Conference Session

Technical Session V

Collection

2018 FYEE Conference

Authors

Lunal Khuon, Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Tech.) (MERGED)

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference Sessions

roughly 1000 freshman engineering students form, teamwork, and literature search. The winter quarter’severy year. A working group consisting of faculty last three weeks focus on project management, engineeringrepresentatives from all engineering departments within the ethics, and metacognition (reflecting upon the lessons learnedcollege was formed to formulate the revision based upon a in the passing two quarters and understanding how to applyprior taskforce’s identified areas of emphasis. Two faculty them in future projects). To emphasize more hands-onrepresentatives, one from the Engineering Technology learning during class, lectures and assessments were placedDepartment and another from the Engineering

Conference Session

Technical Session I

Collection

2018 FYEE Conference

Authors

Chester Levern Miller Jr, North Carolina State University; Rachel Elizabeth Worsham, North Carolina State University; Lori Nero Ghosal, North Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference Sessions

complementary curriculum areas. 4. 78 percent of respondents know the career competencies employers want from new graduates 5. 91 percent of respondents said the CIP helped them articulate their elevator pitch 6. 98 percent said the CIP helped them connect their values, interests, talents, purpose and passions into their workThe Career Identity Program 7. 91 percent said the CIP helped them identify and choose a major that reflects their interests, skills, abilities, and passions and relate them to a meaningful career path 8. 98 percent said the CIP helped them identify their personal and professional values and how to incorporate them into their career plan 9. 100 percent said the CIP provided education and

Collection

2018 ETLI

Authors

Joseph Sussman

to achieve SOs• Program Criteria • Specificity of curriculum to differentiate the discipline 41Program Criteria• ETAC has revised Program Criteria template for societies.• Template includes sections for Associate and Baccalaureate degree requirements.• Under each of these sections, societies may differentiate the discipline by specifying requirements for: • Curriculum • Faculty• Discipline-specific requirements are not intended to place additional burden on programs. 42What’s New in theApplied and NaturalScience AccreditationCommissionETLI ConferenceWashington, D.C.October 2018Name Change Reflecting

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn S. Keshmiri, University of Kansas; Aaron Blevins, University of Kansas; A Ram Kim, University of Kansas

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

industry, and besuccessful in research and continue to push the frontiers of knowledge. Developing problem-solving is one of the fundamental educational goals for STEM students. Reference [6] shows thatonly teaching mathematical methods will not develop problem solving skills. Students mustshape their own thought processes and they must be deliberate and reflective about the principlesand strategies they select for problem-solving [7]. The best way to develop problem solvingskills is to challenge students with real-world problems where students learn to solve problemsthrough applying analytical methods, establishing criterion, applying new approaches, using bothformal and compiled knowledge, and verifying and validating the effectiveness of

Conference Session

Engagement in Practice: Engaging the Community through Educational Outreach

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joan B. Schuman, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Katie Shannon, Missouri S&T

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

that the insidetemperature was suitable for a puppy (less than 32 C) when the outside structure is “out in thesun” (exposed to a heat lamp) for 30 minutes. Several different types of building materials wereavailable for purchase for the students, including items such as cardboard, foil, foam core board,and other items. If students have completed a science section covering colors and their propertiesof absorbing or reflecting light (as have these middle schoolers), the project should reinforce thatsubject matter. A discussion on the concept of the flow of heat energy was also conducted priorto the project start. After the students tested their dog houses, they were given a chance to makedesign revisions based on their results. Students

Conference Session

Engagement In Practice: Integrating Community Engagement into Engineering Curricula

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria C. Sanchez, University of Maryland College Park; Dylan Anthony Hazelwood, University of Maryland, College Park; Dave K. Anand, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

of presentations and team interactions, self-assessment of participation activities and direct feedback from students. Student knowledge oftopics presented during the semester was assessed by traditional methods: a midterm, announcedquizzes (in a group setting), a final exam and a scholarly paper. Students were also asked to submitlecture critiques twice during the semester. All students had the opportunity to assess their peers’presentations. Their input was factored into the final grade that each group received for theirpreliminary presentation. Participation was assessed by requesting the students to submit aparticipation log and engage in self-reflection of their contributions to class discussions twiceduring the semester (at the same

