Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 8: Ways to Measure "Things" About Your Course(s)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lilianny Virguez, Virginia Tech; Kenneth Reid, Virginia Tech; Tamara Knott, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

: identity, utility, belonging, and expectancy, alongwith other questions to collect demographic and course specific data. We analyzed data during the firstand second semester when the revised version of the course was offered. During the first semester, Fall2013, 851 out of 1100 students enrolled in the classic version of the course and 184 out of 240 enrolledin the revised version of the course consented to participate. For the fall 2014 semester, of 1400 total,1161 (at the beginning of the semester) and 1065 (at the end of the semester) completed the survey andconsented to participate in the study.Specifically, we address the following research questions:1) How did first year students' identity, utility, belonging, and expectancy motivation

Conference Session

Classroom Practice II: Technology - and Game-Based Learning

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bob Brennan P.Eng., University of Calgary; Lauren Vathje, University of Calgary; Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

then compared how each methodof course delivery used by a student with the resulting grade on the quiz/exam. This informationwas used to determine if the mode of lecture delivery (in-class or online) impacted students’performance on examinations.1. IntroductionAlthough distance learning and video lectures have been available for the past 50 years (e.g.,Open University1), recent advances in video and online technology along with decreasing cost ofthis technology, have made this approach much more accessible to teaching faculty. This hasopened up the possibility of adding an alternative instructional delivery method, like a videolecture, to increase accessibility to lecture content by reaching students who were unable toattend in-person lectures

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James E. Lewis, University of Louisville; Gerold Willing, University of Louisville; Thomas D. Rockaway, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

meeting times where students are required to attend the assembly much like atraditional course. This past semester there were six sections of this course taught. All sixsections were led by UTAs, with four sections utilizing three person groups. The other twosections used the same materials and were led by UTAs without the three person groups. Thecourse also uses online interactive and educational software to deliver the material andautomatically grade the students’ assignments.1. IntroductionThe Partnership for Retention Improvement in Mathematics, Engineering, and Science(PRIMES) is a University of Louisville cross-college collaboration aimed at reducing attritionamong our STEM majors. This project unites faculty from the College of Arts &

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca A Atadero, Colorado State University; Christina Paguyo, Colorado State University; Karen E Rambo-Hernandez, West Virginia University; Heather Lysbeth Henderson, West Virginia University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

in inclusive environments. In this NSF-funded project, we collaborate withengineering faculty to design and implement interventions for first-year engineering students tostrengthen their engineering identities and raise their awareness of how diversity benefits theengineering profession. This paper and poster describe the activities implemented during thefirst intervention year of the project and preliminary findings. The paper addresses the followingquestions: 1. What experimental intervention activities potentially support engineering students in developing engineering identities and appreciating diversity? 2. What patterns emerge in participants’ engineering identities and appreciation of diversity after the experimental

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and supervisory careers in a variety of industries. The programcombines technical knowledge with communications skills and teamwork to provide theflexibility needed in today’s rapidly changing marketplace. Figure 1 depicts an as-is curriculummap of the selected Industrial Engineering Technology program. The selected programeducational objectives are:  Demonstrate technical proficiency in the field  Apply quantitative reasoning and critical thinking in solving technical problems  Effectively communicate technical knowledge, ideas, and proposals to others, including upper management  Lead project teams in successful completion of projects  Have strong organizational and management skillsA brief description of some of

Conference Session

Biological & Agricultural Division Technical Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Rodriguez P.E., Western Michigan University; Alamgir A. Choudhury, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

process. A standardengineering design process was followed in this project (Figure 1). The typical conceptual, basic,and detail engineering phases have different steps. Some of the steps mentioned in the figurehave already been established by virtue of presenting the project, but some other ones aredescribed below.Brainstorm.Different concepts were proposed and combined in order to have a feasible solution to theproblem. Key design components were listed in this step. Several drawing and sketches (Figure2) were produced to help choose the best method to create a sterile chamber. HEPA filtration,UVGI sterilization and air straightening were considered here. Figure 2: Sample of sketches from brainstorming sessions.Research.The

