Collection

2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

NADIYE O. ERDIL; KOENRAAD E. GIESKES

AN EVALUATION OF A LEARNING COMMUNITY PROGRAM FOR FRESHMAN ENGINEERING STUDENTSNADIYE O. ERDIL, Binghamton UniversityKOENRAAD E. GIESKES, Binghamton UniversityAbstractThis paper discusses a pilot program for a freshman engineering learning community at BinghamtonUniversity. The engineering learning community program is an integration of three courses, anintroduction to engineering course, a technical writing course, and a calculus course, for students whoreside in the same campus residence hall. The main objectives of the program are to improve studentretention, to increase faculty/teaching assistants/student/residential staff interaction, and to encouragestudent engagement and interest.This paper focuses on the

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Amelito Enriquez

and Latinos make up lessthan 7% of the individuals with B.S. or higher-degrees in the science and engineering fields2.Strategies that have been proven effective in increasing the retention and success of minoritystudents in science and engineering include mentoring programs3,4, introducing context inintroductory courses5, alternative instructional strategies such as collaborative and interactivelearning6, summer bridge programs7,8, and academic support services such as tutoring, AcademicExcellence Workshops (AEWs), and peer mentoring9.In 2008, Cañada College, a Hispanic-Serving community college in Redwood City, CA, wasawarded a Minority Science and Engineering Improvement Program (MSEIP) grant by the USDepartment of Education. The project

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Armineh Noravian; Patricia Irvine

underrepresented students are less likely than their white male peers to have beensocialized to do hands-on activities or encouraged to use toys, tools, or gadgets that mightpromote their interest in engineering. The research question for this study is: What is the role ofproblem-oriented pedagogical strategies in increasing the diversity of students in technicaleducation among community college students? In this paper, we argue that success intechnology and engineering education requires technical capital, which is experience with“tinkering,” manipulating tools, doing hands-on work, and knowing the process of solvingproblems that require technical solutions. Thus, to increase diversity in technology andengineering education and careers, programs should

Conference Session

Computer Science Education and AI research

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Mao; Sharon Ferguson, University of Toronto; James N. Magarian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Alison Olechowski, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

, aligning with the profession’s values, and developing a professional identity[6]. Thus, the study of social belonging confidence in students, particularly through professionalsocialization, is a key step in understanding persistence in the field of ML/AI. We study socialbelonging through the lens of confidence, another predictor of persistence [7]–[9]. We define socialbelonging confidence as how confident a person feels that they will fit in with the social and culturalaspects of a profession and develop meaningful relationships with their peers. Belonging uncertainty,defined by Walton and Cohen [10], may be interpreted as a lack of this confidence.Lower levels of confidence have been found to negatively affect persistence of women and girls

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela Lottero-Perdue, Towson University; Jamie Mikeska

follows: Approximations [of practice] represent an opportunity to engage in aspects of practice with additional support and under conditions that are designed for optimal learning. Approximations generally try to target specific elements of practice and create conditions of reduced complexity in order to make it easier … to try out new elements of practice while reducing the consequences of failure. [9]Two well-known types of approximations include: (a) teaching individual students or smallgroups of students within field experiences [1, 10]; and (b) peer teaching experiences wherePSTs teach other PSTs and/or their teacher educators who assume the roles of students [11, 12].Regarding the former, the field experiences

Conference Session

Ensuring Access to K - 12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Hwang, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Ahrash Bissell, Duke University; Daniel Kaplan, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Matthew Mian, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Vineet Agrawal, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Jessica Manson, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Gary Ybarra, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

theprogram on student interest in and understanding of science and engineering. Finally, we suggestways in which the InnoWorks program can be expanded nationally and internationally to otherinstitutions.Motivation for InnoWorksCompared to its peers, the United States is falling behind in STEM-education. Our overall high-school graduation rate is not even in the top ten among industrialized nations,2 and Americanstudents rank 28th in math preparedness and 22nd in science preparedness. We are no longer themost college-educated nation and China graduates eight to ten times more engineers each year.As many as fifty percent of black and Hispanic teenagers in the US will never graduate fromhigh school—a substantially higher drop-out rate than that of

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development using Robotics Activities