Conference Session

Engagement In Practice: Integrating Community Engagement into Engineering Curricula

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theresa Anne Migler-VonDollen, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lizabeth T Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

course express an intention to continue computer science education at a local community college. We found that many students enjoyed creating programs and were proud of their success in creating these programs. Based on written reflections. Many of our undergraduate student assistants state that they learned a tremendous amount from this experience. We also observe improved teaching and communication skills.1 Program OverviewOur four-week introductory computer programming course follows a university-style schedule:two ninety minute lecture periods per week along with a separate weekly two hour lab session.Lecturers from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly), serve both ascourse designers

Conference Session

Engagement in Practice: Creating a Robust Infrastructure for Community Engagement

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory E. Triplett, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jenilee Stanley-Shanks, Virginia Commonwealth University; Lori A. Floyd-Miller, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

of Institutions of HigherEducation [1]. As the 4th largest academic unit on VCU’s campus, the School of Engineering iscomprised of 2,000 students with demographics that reflect the diverse community in which itserves. The development of collaborations such as public-private partnerships and projects withlocal communities has been VCU Engineering’s essential ingredient for talent development, notonly because of well-established relationships with the business community, but also becausethese community partnerships give way to a continuum of college-bound students that translatesinto a sustainable diverse STEM pipeline. The desire to expand the number of public-privatepartnerships within the local community, however, presents both

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ieshya Anderson, Arizona State University; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

context to the data. The memos will also capture researcher reflections anddecision-making processes during analysis. The memos may also provide details about thecommunity and participants.Preliminary ResultsThis work in progress is transitioning from secondary to final data analysis. At this point, thereare five categories which will help develop themes for this research. One category linksengineering as a cultural strategy to survive. Another category points to engineering as a processfor community development. A third category maps Tohono O’odham values to engineeringdesign traits. Two other categories are not directly associated to engineering but rather tocommunity self-perceptions as a result of engineering impacts.SignificanceQualitative

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology: Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Naghedolfeizi, Fort Valley State University; Xiangyan Zeng, Fort Valley State University; Chunhua Dong, Fort Valley State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

engaging students in interdisciplinary /multidisciplinaryundergraduate research activities. This goal is also fully aligned with the Universitymission that states "FVSU mission is to promote academic excellence for theimprovement of the quality of life for the people it serves"Statement of SignificanceFor the first time, the computer science program at FVSU is planning to conduct a majoreffort to improve and enhance programming knowledge and skills of its students whileprogressing through the program, enhance retention and graduation rates, and engagestudents in enrichment programs. The significance of this project is as follows: 1. Enhance the course curricula of all CS upper level courses (3xxx/4xxx) to reflect the most current

Conference Session

Curriculum and the Classroom

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Gary Teng, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

consideration of higher level factors and strategy. The benefit of this approach isto change the thought process of students and elevate their viewpoints to a higher and morecomprehensive level.There are positive feedbacks from students regarding the work on the case study. The realbenefit comes from students’ reflection on different decision-making situations during classdiscussions and case study presentations. They have embrace more elevated level of economic,technical, and business issues in their discussions. However, there was one issue that caused thefaculty to consider further improvement of the case study. This issue was the lack of globalperspective in the investment strategies students have developed. Most of the case workpresented by

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Noelle K. Comolli, Villanova University; Jacob James Elmer, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

engineers to theentrepreneurial mindset. This paper will review in depth three different modules created and presented to students.The projects vary from elective courses (intro to biotechnology and polymer science) to requiredcourses (heat transfer operations and process design). The projects included an attempt to explorea contrarian viewpoint by evaluating “bad” plastics, design of a shower without electricity and thedesign of a heat exchanger for commercial scale brewery. The projects were all evaluated usingstudent surveys and post implementation reflection by the faculty. The authors believe these samemodules can be implemented in similar classes at other institutions with equal success.Background The National Academy of

