Conference Session

Technical Session 1: Collaborating with Engineering Students and Faculty

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William H. Mischo, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Christie A. Wiley, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Mary C. Schlembach, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Heidi J. Imker, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

Paper ID #20593An Integrated Data Management Plan Instructional ProgramWilliam H. Mischo, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign William Mischo is Head, Grainger Engineering Library Information Center and Professor, University Library at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC). He has been a Principal Investigator on a number of digital library grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF), including the National Ethics Portal grant, several National Science Digital Library (NSDL) grants, and the Digital Library Initiative I grant. He has also received an Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pattabhi Sitaram, Baker College, Flint, Michigan; Anca L. Sala, Baker College, Flint

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

better positionour program to be competitive with programs of other institutions. The courses in our 120semester credit hours restructured curriculum are similar to most schools and therefore nocompromises are made toward decrease in program effectiveness.Five general education courses were eliminated from the BS ME program, equivalent to areduction of 12 semester credits. The current requirements for General Education total 30semester credits, 18 of which are in the areas of oral and written communications, ethics, culturaldiversity, and personal/social environments areas. The remaining 12 required credits consist ofmathematics and science courses.2. The following pre-calculus level mathematics courses were eliminated from the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nelson S. Pearson, University of Nevada, Reno; Hector Enrique Rodriguez-Simmonds, Purdue Engineering Education; Tara C. Langus, University of Nevada, Reno; Allison Godwin, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

political identity, social welfare, and perspectives ofdiversity. In reflecting on the personal impact of recent national events and how politicaldiscussions have or have not been integrated into their STEM courses, two themes emerged: 1)political awareness and 2) future-self impact. Findings revealed that first year engineeringstudents recognized the personal and social impacts current national events imposed on theirfriends, family, and society. However, students did not sense the significance of politicaldiscourse concerning the social impact and ethical practice of engineering. Our research showsthat limiting political discourse in the classroom and depoliticizing engineering spacescontributed to students dissociating the relevance of political

Conference Session

Fostering Business and Professional Skills in the Engineering Classroom

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veera Gnaneswar Gude P.E., Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

responses to the effectiveness of writing exercises inaccomplishing ABET outcomes f through k.Slightly higher ratings were received for WWE for outcomes f, h and i. Similarly, outcomes g, jand k received slightly higher ratings for EES. Again, these observations are as anticipated giventhe nature of the writing exercises incorporated in each of the courses. Writing intensiveexercises in EES enhanced the communication skills, knowledge of contemporary issues andtechniques and skills required for engineering practice11. The design intensive exercises in WWEhelped students realize the professional and ethical responsibility, awareness of broad educationfor engineering solutions, and the need for life-long learning to stay up to the trends

Conference Session

Works-in-Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracy L. Carter, Northeastern University; Samira M. Azarin, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Janie Brennan, Washington University in St. Louis; Elizabeth Hill, University of Minnesota Duluth; Amy J. Karlsson, University of Maryland - College Park

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Safety Teaching Practices Large, private, Practice the ability to identify needs •   University certifications in chemical Northeastern (problems) and then design and hygiene and waste management region, R1 conduct engineering experiments, to •   Process safety checklist before meet the desired needs within realistic experiments constraints such as economic, •   Design of experiments by students, environmental, social, political, including identification of hazards ethical, health and safety, and mitigation methods, using manufacturability, OR sustainability

Conference Session

Institutional Change

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Medha Dalal, Arizona State University; Adam R. Carberry, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineering education and related research by adoptingnew ways of thinking (ASEE, 2014; NAE, 2004; UNESCO, 2012). The Engineering EducationResearch (EER) Colloquies (JEE, 2006) specifically called for “research that will helpcharacterize the nature of engineering knowledge (i.e., its technical, social, and ethical aspects)and ways of engineering thinking that are essential for identifying and solving technicalproblems within dynamic and multidisciplinary environments” (p. 260). The ways of engineeringthinking need to be reconsidered to not only meet changing workforce demands, but also toincrease awareness of the social impacts of engineered solutions, to promote diversity andinclusion in the profession, and to solve chronic issues of student

Conference Session

Track: Special Topic - Social Justice & Reform Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Rachel M. Johnson, University of Minnesota; Michelle Kay Bothwell, Oregon State University; Devlin Montfort, Oregon State University; Kali Furman, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Special Topic: Social Justice & Reform

Paper ID #24809Measuring the Conceptualization of Oppression and PrivilegeRachel M Johnson, University of Minnesota Rachel Johnson is a PhD student in Biomedical Engineering at University of Minnesota. Her research interests are cardiac tissue engineering and biopreservation. She earned her BS at Oregon State University in Bzioengineering.Michelle Kay Bothwell, Oregon State University Michelle Bothwell is an Associate Professor of Bioengineering at Oregon State University. Her teaching and research bridge ethics, social justice and engineering with the aim of cultivating an inclusive and socially just engineering

