, theamount of CO2 adsorbed by the activated carbon (the loading) is calculated from the followingequation: y f Q f t t Ps
3. DY q = tan -1 ( ) (3) DX Figure 5: A Binary Image of the Rim4. Calibration of Vision SystemWhen integrating a machine vision system with any other piece of equipment, nothing is more Page 7.178.6 “Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering Education”important than calibration. The machine vision system can send