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xavier Shastri Domnique Henry, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Lei Zhang, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Madhumi Mitra Ph.D., University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Christopher E Hartman, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Christopher Alan Toney II, University of Maryland Eastern Shore ; Ayokunle Adeyemi Akangbe, University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

being developed toappraise student learning and will be utilized at the end of the current semester.1. IntroductionA. Motivation of the ProjectIncreasing demands for cheap protein has led to the degradation of many sensitive ecosystems. Asa result, an urgent need exists for the adoption of more sustainable production systems. A viablealternative to terrestrial protein production is aquaculture, of which, shrimp farming is particularlypromising. Shrimp farming, usually undertaken in coastal areas, requires fewer inputs and may be Page 26.720.2done intensively although eutrophication has always been a concern. Culturing algae in tandemwith such

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technologies II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Glossner, Daniel Webster College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College; Charles N Stevenson P.E., Daniel Webster College

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

two semesters. Figure 1. Cynefin Complex Domain (used with permission Cognitive Edge Pte Ltd http://cognitive-edge.com/ as published in Essential Scrum: A Practical Guide to the Most Popular Agile Process1) Page 26.809.2Many projects can be partitioned into domains according to their complexity and uniqueness.The Cynefin framework partitions projects into five domains based on their complexity: Simple,Complicated, Complex, Chaotic, and Disorder. In the Simple domain the correct solution isobvious and generally undisputed. Best practices and continuous business process improvementmethodologies

Conference Session

Makerspaces in the Library: Using 3D printers, Laser Cutters, and Kits to Enhance Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sylvia Jones, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

’ book Good toGreat, an organization’s ”hedgehog” is, simply put, that service or idea that an organizationchooses that they can be truly passionate about, and that they can become great at. 1 As a result ofthis decision, the Libraries’ leadership identified certain goals which were to be the frameworkthrough which the Libraries were supposed to achieve their hedgehog. One of these goals, amarker in this milestone reorganization process, was to build a FabLab in the Central Library.Literature reviewSeveral articles discuss the growing trend for libraries to develop and incorporate makerspaces aspart of their regular operation. Most of these articles have been written as blog posts, on variouswebsites, as “open articles,” or as opinions. In his

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Judith A Komar, Colorado Technical University; Tonya Troka, Colorado Technical University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

. Page 26.923.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Improving Performance in College Algebra Using TechnologyHistory/Problem Statement College algebra has historically been a challenge for Colorado Technical University(CTU) and across higher education. It is the main introductory math course that college studentstake, but it has low success rates.1 Mayes specifically calls for a change in the college algebraapproach. “The traditional focus on skill development is failing, resulting in withdrawal andfailure rates that are excessive” 2(p. 63). In January of 2012, nearly half of all students at thisCTU who took college algebra failed. An additional 30% withdrew from the course

Conference Session

First Year Programs Division Poster Session: The Best Place to Really Talk about First-Year Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lindsay Corneal, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

presents an overview of the guided approach as well as the outcomes and feedbackfrom the students that participated in the class. The plans for further modifications andimprovements to this approach will also be presented.IntroductionBeing able to effectively communicate technical information is a skill required of engineers;however, there can often be a limited focus on or interest in technical writing by engineeringstudents and faculty. It is not uncommon to encounter the thinking that “we are engineers, we arenot English majors.”1 Therefore, engineering students are often required to take a generalwriting course taught by English or Writing Departments to fulfill writing requirements

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Problem-based and Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dick Blandford, University of Evansville; Mark Earl Randall, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

examples of similar courses elsewhere.) The course originated more than 20 years ago andhas always required that students complete a series of open-ended projects related to the requiredjunior level coursework. There is no lecture, other than for organization, and the class meetsonce a week as a way to more formally answer questions and provide support for studentsworking on projects. Over the years the number of projects and the nature of the projects hasvaried. Over the past five years the course has been restructured so as to satisfy three objectives: 1. The course provides a mechanism whereby students can complete laboratory exercises that reinforce the theoretical material learned in the junior year. This includes the areas of

