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Displaying results 6001 - 6030 of 8077 in total
Conference Session
Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kenechukwu Churchill Mbanisi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Purvi Shah, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Gbetonmasse B. Somasse, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Dhvani Gangadia, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Michael A. Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Walter Towner, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Torbjorn S. Bergstrom, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
involved writing aprogram to automate the cube stacking task performed TABLE 1manually in the previous week. In the subsequent weeks, to ensure that students build intuition about howcobots are used in manufacturing, two practical projects were formulated with strong relevance to real-world manufacturing processes: (1) automated part assembly and (2) machine tending. i) Automated part assembly: The manufacturing process of all sorts of items/equipment involves one ormore steps of part assembly. The use of robots enables the automation of this labor-intensive, repetitive,and oftentimes, dangerous process. In this project, students were tasked to develop a LEGO vehicle (truck)assembly station (see Fig. 1). With the
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Aly A. Farag, University of Louisville; Asem Ali, University of Louisville; Islam Alkabbany, University of Louisville; James Christopher Foreman, University of Louisville; Tom Tretter, University of Louisville; Marci S. Decaro, University of Louisville; Nicholas Carl Hindy, University of Louisville
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
on measuring student engagement and evaluating teaching methods, such thatclassroom sessions can now be re-engineered to improve engagement. This is illustrated in Fig 1. Figure 1: Closing the engagement measurement loop in the classroom.In the past several years, much work has been accomplished to change the dynamics of theclassroom environment and of the delivery of course material, such as with flipped classrooms,team-based and peer-assisted learning, etc., in an effort to increase academic success,presumably by increasing engagement. In all of these scenarios, evaluation of the success of thenew method largely rests on the evaluation of instructor observation, student surveys, andacademic performance. Instructor observation
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland Eastern Shore; Madhumi Mitra, University of Maryland Eastern Shore; Travis Ford, University of Maryland Eastern Shore ; Jesu Raj Pandya, University of Maryland Eastern Shore
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
Natural Sci- ences at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore. She is also the coordinator of Biology and Chemistry Education. Dr. Mitra is actively involved in teaching and research in the areas of biofuels and renew- able energy; applications of algae in food and environment; and water quality. She has published several peer-reviewed articles in journals and conference proceedings, and is the recipient of various awards and competitive grants. Dr. Mitra received her baccalaureate degree from Presidence College in Kolkata, India with honors in Plant Biology, Geology, and Physiology. She received her master’s degree from University of Calcutta, India, and her doctoral degree from North Carolina State University
Conference Session
Student Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Laura Jill Carroll, University of Michigan; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Student
research focused on thecollege experience and academic success of college students with ADHD.Introduction Approximately 6.5% of incoming college freshman are students with attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [1], [2]; yet, the college experience and academic success ofthese students remain understudied [3]. Students with ADHD commonly identify high energylevels, resilience, courage, and the ability to hyper-focus on tasks of interest as strengths [4]-[6],which are likely advantageous for academic success. However, college students with ADHDearn lower grades than their peers on average [2], [7]-[9] and are less likely to graduate [10].Researchers attribute these students’ lower than average academic achievement to difficulty
Conference Session
Engineering Technology Curriculum and Programs
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Chen Xu, New York City College of Technology; Lili Ma, New York City College of Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
. Design 8. Design control systems in the frequency domain using Bode/Nyquist techniques. 9. Be familiar with the most common controllers in industrial use. Lab 10. Integrate the concepts of feedback control systems with real-time simulation using MATLAB.2.2 Create inclusive learning environment using different technologiesIn distance learning, students can feel disconnected from instructor and their peers [3]. Weexplored various technologies to create a friendly and inclusive learning/teaching environment. Zoom was used in synchronous virtual meetings. Professional zoom license was providedby the institution. Instructor and students hold synchronous weekly meetings
Collection
2010 North Midwest Section
Authors
Beckry Abdel-Magid
course, wherestudents follow prescribed procedure to run the equipment, test specimens, obtain results,analyze data and write a report in which they discuss and interpret the data and drawconclusions. However the first element of “designing an experiment” is rather difficult toaddress in an undergraduate course. The difficulty is due to many reasons including lack of timeto cover essential laboratory tests in the curriculum, lack of preparation of undergraduatestudents to design and perform their own experimental work, and the extra training needed tooperate expensive equipment.Some educators argue that it is better to have students run fewer but more open-endedexperiments than many well-prescribed and guided experiments [1]. This paper