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hye Sun You, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Sonia Mary Chacko, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Sheila Borges Rajguru, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

phenomena. For each lesson, they select the SEPs that are key to the lesson. 3. Write a learning performance—Teachers write a single statement of a learning performance describing the objective of the lesson while considering the three dimensions together. A learning performance statement has a similar format and structure as a PE. However, unlike a performance expectation, a learning performance focuses only on a portion of a PE, usually a single step in the instructional sequence. 4. Ask the right questions—When writing learning performance statements, the following questions recommended by the NSTA may be helpful for consideration. What prior knowledge is needed to understand the DCIs and what are the

Collection

2023 Fall Mid Atlantic Conference: Meeting our students where they are and getting them where they need to be

Authors

Jennie Perey Saxe, University of Delaware

with stakeholders iscritical to meaningful involvement and developing trust [9]-[11].Communication in the civil engineering curriculumA technical writing class has been part of the University of Delaware’s civil engineeringcurriculum since at least the early 1990s; about a decade later, an additional public speakingcourse was added [12], [13]. Despite this curricular focus on communication, the Department ofCivil and Environmental Engineering, in consultation with its External Advisory Committee,identified that additional efforts were needed to develop effective communication skills ingraduates. As a result, a novel course, Communicating with Stakeholders in Engineering, wasdeveloped and added to the civil engineering curriculum to address the

Collection

2023 Fall Mid Atlantic Conference: Meeting our students where they are and getting them where they need to be

Authors

Gang Liu, University of Pittsburgh at Bradford

diverse topics. • Falling Leaves Festival. • free musical events. • annual environmental science retreat. • Library tour led by experts. • Writing center services. • Mathematics center services. • TRIO student support services. • disability resources and services. • Academic coaching and tutoring services. • Academic Success and Advising counseling services.Generally, OER materials are fully customizable so that the instructors can adapt course materialsto align with their teaching objectives, teaching strategy, and the needs of their First-Year collegestudents. For example, the author of the present paper provided his students with the most recentresearch results in engineering education fields, including

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Janie M Moore, Texas A&M University; Jacques C. Richard, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Values, Modules Lab 10, 10b 11 (11/5-11/9) Writing Functions, Scope Lab 11, 11b 12 (11/12-11/16) Functions and use in top-down/bottom-up design Lab 12, 12b 13 (11/19-11/20 ) Systematic Debugging Lab 13, Team Project assigned 14 (11/26-11/30) Topic TBD 15 (12/3-12/5) Last exam Finals Week NO FINAL Team Project due MethodsThe new engineering course's curriculum redesign was already complete. The purpose of this workwas to establish a pilot program to

Collection

2023 IL-IN Section Conference

Authors

La'Tonia Stiner-Jones

participatingbecause of the professional development they received2. Specifically, students believed theywere better able to prepare and give research presentations, write an abstract and design postersand that their knowledge of applications of BMMB work had increased2. Providing students withthe requisite skills to be successful after they enroll in a graduate program is essential. Accordingto the Council of Graduate Schools (CGS) PhD Completion Project from 2008, only 57% of PhDstudents actually complete their degree within ten years3. Unfortunately, students fromunderrepresented minority backgrounds complete PhD programs at an even lower rate. The 2008CGS PhD Completion and Attrition study reported 36% of African American/Black and 40% ofHispanic/Latino

Conference Session

Student Experiences and Development – Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, University of Cincinnati; Sushant Makarand Padhye, University of Cincinnati; Nahal Rashedi

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

complexity. R is also open source, making the platform and packagemore accessible to the community. We chose to write our package in R because of theexisting packages for analyzing data from MIDFIELD, namely midfieldr [16] andmidfielddata [17]. The midfieldr contains ready-to-go functions for properly processing dataat the student level, and the second package is a stratified random sample from MIDFIELDfor users to practice on and explore. The data produced from this project will be madeavailable in a similar format. We anticipate the output synergizing with the broader goal ofexpanding access to and participation in MIDFIELD’s development [18].Data CollectionAlthough originally intended for project communication alone and standardization to

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Weeks, University of Maine; Karissa B Tilbury