Conference Session

Broad Perspectives on the Chemical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Troy J. Vogel, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; David L. Tomasko, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

chemical process design course, process safety is the subject of the entire first exam(16% of the grade). Approximately two weeks are dedicated to detailed coverage of processsafety concepts including: Basic Concepts (Prevention/Control/Mitigation/Isolation, Globalincident history, Federal regulations and industry initiatives, Pyramid Principle), Case Studies ofIncidents, Process Safety Management (HAZOP Technique, Hazard identification), RunawayReactions, Explosions and Fire Fundamentals, and Dust Hazards and Explosions. To provide anexample of the level of detail, one of the questions asked on an hour exam is shown in Figure 1.In Process Design and Development, the learning objective is:  Be familiar with process safety issues involved in

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-oriented Studies: Electrical and Computer Engineering Labs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aidan F. Browne, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Wesley B. Williams P.E., University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Keith Loftus, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Christopher Benfield

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Critical Operations curriculum. The goal ofthe curriculum is to provide industry with a workforce that has the electrical, mechanical, andinformation technology skills necessary to support critical operations in the healthcare, datacenter, automated manufacturing, and energy sectors. [1] One goal of the work is thedevelopment of remote automation exercises that would enable geographically distributedstudents access to valuable electromechanical and programming lab experiences. [2,3] Anothergoal is to introduce them to remote troubleshooting, where their initial corrective or investigativeactions would be taken from a remote control station instead of in proximity to the actual setup.[4,5]The electromechanical systems chosen for these exercises

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 10: Paying Attention to Retention

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ernzen, Arizona State University; Eugene Judson, Arizona State University; Stephen J Krause, Arizona State University; James Collofello, Arizona State University; Ying-Chih Chen, Arizona State University; Kendra Rae Beeley; Robert J Culbertson, Physics Department, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-preparedstudents and students from under-represented groups. Page 26.578.2 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015Effect of Student-Centered Programs on Retention of Engineering Students Page 26.578.3Background/RationaleRecent research indicates that engineering students tend to leave their major at a rate similar tostudents enrolled in the humanities, business, and education. However, students who changemajors are then far less likely to select engineering as their next career choice.1 This relativeoutflow without a

Conference Session

Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Construction Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andre Lucena MA, NAIT; Don Mah P.Eng., Northern Alberta Institute of Technology; Faisal Arain, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT)

Tagged Divisions

Construction

data rich, object-oriented, intelligent andparametric digital representation of that facility [1]. BIM is the process of using a buildinginformation model, or virtual building model, to support activities that take place throughout thelife of a building. The model used during the process contains different types of information tosupport those activities [2]. BIM optimizes team collaboration, enabling project managers to more reliablycommunicate project’s intent to all stakeholders. It is therefore important for industry andacademic institutions to work in partnership to understand the level and skillset required forimplementation of BIM in the industry. BIM has grown in popularity and use over the past decade. The advantages to

Conference Session

Innovative Project-based Learning Practices in Manufacturing

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Karen Kenyon, Grand Valley State University; John Paul Farris, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

design coursesfocused on creating and fabricating assistive technology products for individuals with disabilitieshave become increasing common over recent years 1-3. This paper describes an innovativeteaching approach through which engineering students and doctor of physical therapy (DPT)students came together to design and build a power mobility device that allows young childrenwith severe motor, cognitive, and communication deficits the opportunity to move and exploretheir environment in a safe and effective manner.Engineering Course Overview Within the engineering design course at our University, concepts related to needs analysisand problem definition; design criteria and critical parameter identification; and consideration