Collection

2019 ASEE PNW Section Conference

Authors

David Pinkerton, Boise State University; Krishna Pakala, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

moretraining/set-up than it is worth? Does it increase or decrease workloads of professors and staff?3. The engineering workforce?Will this student be a better worker and employee? Will they be responsible, safe, andcommunicative when called upon? Will the technologies used in the classroom carry over toindustry?4. General Society?Will this help the student be an engineer with good ethics? Will this help students speak up whennecessary? Will this uphold the professional engineering ethical responsibility of keeping thepublic safe?DefinitionsThe following terms are either used in, or are important concepts to, this paper:Access Point to Learning: A means by which students can obtain knowledge or skills. Exampleswould be: a tutoring session, a textbook

Conference Session

ET Pedagogy II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Carmen Cioc, University of Toledo; John B. Napp, University of Toledo; Sorin Cioc, University of Toledo; Noela A. Haughton

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

understanding of howinformation is produced and valued, and the use of information in creating new knowledge andparticipating ethically in communities of learning.There are a number of scholarly works that discuss using PBL pedagogies in higher education.Barron, et al (1998) provide a 40-page primer on PBL as a general pedagogical method. Whilenot dealing specifically with engineering courses, it will provide an overview for those new tothe subject. Another article, this one by Smith Macklin (2001), discusses how to integrateinformation literacy into a one-shot course session using PBL. While not aimed specifically atengineering courses the article provides guidance that could be applicable to any subject area.Guerra, Ulseth and Kolmos (2017) edited a

Conference Session

Making Professionals: Methods to Build Success Skills

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Anthony Battistini, Angelo State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

an HSI”, Proceedings of the 2020ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Montreal, Canada, June 21-24, 2020.[8] American Society of Civil Engineers, “Code of Ethics,” ASCE, https://www.asce.org/code-of-ethics/ [Accessed February 4, 2020].

Conference Session

Emphasizing Communication and the Humanities in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah K. Bauer, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the health and safety of our society. This emphasizes that anunderstanding of the cultural, ideological, political, and historical contexts in whichenvironmental problems occur is essential to solving our society’s most pressing environmentalproblems [2-3].Over the past decade, there has been increased interest in the academic field of the environmentalhumanities, along with a push to abandon the narrow disciplinary tradition of solving problems[2]. According to Criteria 3, Student Outcome 4 of ABET, the engineering accreditation body,programs should ensure that graduating students have “an ability to recognize ethical andprofessional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed judgments, which mustconsider the impact of

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2 - Development, Assessment, and Impact of Experiential Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rachael E. Cate, Oregon State University; Donald Heer, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

, and itcan be the process of questioning and keeping an open mind to evolving circumstances that ismostly highly valued sometimes.” Because Rachael’s training is in the humanities and socialsciences, it is perhaps unsurprising that her response focuses more on holistic abilities such ascritical thinking and ethical responsibility. She notes values that inform her work are “Criticalawareness of situations that enable learners to make ethical decisions about their own practicesand also to take a holistic perspective.”Rachael’s background as a qualitative educational researcher and interpretive cultural studiesanalyst causes her to focus her response on the impossibility of “true objectivity” in research,even when that research includes

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jayanta K. Banerjee, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

in engineering practice, is selected as amentor and is given three (3) credit hours of release time per semester for helping the students intechnical as well as ethical issues related to engineering profession. More senior professors areencouraged to lead this role. The ME department at the University of Florida (UF) in Gainesville iscomparable in size with that of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM) in the sense of boththe undergraduate student population as well as the faculty strength. Hence, some similarities can beobserved and inferred. Qualitative results of educational research in both the institutions suggestsatisfactory implementation of mentoring by the dedicated senior faculty members [5]. Also, in both theME

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Malinda S Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Michael A Soltys, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jennifer Kracha, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

skills and professional skills goals, including building a set of hands-onengineering skills for prototyping and manufacturing and understanding the role of analysis in thedesign process as well as learning and practicing effective teamwork skills and understanding theimportance of an ethical code for the practice of engineering. The authors reveal specific examplesof client projects, lessons on how to pair students with clients, lessons learned after several offeringsof the course, transferability to other settings, and opportunities for future improvements to thecourse. This course description adds to the growing base of available offerings for service-based,active learning courses.IntroductionDuring spring 2014, the Engineering Plus