Conference Session
Improving and Understanding Engineering Collections and Publication
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Paul McMonigle, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
1833 Nuclear Engineering 26 275 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Number not Held Number @ LibraryFigure 2ResultsBefore the project began, it was determined that each subject should show a rate of at least 80%of citations belonging to materials held in the library’s collection. This high number was chosenbecause of the great emphasis placed on engineering in the University’s mission and visionstatements as well as the overall size and breadth of the library’s collections in general. It was(and still is) believed that in order to compete with peer
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Claire Duggan, Northeastern University; Jennifer Ocif Love, Northeastern University; Nicolas Leo Fuchs, Northeastern University; Emily Chernich; Brittany Fung, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
process, conducted proposal-writing workshops; Co-facilitator (2004), Boston East Pipeline Network; and Alumni, Lead Boston 2004 (The National Conference for Community and Justice). She won the 2006 Northeastern University Aspiration Award, and was recognized at the 2003 Northeastern University Reception honoring Principal Investigators that obtained funding in excess of $1 million over a five-year period.Mrs. Jennifer Ocif Love, Northeastern University Jennifer Love is a full-time faculty member of Northeastern University’s First Year Engineering Program in the College of Engineering. She is currently working toward a doctorate in education at Northeastern University with her research focusing on preK-20 engineering
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kayla R. Maxey, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Morgan M. Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
engineering career pathways atdisproportionately lower rates than their peers. Research suggests that the disproportionately lowrates may result in students disengaging with STEM careers like engineering as they progressthrough middle school and high school. Therefore, to contribute to research exploring the gapbetween exposure and enrollment in engineering programs, this work in progress paper intendsto explore the relationship between middle school students’ perceptions of engineering, theirinterests, and self-efficacy to better understand how an out-of-school engineering interventionmay influence their engineering career aspirations.This paper uses a concurrent mixed-method, case-study approach, to analyze participants’ surveyand interview data to
Conference Session
Work in Progress: Hands-on Activities
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Ilhem F. Hakem, Carnegie Mellon University; Richard Tang, Carnegie Mellon University; Michael R. Bockstaller, Carnegie Mellon University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
operational steps of the Polymer Emulator: initiation and parameter selection (Figure 2,left) and force-extension curve emulation (Figure 2, right).Before performing the ‘Rubber Emulator’ experiment, students are provided a summary ofnetwork elasticity, including a discussion of the challenges of the original statistical model ofnetwork elasticity. Following the experiment, students are required to write a report summarizingand interpreting their findings in analogy of a regular laboratory experiment. This includes theinterpretation of the observed effect of parameter changes (such as crosslink density, solventswelling ratio, temperature) and the comparison with theoretical predictions. Students are alsoasked to replot the data obtained from the
Collection
2020 ASEE North Central Section conference
Authors
Ahmed Ammar, Ohio Northern University; Heath Joseph LeBlanc, Ohio Northern University; Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Ohio Northern University; Khalid S. Al-Olimat P.E., Ohio Northern University
the collaborative experience can support peer learning,whereas other times a divide-and-conquer approach is adopted, and each student completes only aportion of the laboratory activities. The latter approach often leads to students specializing in asubset of the core skills and competencies that are intended to be developed in the laboratorycourse.One approach to encourage all students to develop the core skills desired for the laboratory courseis to include a laboratory final exam as part of the course, which comprehensively assesses thedifferent skills and knowledge competencies intended for the laboratory course. In laboratorycourses with several sections and different instructors, it can be challenging to ensure consistencyin the
Collection
2020 First-Year Engineering Experience
Authors
Samuel John, Wayne State University; Cameron Hanson, Wayne State University; James Lenn, Wayne State University; Marcis Jansons P.E., Wayne State University; Jeffrey Potoff, Wayne State University
.). Jansons has authored over forty peer-reviewed, engine-related publications, and is a member of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and on the Board of Associates of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Internal Combustion Engine Division (ICED). He is a 2012 recipient of SAE’s Ralph R. Teetor Educational Award, conferred in recognition of significant contributions to teaching, research and student development and a 2015-16 Fulbright Scholar. Jansons has twenty years’ experience working with optical engines, and leads a research group of qualified and expe- rienced graduate students. Jansons serves as the Director of Early Engineering Programs, administering the core group of STEM courses common to