Conference Session

Postcard Session: Experiential Learning as a High-Impact Student Experience

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenda D. Young Collins, Mississippi State University ; Reuben F. Burch V, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

internshipfor at least one semester during the 2017-2018 school year. The questionnaire will requestdemographic data, ratings of the internship administration, ratings on work environment, andsuggestions for improvement. For sport coaches/assistant participants, the questionnaire will beused to assess the supervised students’ performance but more effectively used to gather feedbackon the program structure overall.Lessons from Pilot Semester The pilot phase of the internship program ended December 2017. Assessments to capturepost participation viewpoints from interns and supervisors are in development and will besubmitted to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for review. Still, reflections by Dr. Burch andDr. Young yield several preliminary

Conference Session

Understanding Student Development in Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bin Lei, Drexel University; Brandon B. Terranova, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

information and resources to aid in the information gathering phase ofthe design process. In addition to the engineering and science concepts relevant to the project,the online lectures provided information regarding project management techniques such as workbreakdown structure, network diagram, Gantt chart, and bill of materials. To close the designcycle, students are asked to make brief presentations on their designs to the class before theycomplete the distance trial. This metacognitive exercise enables the teams to reflect on what theydid during the term and provides an opportunity to share their experience with others in thesection. They are asked to address the following questions: 1. Who are your group members and what is your car's name

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katie Estridge Schneider, Colorado School of Mines; Amy Charlotte Martin P.E., Colorado School of Mines; Terri S. Hogue, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

, while identifying the cohort of the participant. All survey questions wereapproved by an external program evaluator (per NSF requirements) before they wereadministered using the free Google Forms product. The pre-program surveys were completedprior to WE2NG orientation, weekly surveys were completed at the end of each week, and, toallow time for reflection, post-program surveys were completed within two weeks after theprogram-end. For purposes of consistency, master teachers did not participate in these surveys.Surveys included both qualitative (written, non-numerical) and quantitative (raked, numerical)responses. The results presented in this study only consider numerical responses presented asaverage responses, representing the arithmetic

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Symone Whipple, Kennesaw State University; Shelbie P. Prater, University of Michigan; Joi-lynn Mondisa, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

making apps isconsidered part of engineering”.Another participant indicated that the camp helped them to learn more about engineering. Hesaid:“I learned that there is a wide variety of engineering. I thought there was only, like, four parts ofengineering in the career section, but I learned that there is a lot more and they all do differentthings and it’s not just building stuff”.Another participant indicated a change in his understanding about how engineering can be used.He said:“I thought engineering was mostly math and like mechanical things but I didn’t know that youcan tailor engineering to business”.Shifts in Attitudes after Workshop CompletionResults reflect that participants’ attitudes towards engineering changed upon the completion

Conference Session

Imagining Others, Defining Self Through Consideration of Ethical and Social Implications

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexis Papak, University of Maryland, College Park; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Chandra Anne Turpen, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

. We show how students' conceptualization of differentstakeholders was relational, in that the ways in which pregnant women were conceptualized wasentangled with how Target was conceptualized. We also argue that the way students constructvarious stakeholders over three focus group sessions constrained how they were able tounderstand any of the stakeholders as causing harm or being harmed.Introduction Engineering ethics educators have developed a wealth of curricula that engagesengineering students in learning about codes of ethics and micro-ethical issues. However, muchof these curricula does not engage how technology's design and implementation is reflective ofsociopolitical systems and never value-neutral or how ethical design

Conference Session

Internship, Co-Op, and Professional Development Programs

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kayla Powers, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University; Krishnaswamy Venkatesh Prasad, Ford Motor Company ; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, SKG Analysis; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

Paper ID #23905Exploring How Engineering Internships and Undergraduate Research Expe-riences Inform and Influence College Students’ Career Decisions and FuturePlansKayla Powers, Stanford UniversityDr. Helen L. Chen, Stanford University Helen L. Chen is a research scientist in the Designing Education Lab in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Director of ePortfolio Initiatives in the Office of the Registrar at Stanford University. Chen’s current research interests include: 1) engineering and entrepreneurship education; 2) the pedagogy of ePortfolios and reflective practice in higher education; and 3) reimagining