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joan B Schuman, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

beenestablished, the dimensions tend to include attributes similar to the list compiled by Parkinson. 1. Can appreciate other cultures. 2. Are proficient working in or directing a team of ethnic and cultural diversity. 3. Are able to communicate across cultures. 4. Have had a chance to practice engineering in a global context, whether through an international internship, a service learning opportunity, a virtual global engineering project or some other form of experience. 5. Can effectively deal with ethical issues arising from cultural or national differences.While many Multinational Corporations (MNCs) provide training for engineers workingglobally, some

Conference Session

International Accreditation and Credentials: International Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Junaid Qadir, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan; Aamir Shafi, National University of Computing and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Ala Al-Fuqaha, Hamad Bin Khalifa University; Abd-Elhamid M. Taha, Alfaisal University; Kok-Lim Alvin Yau, Sunway University; João Ponciano, University of Glasgow; Sajjad Hussain, University of Glasgow; Muhammad Ali Imran P.E., University of Glasgow; Sajid Sheikh Muhammad, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Rao Naveed Bin Rais, Ajman University, UAE; Muhammad Rashid, Umm Al Qura University; Boon Leing Tan, Xi'an International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development. GA8 Ethics Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice. GA9 Individual and Team Work An ability to work effectively, as an individual or in a team, on multifaceted and /or multidisciplinary settings. GA10 Communication An ability to communicate effectively—orally and in writing—on complex engineer- ing activities with the engineering community

Conference Session

Sociotechnical Integration

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jacquelene Erickson, Colorado School of Mines; Stephanie Claussen, Colorado School of Mines; Jon A. Leydens, Colorado School of Mines; Kathryn Johnson, Colorado School of Mines; Janet Y. Tsai, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

- tained her B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2005 and her M.S. and Ph.D. from Stanford University in 2008 and 2012, respectively. Her current engineering edu- cation research interests include engineering students’ understanding of ethics and social responsibility, sociotechnical education, and assessment of engineering pedagogies.Dr. Jon A. Leydens, Colorado School of Mines Jon A. Leydens is Professor of Engineering Education Research in the Division of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences at the Colorado School of Mines, USA. Dr. Leydens’ research and teaching interests are in engineering education, communication, and social justice. Dr. Leydens is author or co-author of

Conference Session

Approaches to Assessment and Student Reflection

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ephraim Zegeye, Liberty University; Tom Eldredge, Liberty University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

achieved by a university graduate [9]. This may engage companies anduniversities in an ongoing dialogue on the expected skills and identifying areas of collaborationto enhance student learning. In engineering education, scoring rubrics have been used in the performance evaluation of awide range of ABET and other outcomes, including professional skills [10], ethics [11], writingskills [12], design competency [13, 14], and students’ software skills [15]. The motivation to usescoring rubrics in engineering education also is due to the lack of satisfaction emanating from theuse of the traditional grading process which have been criticized for their bias, and unrealisticstandards [2, 9, 15]. Rubrics are attractive since they can be adjusted to

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alireza Kavianpour, DeVry University, Pomona

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

project dataBy analyzing the assessment data, it seems students in the senior project have weaknesses inthree major areas: Design, Mathematical modelling, EthicsTo improve design, mathematical modelling, and calculation, suggestion is to have one of themajor weekly assignment be an Engineering Logbook. Every week students should submit theirdesign, and calculation. For example, if students use SONAR in their project, in the engineeringlogbook they must write all calculations and how to measure distance or in the case of motorconnection to micro-controller they must write in the logbook all calculations for the requiredcurrent. Regarding ethics, in the course shell one module should be covered the engineeringethics specially IEEE Engineering

Collection

2020 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Agamemnon Crassidis; Daniel S. Kaputa

Level an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility an ability to communicate effectively the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal

Conference Session

BME Assessment and the VaNTH ERC

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Schreiner, Western New England College; Judy Cezeaux, Western New England College; Diane Testa, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability (3d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams, (3e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems, (3f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility, (3g) an ability to communicate effectively, (3h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context, (3i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning, (3j) a knowledge of contemporary issues, (3k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice, (8a) a knowledge of

Conference Session

Curriculum Implementation of Materials Advances

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Simoneau, Keene State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

management systems development, life cycleassessment, design for the environment, ethical issues, environmentally responsiblemanufacturing, as well as the implications of product take back.1,2,15 In some countries thisstandard is being used to embrace a broader realm than originally intended to include new areassuch as the work environment in life cycle assessment.4 Continuous improvement is anotherinherent aspect of this standard. “It fosters self organization and self regulation, which representsthe groundwork from which it is hoped that continuous improvement of environmentalperformance can be sustained. ISO 14000, in particular, tries to encourage a different and moreeffective environmental ethic to the design of product and processes from the