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Martha L. Torres, University of Texas at El Paso; Virgilio Ernesto Gonzalez, University of Texas at El Paso
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
the type of learning process for each student. Somestudents are audio learners, while others are visual learners or need the instructor or peer interactionto understand the concepts. Online education allows several options personalizing the learningprocess for each student. Fig.1 shows the advantages of online education [5],[6]. The mostcommon disadvantages of the online learning system are technical issues, such as internetconnectivity, computer or peripheral component failures, and the difficulty of getting thecomponents or specific devices for the courses or laboratories. Figure 1. Virtual Education AdvantagesBased on these circumstances, the University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, in the USA border withMéxico
Conference Session
Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Declan Thomas Mahaffey-Dowd, University of California, Berkeley; Shannon Ciston, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Negar Beheshti Pour, University of California, Berkeley
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
online collaborative tools,including the Google file-sharing suite. These tools are used for all members to contribute ideas: “When we research improvements to the battery, or want to tune a certain variable, every person has to write something down in the Google doc…” “...we can have everything in one place like and it’s all shared with us.”The use of these sharted tools for developing and annotating presentations, and making plans,were implemented before the onset of the pandemic, and have continued as important tools tosupport collaborative work remotely.Limitations A limitation the researchers observed in conducting the virtual interviews was thatparticipants typically discussed their experience
Conference Session
Outreach and K-12
Collection
2021 Illinois-Indiana Regional Conference
Authors
Mary Elizabeth Foltz, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Sotiria Koloutsou-Vakakis, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign
Tagged Topics
Outreach and K-12
students was “where can we get more of these test strips?”showing that they were excited to independently explore this topic further. In addition, studentsshowed initiative to investigate the topic deeper. They would write for example: “I would like torun a test on the unfiltered tap water and see how effective the refrigerator filter really is, especiallyconsidering the filter is old by now” and “This was straight from tap indoors, but we recentlyinstalled a whole-house filter to keep the hardness down, which explains some of the results (thewater in our area is very hard).” Overall, 187 students across the United States submitted waterquality data for their water sample (Figure 4 that we showed to students in the synchronoussessions
Collection
2013 North Midwest Section Meeting
Authors
Cory J. Prust; Stephen M. Williams
thisdemonstration are: to give students experience at writing and executing a test plan, to proveconceptual feasibility of one major subsystem, and to provide the students with experience atconstruction in an open-ended design problem. This last objective is critical for the students priorto their committing a detailed technical design to paper in the second term.Each student composes a proposed Personal Growth Plan near the end of the term. In this plan,the student identifies one skill area they are targeting for improved performance over theremainder of the project. Skill areas include personal abilities such as performing analysis,solving problems, and designing to meet needs. They describe their present state, describe theirdesired state with
Collection
Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference
Authors
Orla LoPiccolo M. Arch, PDip (CM), Architect, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale
Architecture peers. Bycomparison, this is one year longer than engineering technology graduates pursuing a ProfessionalEngineering (PE) license. This time lag places BSc Architectural Engineering Technologygraduates who plan to pursue architectural licensure at a disadvantage, and may affect theenrollment, retention, and graduation rates for this type of program. The objective of this paper isto compare course offerings of a four-year B.Sc. Architectural Engineering Technology Programto NAAB-accredited five-year Bachelor of Architecture programs, examine qualitative feedbackfrom students regarding the Architectural Engineering Technology Program and their career goals,and assess the continuing viability of the architectural engineering technician
Collection
Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference
Authors
Dennis A. Silage, Temple University
the College is the Chemistry for Engineers course, a science course concernedwith topics for professional development. GenEd is the University core requirement whichsatisfies the social sciences and humanities requirement. The common freshman year curriculumfor the BSE EME and EPE programs is as follows: First Semester Second Semester Calculus I Calculus II Chemistry for Engineers, Chemistry Lab Elementary Classical Physics I Introduction to Engineering Intro to Engineering Problem Solving GenEd Analytical Reading and Writing Engineering Computation
Collection
ASEE 2021 Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference
Authors
Randy Hugh Brooks, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