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Joseph Stuart P.E., Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Education, Life time member Society of Manufacturing Engineering, American Society of Mechanical Engineers PUBLICATIONS (i)Most Closely Related [1] W.J. Stuart ’Problem Based Case Learning - Composite Materials Course De- velopment – Examples and classroom reflections’ NEW Conference, Oct 2011 [2] W.J. Stuart and Bedard R. (EPRI) ’Ocean Renewable Energy Course Evolution and Status’ presented at Energy Ocean Pacific & Oregon Wave Energy Trust Conference, Sept. 2010. [3] W.J. Stuart, Wave energy 101, presented at Ore- gon Wave Energy Symposium, Newport, OR, Sept. 2009. [4] W.J. Stuart, Corrosion considerations when designing with exotic metals and advanced composites, presented at Corrosion Conference of Exotic Met

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 9: Focus on Student Learning, Lifelong Learning, and the Whole Student

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liya Ni, California Baptist University; Helen Yoonhee Jung P.E., California Baptist University; Ziliang Zhou, California Baptist University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Mathematics Education for the last 6 years and saw significantretention improvement in all three majors: Civil Engineering, Electrical & ComputerEngineering, and Mechanical Engineering programs. Students in those three majors came from adiversified high school math background, ranging from AP calculus to basic Algebra. Studentswith weak math background have one thing in common: they all struggle with trigonometry, akey engineering skill for success in all three majors. To equip students with necessary trig skillsin our first engineering math course taught by engineering professors, we implemented a threestep approach in our class: (1) Made a connection between the classroom trigonometry calculations with the robotic welding operations on

Conference Session

Hands-on Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mukasa E. Ssemakula, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

technical support (if any) is available to students during that time?  Q5: How do you handle liability issues?  Q6: Is yours a 2-year or 4-year institution?  Q7: Are there any special issues we should pay attention to?2. ResultsThere were a total of 33 responses received and the results are summarized in Table 1. Therespondents are anonymized by assigning them individual identification numbers rather thanusing personal or institutional names. Not all respondents addressed every question and a blankentry indicates that no response was given to that particular question. Two of the respondents(ID# 5&6) were from the same program and so the corresponding data is aggregated. Onerespondent (ID# 23) did not give direct answers to the

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students' Beliefs, Motivation, and Self-efficacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randa L. Shehab, University of Oklahoma; Susan E. Walden, University of Oklahoma; Emily Elizabeth Wellborn, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

26.1170.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Fundamental: Motivating Factors for Choosing Engineering among Minority StudentsIntroduction Minority populations continue to be underrepresented in the fields of science, technology,engineering, and math (STEM).1 Increasing the diversity in these fields must start with growingminority students’ interest in pursuing STEM undergraduate degrees. In 2009 less than sixpercent of undergraduate engineering students were African American, ten percent wereHispanic, and less than one percent were Native American.1 Klotz compares the need for diversity in engineering to the need for biodiversity in anecosystem in order to

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Entrepreneurship Education in New Contexts

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert A Heard, Carnegie Mellon University; J F Whitacre, Carnegie Mellon Univerisity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

asopposed to products.1 Innovation of products can also be dependent on the innovations arisingfrom materials either through new functionality or improved properties and performance. Oninnovation, a report by Royal Academy of Engineering offered that the long cycles of innovationwe now experience maybe a result of the incremental innovation practices of the past century.2We endeavor to remove these constraints by educating future engineers and scientists in thetheory and practice of innovation with a particular focus on materials.BackgroundWhile generally innovation is associated with products, materials themselves either providefunctional, mechanical or aesthetic attributes to these products. Materials can be viewed as astarting point or as a pool

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Delorme, Stevens Institute of Technology (SES)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Marketplace was created by the Systems Engineering Research Center (SERC) tohelp address a critical challenge of developing the next generation of systems engineering (SE)talent for future US DoD and defense industry needs. Given the scope of engineeringopportunities generated by the US DoD, and the increasing complexity of engineering projects intoday’s world, it is clear that the emerging engineering workforce needs to have anunderstanding of systems engineering processes and tools. According to a 2010 NationalDefense Industry Association, Systems Engineering Division study “The quantity and quality ofSystems Engineering expertise is insufficient to meet the demands of the government anddefense industry”.1 NDIA has identified this as the second