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

decide to collect pieces of information fromtrusted sources (peer-reviewed articles) to create a model to help explain to Thomas why it wassuggested that he give his son the antibiotics (350 mg/dose) twice daily spaced approximately 8 hours(hint round up to 500 minutes for easier modeling of the input drug). Thomas tells you that his son gulpsthe liquid antibiotics very quickly. After some searching you find the following information: • Gut volume of average 5-year old: 100 mL • Average blood volume of 5-year old: 5.8L • Volume of Ear Canal: 1.2 mL • Rate of exchange of antibiotic from the gut to the blood: 8.75 mL/hr • Rate of exchange of antibiotic from the blood to the ear canal via capillaries: 3.15 mL/min

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brittany Fasy; Joseph Chipps, Montana State University - Bozeman; Stacey Hancock, Montana State University - Bozeman; Aayushi Dangol; Kristin Searle, Utah State University; Colby Tofel-Grehl, Utah State University; Aubrey Rogowski, Utah State University; Mengying Jiang, Utah State University

. This section comprises four 50-minute lessons. 5. Section 5: Storytelling. Students revisit the formation of reservations by analyzing four treaties, uncovering another discussion on termination, relocation, and forced assimilation. The teacher introduces sensors, and students learn to collect data using the sound sensor on the microcontroller. Students discuss the diversity of data collected among users and the need for inclusive design when making new technologies. Students tell their stories to their peers, supplemented by the symbolic narratives of their ledger art projects. This section comprises three 50-minute lessons.The purpose of our efforts is to integrate CS into Montana schools while also delivering

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Aiman S. Kuzmar, City of Corpus Christi, TX

2005 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Copyright © 2005, American Society of Engineering EducationThe classmates listening to a lecture by another student found this technique to be useful andamusing. All of them agreed that each student delivered a very good class presentation. No onecomplained about these sessions.A formal quantitative assessment on this teaching approach was not conducted. However, thestudents are planning to give their assessment in two different forms. First, they are in theprocess of writing a manuscript on this learning experience, and they hope to present and publishit at a future ASEE conference. This article will be

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD) Technical Session 3: Instruction & Information Literacy

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise Amanda Wetzel, Pennsylvania State University; Paul McMonigle, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD)

methodwas published in the Journal of Information Science. Designed as a way for students to evaluateinternet sources, RADAR is an acronym for Relevance, Authority, Date, Appearance, andReason for writing. Since the term is a palindrome, the evaluation can be done in either orderwithout losing effectiveness. The big difference between CRAAP and this tool is this flexibility[6]. Depending on student and research needs, starting with Relevance or Reason can be the mostappropriate to help with the evaluation of resources.In 2017, librarians at the University of Waterloo adopted RADAR in their information literacysessions. The librarians asked students to evaluate both an academic article and an online sourceon an engineering topic of choice, then

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Marlowe; Stephen T. Frezza, Franciscan University of Steubenville; Joanne Storm Gallagher, Franciscan University of Steubenville; Marita Anne O'Brien, Franciscan University of Steubenville; Sabrina J. Bierstetel, Franciscan University of Steubenville

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE)

both as learners and virtuousprofessionals, this work focuses on an exploratory scale for assessing student valuation ofresilience and factors in academic resilience that appear optimal for learning outcomes.At the time of this writing, this work in developing an instrument for assessing studentvaluation of resilience is still in progress. The paper presents our resilience scale, itsinitial findings, and the validation process for assessing academic resilience. Thisincludes a brief introduction relating value with factors related to optimal learning thatare also present in our construct of academic resilience.IntroductionBeliefs related to self-efficacy have been found to significantly enhance a student’sacademic performance over the academic

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 2: Innovative Approaches to Teaching and Learning in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Piyush Pradhananga, Florida International University; Claudia Calle Müller, Florida International University; Rubaya Rahat, Florida International University; Mohamed ElZomor P.E., Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

Education, Sustainable Infrastructure, Resilient and Sustainable Post-Disaster Reconstruction, and Circular Economy. He also holds professional credentials in LEED Green Associate for sustainable buildings and ENV SP for sustainable infrastructures as well as several micro-credentials in the commercialization of research. As a Ph.D. Candidate, Piyush has published a dozen peer-reviewed journals and several conference papers. ¨Ms. Claudia Calle Muller, Florida International University Claudia Calle M¨uller is a Ph.D. student in Civil and Environmental Engineering at Florida International University (FIU). She holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica del Per´u (PUCP