differingclientele as the vision evolves.Impetus for this study is comprised of literature-based studies, peer and performance-evaluatingadministration observations, and my personal experiences regarding the chasm existing between(1) the understanding of engineering and the supporting knowledge and skills of the typicalcollege of engineering-bound high school students, and (2) the level of knowledge and skill setsexpected to exist in first-year college of engineering students by the college of engineering first-year professors.My unique perspective and experience (bulleted below) has afforded me diverse front-lineexperiences involving a range of instructional differentiation practices required to address thevarying levels of preparation observed in a wide
Conference Session
Student Success & Development - Focus on Academic Support
Collection
2017 FYEE Conference
Authors
Andrea Carneal Burrows Borowczak, University of Wyoming; Mike Borowczak, University of Wyoming
Tagged Topics
Diversity, FYEE Division - Paper Submission
students. Mike also has over a decade of industry and research experience – mostly revolving around the semiconductor and bioinformatics industries – with specific experience at Texas Instruments, Intel, and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. In addition to his industry experience, Mike spent two years, while completing his Ph.D., as a National Sci- ence Foundation GK-12 fellow – teaching and bringing real-world STEM applications in two urban high schools. Since then, he has worked with university faculty to promote and extend K20 STEM outreach in Ohio, Oregon, Texas, and Wyoming. He has authored peer-reviewed articles and papers, presented at national and international conferences, and taught undergraduate
Collection
2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference
Authors
David Timothy Lee, George Washington University; Carl E. Wick Sr., George Washington University; Hernan Figueroa
Tagged Topics
Diversity
with their mentors, or scrum master manager, weekly.ECE students and their mentor agreed on a set of features (from the product backlog) thatshould be demonstrated at the end of a Sprint. Similarly, BME students and their mentorsselected tasks from an informal scrum backlog that were necessary for successful completionof the scrum product.At the end of each sprint, each team was expected to have completed some tangible portion oftheir project. They were then required to present what they had accomplished to the largergroup and to faculty advisors and clients. In the BME course, product demonstrations weredone during class time in a conference exhibit hall format. Feedback from both peers andinstructors was provided to teams in both ECE and BME
Conference Session
Make It!
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Leanne Petry, Central State University; Augustus Morris, Central State University; Cadance Lowell, Central State University; Abiodun Fasoro, Central State University; Ibrahim Katampe, Central State University ; Anthony R. Arment, Central State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Cu complexsolution showed 2.419 (+/- 0.053) weight percent of Cu in the liquid solution when tested by theXRF analyzer. These results suggest that upon curing a greater amount of Cu metal is impartedto the polymer film and may be unevenly distributed throughout its 1.0 mm thickness within the1 cm diameter area of analysis. Figure 2 in the presented poster is an optical photograph of theelectrochemical test cell set-up configured to date. As of the writing of this REU report,electrochemical test results are pending.Mechanical Results - The Instron 2716-020 used for tensile testing and to estimate the modulusof elasticity was not sensitive enough to measure the strength of these films. Unistrut scaffoldingwas employed to fix the polymer films
Conference Session
Pedagogy and Its Impact on Faculty and Students
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Lopez, Arizona State University; Yong Seok Park, California State University, Fullerton; Bethany B. Smith, Arizona State University; James A. Middleton, Arizona State University; Keith D. Hjelmstad, Arizona State University; Eugene Judson, Arizona State University; Robert J. Culbertson, Arizona State University, Department of Physics; Ying-Chih Chen, Arizona State University; Lydia Ross, Arizona State University; Lindy Hamilton Mayled; Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
understanding. He is a co- developer of the Reformed Teaching Observation Protocol (RTOP) and his work has been cited more than 1800 times and his publications have been published in multiple peer-reviewed journals such as Science Education and the Journal of Research in Science Teaching. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Paper ID #18739Prof. Robert J. Culbertson, Arizona State University, Department of Physics Robert J. Culbertson is an Associate Professor of Physics. Currently, he teaches introductory mechanics and electrodynamics for physics majors and a course in musical acoustics
Conference Session
Curricular Innovations 2
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christina Frederick, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Lulu Sun Ph.D., Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
) hension) hension) Non-SLA Few pictures, Multiple Students begin Students given Open-ended Based topics not well choice reading/writing challenging engineering Strategies explained. questions but programs to problems to project used Limited self- no simple solve synthetize to challenge testing about programs. engineering learning. understand- questions in Facebook problems. ing and screencasts. used, but no expand group
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I - Skills Development
Collection