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division: Collection

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan F. Freeman, Northeastern University; Christopher Peter Scianna, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

this outreach program isa focus on student engagement in the form of community service and service learning.In embarking on service learning in engineering, faculty at Northeastern looked at other hallmarkprograms and research to prepare. Bringle and Harcher define service-learning as “a course-based, credit-bearing, educational experience in which students (a) participate in an organizedservice activity that meets identified community needs and (b) reflect on the service activity insuch a way as to gain further understanding of course content, a broader appreciation of thediscipline , and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility.”[2] There is a section in this work onfirst-year students, where there has been assessment showing significant

Conference Session

EDGD: Assessment & Student Learning

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott R. Bartholomew, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Greg J. Strimel, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Esteban Garcia; Emily Yoshikawa, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Liwei Zhang

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

traditional scoring approaches?Graphic Design Project Assessment Many students are new to the idea that design is a continuous process of iteration and thatimplementing design projects in problem-based learning scenarios requires students to gothrough a process of reflection, critique and revision (Larmer, Boss, & Mergendoller, 2015). Inthis research we specifically introduced students to the concept of re-iteration using ACJ as atool for peer and self-assessment. We wanted to investigate if ACJ would allow students toexperience this continuum formatively through ranking their own, and their peers’, designs.After each ACJ-session, and the accompanying receipt of peer-feedback, students had anadditional week to revise their designs before

Conference Session

Two-year College STEM Programs Meeting the Needs of Industry

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Libros, Community College of Philadelphia; Tammy Wooten; Mozhgan Bahadory

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College

address some ofthese concerns. The program is intended to be a support to new instructors to ensure they areintroduced to the College on-line systems and to support their pedagogy as well. It has made fora more positive experience for both instructors and their students alike.ConclusionSystematic planning that considerers all aspects of the program as a single system, has allowedus to gain success in student recruitment, retention and job placement. Industry involvement inthe program has helped to create a program with content and structure that fulfills industry needsand supports student success. Student success in the program is reflected in the high level of jobplacement we have seen.This material is based upon work supported by the National

Conference Session

Modeling, Inquiry, Engineering Literacy & Argumentation

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherina V. Tarnai-Lokhorst, Camosun College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

measures. In this way, teachers maximize studentengagement and creation of physics knowledge, building on what was learned in previousclasses. The purpose of this method is to allow students to play with applying physics knowledgein new relatable ways. The small groupsreport on their work by answeringdiscussion questions designed to guidetheir reflection on both the process and thelearning they acquired (Figure 2). In thefinal phase, which may occur in afollowing class period if the cohort needsmore time during the session for their teamwork, the teacher facilitates a large-groupdiscussion of the outcomes, generating Figure 1: Facilitating the discussion on student-based contexts

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis E. Monterrubio, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

properly Work Results are correct. results are incorrect. described and results are incorrect. Conclusions All results match. Some information is Conclusions are Convergence with respect missing. Results have a vague. to the increment in the larger error than expected. Student doesn’t number of DOF was reflect understanding identified. Describe of the topics covered advantages and in

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph H. Holles, University of Wyoming; Larry Schmidt, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

, funding DMPs were not covered in theclassroom. Thielen et al. developed and taught a for credit course on Data Management for graduatestudents in climate and space sciences.[5] For this course, students had weekly assignments towrite a section of a DMP based on that week’s classroom activities. The final project thenconsisted of combining these sections in a comprehensive DMP. This student assignment is anexample of the project DMP. The authors note that: 1) the DMP “was not tied to any fundingagency requirement”, and 2) the assignment may be revised in the future and limit the DMP totwo pages to “more accurately reflect federal funding agency requirements”.[5] Thus, theauthors acknowledge the funding DMP (i.e., a desire to limit the DMP