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (ELOS) Technical Session 3: Best of ELOS

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Animesh Paul, University of Georgia; Marcos Jose Inonan Moran, University of Washington; Rania Hussein, University of Washington; Dominik May, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

a professional educationcomponent consistent with the institution's mission and the program's educational objectives andpromotes diversity, equity, and inclusion awareness for career success [3]. "The need to feelbelongingness and linked with others" is how relatedness is defined (Baumeister and Leary [8]).According to studies, learning environments that provide a sense of connectedness to peers,parents, and instructors can enhance motivation and improve academic results (Ryan, et al. [9]).Self-efficacy, engagement, interest in school, higher grades, and retention have all beenconnected to feelings of relatedness, which are measured in terms of "school environment" andinstructor-student connections (Inkelas, et al. [10]). Research on

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Idalis Villanueva Alarcón, University of Florida; Laura Melissa Cruz Castro, University of Florida; John Alexander Mendoza-Garcia, University of Florida; Edward Latorre-Navarro, University of Florida; Diego Alvarado, University of Florida; Lilianny Virguez, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

. At the time of this writing, they all work in a large, Southeastern research-intensive R1higher education institution in the United States. Some of the authors do not self-identify asLatiné/x but rather by their home country (Villanueva et al., 2022). All authors have differinglevels of educational experiences, both in their home country and in the United States. All havecommonly migrated to the United States as part of their professional growth. Each of themconsiders themselves to be insiders of their Latin heritage and culture but outsiders to theexperiences the other authors have faced. All recognize that their identities are non-Monolithic

Conference Session

Classroom Skills

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Stephanie Laughton, The Citadel; Dan D Nale PE

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

Theophilides & Koutselini showed more in-depth evaluation of the quality andtype of student learning from open versus closed book testing scenarios.8,9 These studies seem to haveopposite findings. The prior demonstrated that when students are told to expect an open book test, theymay decrease or postpone test preparation and review activities. The latter study concluded that studentstaking open book exams may show higher levels of critical thinking in test preparation and completion.One relevant study was found in the ASEE Peer Repository on this topic from 2012 where West Pointfaculty compared student test preparation and performance in an entry -level statics and mechanics ofmaterials course.10 They found minimal effect on either parameter when

Conference Session

How Communities and Systems Influence Equity: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matt Gordon, University of Denver; Scott Leutenegger

a two-credit course together, and various co-curricular activities. For thecourse, students read articles and watch videos curated by the instructors. Studentsthen engage in short writing exercises, small group discussions, and then full classpresentations. Other active learning models such as design exercises are beingutilized. Topics covered during the two quarters include racism/anti-racism, sexism/anti-sexism, social media, AI, robotics in policy, robotics in the military, privacy, geneticengineering, biomechanical augmentation, ethics, diversity in engineering and computerscience, and infusing JEDI into engineering/computer science education. Students areexploring how recent and new technology is codifying systemic oppression based

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; John Chen, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Jocelyn Gee; Melissa Melton; Nicholas Seah; Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

, Belongingness, Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Connectedness. Members of this cluster may include students who do not identify with engineering as a profession or as an academic field of study. • Cluster 4: Without Feeling of Support from Faculty and Peers (n = 94). Cluster 4 has the fewest members and displays strongly negative values for several NCA factors that may predict lower student success. Members of this cluster scored lower than all other clusters for Engineering Identity, Instrumentality, Perceptions of the Future, Expectancy, Belongingness, Agreeableness, and Perceptions of Faculty Support.Data CollectionAt Cal Poly data collection began in the 2017-2018 academic year using the Scantron version

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Yang, National Science Foundation; Erin Steigerwalt, American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE); Gary Lichtenstein, Arizona State University; Kelsey Watts, Clemson University

Kelsey Watts is a fifth-year graduate student at Clemson University. She is part of the Engineering Education Research Peer Review Training (EER PERT) team. She has also developed Systems Biology education modules to enhance computational thinking skills in high school students. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Workshop Result: Feedback from the 2021 Engineering Research Center Planning Grant WorkshopAbstractASEE has partnered with the National Science Foundation (NSF) to host the EngineeringResearch Center (ERC) Planning Grant Workshops (PGW) since their inception in 2018. Theworkshop purposes are