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Butkus, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

a member of a *Time management group, and as a participant on a *Just-in-time multidisciplinary team. An integral part of the learning solution process will be the incorporation of ethical, political, economic, and social impacts. Page 12.114.8 The designs will increase in complexity and open-ended nature to culminate in a multidisciplinary capstone project.VI Engineering solutions under austere NA NA conditions. Develop the skills to evaluate risk and solve environmental problems under

Conference Session

Capstone Design & Project Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Smith, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Tracy N Schierenbeck, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Linda McCloskey, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

leadership in the last decade include the evolution of theglobal workforce, the influence of information technology on the interaction among virtual teams,and the recognition that understanding of ethical implications of engineering is paramount tolong-term professional development.The idea to formalize activities related to student leadership at Rensselaer actually was initiatedby the Rensselaer Union, which is the self-supporting and self-governing student organizationthat controls, finances, and organizes student activities on the campus. In 1988, the ExecutiveBoard of the Union proposed to the Vice President for Student Affairs that Rensselaer form aCenter for Student Leadership Development on the campus. Early activities focused onleadership

Conference Session

International Case Studies:Collaborations, Exchanges & Interactions

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ian Robinson, Edge Hill University; Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; John Rowe, Sheffield Hallam University

Tagged Divisions

International

programmesbased around problem-based learning9.Portfolio assessment is tutor-intensive, and after some 12 years of operation, in the face ofdiminishing Government funding for technical degree courses, the IEDP closed at SheffieldHallam, although leaving a truly positive legacy in terms of PDP and associated studentsupport mechanisms.In the USA, ABET10, in moving to an outcomes base, now requires engineering programmesto demonstrate that students, amongst other technical skills, attain:• an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data• an ability to engage in engineering design to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety

Conference Session

Meeting ABET Requirements

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhengtao Deng, Alabama A&M University; Cathy Qian, Alabama A&M University; Ruben Rojas-Oviedo, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering graduates must demonstrate (a) an ability toapply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering; (b) an ability to design andconduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data; (c) an ability to design asystem, component, or process to meet desired needs; (d) an ability to function inmultidisciplinary teams; (e) an ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems;(f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility; (g) an ability to communicateeffectively; (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineeringsolutions in a global and societal context; (i) a recognition of the need for and an ability toengage in life-long learning; (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues; and (k

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Currin, Southern Polytechnic State University; Timothy Zeigler, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

; synthesize an engineering process or system by integrating solution components; and critically evaluate alternative solutions and designs. e. Graduates are able to apply and interpret appropriate software to improve accuracy and efficiency in developing construction engineering solutions. f. Graduates are able to identify, formulate and solve construction engineering problems and designs and correctly apply science, mathematics, statistical analysis, and suitable engineering principals in these solutions. g. Graduates are able to recognize and analyze ethical

Conference Session

Graduate Education and Undergraduate Research in ET

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Arbuckle, Western Kentucky University; Dale McDaniel, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

foundationsof workforce education, career development theory, needs assessment, developing objectives,performance assessment and private sector providers of workforce education programs.AMS 590 Operations Leadership 3 Hrs - Provides technical professionals with leadership andmanagement skills needed to be effective throughout their career.AMS 630 Legal & Ethical Issues in Technology 3 Hrs - A study of ethics and socialresponsibility, international and contemporary legal issues in business and industry, and e-commerce.AMS 650 Industrial Distribution 3 Hrs – An integrated and comprehensive treatment ofoperations and supply chain issues. Students study how firms link with their supply chainpartners to gain a market advantage and competitiveness.AMS

Conference Session

New Trends in Energy Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Rogers, Arizona State University; Mark Henderson, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

a-kThis ongoing course continues to support the general program outcomes as articulated by theABET criteria for accrediting engineering programs, categories a through k of criterion 3.Specifically, Engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain outcomes a-k,listed below.a. an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineeringb. an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret datac. an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainabilityd. an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teamse. an ability to

Conference Session

Assessment Methods

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Danielson, Arizona State University; Bradley Rogers, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

capstone sequence is an obvious bellwether coursechoice. While individual projects vary in scope, these courses potentially support all of theABET outcomes a through k. In particular, these courses are typically assessed for outcomes a,b, c, d, e, g, i and k. Outcome i, focused on ethical and social responsibilities, is often addressedvia the nature of the project itself. Some projects have a clear link to social issues, for instanceprojects done during 2006 – 2007 and 2005 – 2006 related to bio-fuels and physicalrehabilitation devices. Ethical issues related to design (minimizing risk of injury, etc.) are also apart of the course. Assessment of this outcome is done by direct measures (faculty observingstudent discussion or the project’s written