Conference Session

Hands-On Skills in BME

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renata Fortuna Ramos, Rice University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

grades.Survey ResultsTo understand the students’ perception on the usefulness of the intervention, students in theexperimental group were asked to reflect on the modules in terms of their complexity, theireffectiveness as a learning tool and the ease of use of the step-by-step manual associated witheach module. A five-point Likert scale was used to measure the student responses on the threedimensions (Figure 4, n=103).When asked if the modules displayed an appropriate level of complexity, 62% of the studentsagreed or strongly agreed, 22% of the students responded in a neutral manner and 16% of thestudents disagreed or strongly disagreed. While these results suggest that complexity could beincreased in the available modules, it is important to note that

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brenda Read-Daily, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Incorrect Partially Correct CorrectFigure 3. Results from midterm and final exams when students were asked to describe twomethods of removing water hardnessPost-exam student feedbackIn a follow-up survey, conducted after the semester ended. Students provided reflections onwhether or not the activity helped them better understand the concept of water hardness. Theyalso were asked to provide their input on how to improve the activity in the future.Representative quotes are provided below:“I really like hands on experiments in class because they help me better understand the materialtaught in class and apply it to real world scenarios. During the water experiment, I realized that[College Name] has pretty hard water. I was then able to tie together

Conference Session

Assessment of Student Learning – New Engineering Educators Division

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, etc. e) Complexity of topic, i.e. whether the topic is too simple or too complex. f) Scientific integrity and depth of analysis, i.e. how good are the technical aspect and analysis of the project outcome.Implementations of new techniquesThe new techniques implemented in the post-changes case are based on having the students bewriters, readers and reviewers while providing them as much feedback as possible. Thefollowing is a list of the changes that were applied and their justifications. I. Provide more feedback more often: This is a key issue and is reflected in most of the changes implemented. Unlike most of the traditional problems in engineering where a numerical answer is often the result of

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Buffardi, California State University, Chico; William Zamora, Califonia State University, Chico; Colleen Robb, California State University, Chico; David Rahn, California State University, Chico

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

formteams with entrepreneurs who learn Lean Startup in concert. This paper describes theexperiences and observations while adopting the Tech Startup model in its first two academicterms. We summarize how the Tech Startup model is applied to a Software Engineering courseand reflect on the lessons learned. We supplement the instructors’ observations with datacollected from surveys on students’ attitudes and experiences. We also describe a formativeevaluation and compare how our adaptations to the courses’ implementation of the Tech Startupmodel affected students’ learning experiences. Finally, we recommend best practices andadditional learning activities based on our findings.Background. Active learning pedagogy contrasts with traditional

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yufang Jin, University of Texas, San Antonio; Timothy Yuen, University of Texas, San Antonio; Stephanie Ann Garcia, University of Texas, San Antonio; Robin Lynn Nelson, University of Texas, San Antonio; Ruitao Jin, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

theUniversity of Texas at San Antonio, funded and supported by National Science Foundation(#1525345).References[1] F. Martin and J. C. Whitmer, "Applying learning analytics to investigate timed release in online learning," Technology, Knowledge and Learning, vol. 21, pp. 59-74, 2016.[2] J. Mott, "Envisioning the post-LMS era: The open learning network," Educause Quarterly, vol. 33, pp. 1-9, 2010.[3] Y. Xie, F. Ke, and P. Sharma, "The effect of peer feedback for blogging on college students' reflective learning processes," The Internet and Higher Education, vol. 11, pp. 18-25, 2008.[4] P. Black, C. Harrison, C. Lee, B. Marshall, and D. Wiliam, "Working inside the black box: Assessment for learning in the

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark V. Huerta, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

opportunities. In “reflexivity”, individuals observe social andeconomic arrangements in the environment, and through reflection, they are able see possibilitiesof new and creative social realities. They thus create opportunities rather than discover them. Despite calls for more qualitative research and specifically exploring the stories ofentrepreneurs to generate theories, there have been virtually no studies within engineeringentrepreneurship education that focus on analyzing the narratives of engineering studententrepreneurs. There is one qualitative study that looks at engineering students perceptions ofstudying entrepreneurship during a specific course or program (Taks, Tynjala, Toding,Kukemelk, & Venesaar, 2014). This study adopted a