2017 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Daniel Christe, Drexel University; Jay J. Bhatt, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)
Tagged Topics
Main Forum (Podium Presentation)
view, games will be an important component of addressingcalls(28, 29) for inquiry-based research or design active learning experiences from the onset of the universityexperience. A preponderance of evidence demonstrates that introducing active learning in any form to theclassroom environment (e.g. peer-led learning, clickers, reflective discussions, socratic methods, games)(30,31) significantly improves conceptual understanding while reducing failure rates across disciplines,institutions, and class sizes(31).Digital games are an exciting opportunity to explore meaningful technology integration to enhance learningexperiences. Games can deliver a continuous data-driven view into how learning occurs, at a level notcaptured in offline
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I - Skills Development
Collection
2017 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Michael S. Shapiro, IEEE.org
Tagged Topics
Main Forum (Podium Presentation)
herein. That is not the focus of this work. My sole purpose is to detail and illustrateIEEE CSM activity, explore the breadth of service provided, and celebrate the value institutionsreceive.This paper is intentionally limited in another way. While other online resources are tangentiallymentioned in this work, most of the documentation and bibliographic references used hereincome from the IEEE Xplore Digital Library. Few other tools, platforms, sources, publishers,consolidators, or search engines were engaged. This intentionality narrow scope allows for a raredeep dive into a single leading, highly cited, peer-reviewed, scientific resource; its content andfunctionality. Limiting the focus of this work also allows the author to discuss what he
Conference Session
International Division Poster Session
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marina Panteleeva, Kazan National Research Technological University; Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Artem Bezrukov, Kazan National Research Technological University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
Technological University since March 2014. She has the position of an interpreter and her current area of activities includes: organization international conferences, visits of foreign delega- tions, writing minutes of the meetings; preparation documents for concluding international agreements and making calendar and end-of-year reports. Marina is the author or co-author of about 15 research papers.Dr. Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. Sanger is a professor in the School of Engineering Technology in the College of Technology of Purdue University. His focus and passion is real world, industry based, senior capstone experiences both domes- tically and internationally. He has successfully developed
Conference Session
Student Learning and Success
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Deepak R. Keshwani, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Jennifer Keshwani, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Biological and Agricultural Engineering
, and Learning. Student responses were most often coded as InterpersonalRelationships (67% of responses) as their greatest success and Acclimating (38%) as theirbiggest challenge (Figure 1).Most student successes coded as Relationships reflected building community with their peers asa success. For example, one student commented ‘I consider my greatest success for my first year, which was this year, was all of the different people I have met, and the connections made whether it’s been the classmates in my [ASMT] classes or the friends I made from joining Alpha Gamma Rho. Coming here from California
Conference Session
M2B: Learning in teams
Collection
2019 FYEE Conference
Authors
Anna Norris, Colorado State University; Alistair Cook, Colorado State University; Rebecca A Atadero, Colorado State University; Thomas J. Siller, Colorado State University
Tagged Topics
FYEE Conference - Paper Submission
, problem solving, andconflict resolution skills, among others. Unfortunately, research indicates that group dynamics inSTEM education project groups can suffer due to both gender and racial stereotyping and bias.Multiple studies indicate that women and students of color experience higher rates of beingsilenced and marginalized as well as receiving tasks deemed less valuable or earning no creditfrom their peers for their work [2],[3],[5]. This paper evaluates first year civil engineeringstudents’ responses to a series of reflective questions based on a group dynamics interventionpresented halfway through their first semester. The goal of this reflective assignment was toidentify what differences, if any, there could be in students’ ability to
Conference Session
M2A: Learning By Design 1
Collection
2019 FYEE Conference
Authors
Sarah C Ritter, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sven G. Bilén P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Topics
FYEE Conference - Paper Submission
artifacts out of wood, cardboard, plastics, and other miscellaneous materials. Inaddition to the instructor, each class is allocated Make Space Assistants, typically undergraduatestudents who have excelled in the course. These peer mentors interact with the students, assistingwith CAD designs, design project work, and Make Space projects.The core of EDSGN 100 is the application of engineering design methods through team-baseddesign projects. For the first half of the semester, instructors are provided flexibility in how theyintroduce an engineering design process, whether through a single half-semester project or aseries of “mini” design projects. These design projects should present some ambiguity in theproblem space, requiring that the students