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laila Guessous, Oakland University; Dan DelVescovo, Oakland University; Darlene Groomes, Oakland University

remotely each time), so they are not disadvantaged orexperience setbacks due to internet connection issues.Another challenge with simulation-based projects had to do with time lags and difficulties withengaging students while computer simulations were running remotely. In some cases,simulations would take hours or days to run. In a normal REU summer, students would get tointeract with their teammates or advisors during these downtimes, or would work on other taskssuch as report writing, documentation, etc. With the students working more independently fromtheir own homes and feeling at times “zoomed out,” they were less likely to interact with eachother, and in group meetings reported more frustration with their projects, particularly midwaythrough

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 8: Effective Teaching and Learning in Post-Pandemic Classrooms and Other Curricular Innovations

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martha Torres, University of Texas at El Paso; Hector Erives, University of Texas at El Paso; Virgilio Gonzalez, University of Texas at El Paso

learning strategies. (Active and Interactive Learning modes) 4- Lab report: The last activity for each lab is the final report, where each student writes their readings, analysis of the results, conclusions, and additional thoughts collected during the lab session. This section was given in asynchronous modality (Constructive learning modality).The most critical challenge in this laboratory during the COVID-19 crisis was getting specializedportable equipment (for use at home) to take measurements from the circuits implemented for thestudents and provide the electrical signal for the correct circuit function. Some availableinstruments used for the laboratory were Analog Discovery (from Digilent) andADALM2000/1000 (from Analog

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Afflerbach, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Nafsaniath Fathema, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Anne Gillian-Daniel, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Wendy Crone, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Dane Morgan, University of Wisconsin - Madison

teams, thereby scaling up their impact from the typical engagement of just one or twostudents and allowing for extensive peer teaching. Throughout the program, professionaldevelopment activities are efficiently delivered through standardized materials to teach criticalresearch skills like record keeping, establishing group expectations and dynamics, and networking.These skills are also reinforced at workshop events hosted during the semester, which areeffectively delivered online and yield growing impact for modest effort as the community grows.The program has been successfully implemented as evidenced by the last two semesters’evaluation findings through interviews, focus groups, and pre-post surveys. The students reporteda positive attitude

Conference Session

Retention

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Colin J. Reagle P.E., George Mason University; Oscar Barton Jr, Morgan State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

careeropportunities. This can leave them feeling as if they need to pursue multiple majors, minors oraccelerated programs that allow for both the completion of bachelor and master’s degrees.Students may also desire these additional credentials to set themselves apart from their peers in acompetitive job applicant pool. By allowing students choices in their curriculum, specifically inthe selection of their electives, our department believes that we reduce the need for additionalprograms and increase the impressions of readiness for the workforce. For those that still insiston pursuing an additional program, this change removes an additional hurdle to completing it.Reluctance to make this change was also voiced during our initial discussions. Some facultywere

Conference Session

NEE Technical Session - Assessment/Evaluation

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Altmann, Virginia Military Institute; Jon-michael Hardin, Virginia Military Institute

themechanical engineering department.AssessmentAt the time of writing this paper, the curriculum is in the first year of implementation. Due tothis being a work in progress no assessment has been conducted at this time. In addition, thecourse is only 0.5 credit hours for the student. Due to this low number of hours and the course,being conducted in the fashion of a laboratory course but with the deliverables being design andfabrication of components for the Baja SAE car no assignments and exams were administered.In the future, an increase in hours would allow for homework problems and/or exams to beconducted. Once this change in credit hours is made, a cross-sectional study of the students’work can be conducted. The cross-sectional study will compare

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alberto Esquinca, San Diego State University; Idalis Villanueva, University of Florida; Marialuisa Di Stefano, University of Massachusetts Amherst

experiences. It also means thattranslanguaging is understood to be a key tool for expression and identification.Translanguaging is defined as the full range of dynamic linguistic practices that bilingualsengage in [14]. These practices include, but are not limited to, code switching, mixing ormeshing, bilingual reading, linguistic borrowing, writing and conversing. Our project, based onCSP and translanguaging theory, questioned the strict separation of languages as well asassimilation into whiteness as the end goal of education [13]. Strict separation of languages,however, is one of the hallmarks of DLBE in which at least 50% of the instructional time isrecommended in the partner language (i.e., a language other than English). However,depending on