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid Mohajeri, DeVry University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

following couldbe shown as a very simple proof of Schrodinger equation :From the very basic classical mechanics, General Physics I Class students already know theWork – Kinetic Energy Theory : 𝑊 = ∆𝑘 = −∆𝑈 (1) Page 26.1520.4and at the same time for all conservative Forces we have : 𝜕𝑢 F=− (2) 𝑑𝑥Where ΔU is change in Potential Energy 𝜕2 x FNow

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Gary Teng, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

, and the enhancement of company branding/marketing andbusiness development through the visual attraction of the transparent factory operations.Research ObjectivesThe objectives of this research are (1) to enhance engineering management students’understanding of engineering management principles and practices through the use of atransparent factory design project as a term project to cover broader concerns of engineeringoperations, and (2) to investigate the effect of using this project to enrich students’ understandingof the current issues in engineering management and project management.Due to the growing trend of global business competition, the management of engineeringoperations has to involve issues in branding, marketing, and business

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Hamilton P.E., Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Accreditation Commission (EAC), the body responsible foraccreditation of engineering programs, changed the criteria for Civil Engineering programs toinclude a requirement that graduates of those programs “can . . . apply knowledge of . . . at leastone additional area of science, consistent with the program educational objectives”.1 This newrequirement appears to have its origins in the Body of Knowledge (BOK), and the desire to makethose ideals and the ABET requirements for Civil Engineering programs become one in thesame. However, for many programs across the country this became an issue of concern andconfusion. Taking its cue from the BOK the “one additional area of science” shortly becamedefined to mean a physical science, as opposed to a social

Conference Session

Persistence and Retention

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Van Dyken, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Patrick Gerard, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Page 26.1225.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Persistence in Engineering: Does Initial Mathematics Course Matter?AbstractThis study is situated within a larger project that seeks to understand how students that start inprecalculus and struggle in their math courses persist and complete an engineering degreeprogram. The specific aims of this study are to determine 1) the extent to which students thatstart in precalculus persist in engineering after one year, 2) correlations between the grade inengineering students’ first math course and/or the level of that course and persistence inengineering one year later, and 3) the relative number of students that

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 6: Hands-on Projects and Spatial Skills

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Jane Grigg, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

tool.PROCESS is an acronym for seven stages of problem solving: Problem definition, Representing Page 26.1278.3the problem, Organizing information, Calculations, Evaluating the solution, Solutioncommunication, and Self-Assessment. PROCESS was offered to faculty as a learning aid theycould use in the first year engineering courses to focus on developing engineering problemsolving skills. Figure 1 depicts PROCESS as described to instructors before when decidingwhether to utilize it in their classes.Figure 1: Problem Solving PROCESS. Start with conceptualizing the problem (PRO), thencomplete Calculations and Evaluate the solution for reasonableness and

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

session.Keywords: flipped class, inverted lecture, pedagogy of engagement, active learning1. Introduction“Flipped” classes have surged in popularity over the last three years, driven by the ease ofrecording and posting video content for students to watch, and the need during class timeto compete with distractions from portable electronic devices. Evidence for the benefitsof flipping is starting to mount. Studies have shown improved learning in architecturalengineering and chemistry courses [1], economics [2], and biology [3], among otherfields. Many other studies report student perceptions of improved learning [1, 4, 5] .The instructor who desires to “flip” a class confronts two issues: how to locate or createcontent for use outside of class, and how to

Conference Session

Learning Through Service

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

the community projects mightbe just community engagement and not service learning. That is not the case. Thestudents involved in these projects are benefitting from all the four stages of learningdefined by Kolb (1984).Figure 1: Kolb’s model of experiential learning Page 26.1367.3 1. Concrete Experience: The students are going on field trips, organizing meetings with the project stakeholders, and presenting updates to members of the team at the sponsor. They will be making presentation with their results to the governmental agency and even to the public that will be affected by the results of the project. They are very actively