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Displaying results 8581 - 8610 of 23345 in total
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: Diversity 3
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego; Richard A. Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Marisa K. Orr, Clemson University; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Russell Andrew Long; Hossein EbrahimNejad, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Hassan Ali Al Yagoub, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
visualization. He is a founding developer of the CATME system, a free, web- based system that helps faculty assign students to teams and conduct self- and peer-evaluations. He is a co-author of the Engineering Communication Manual, an undergraduate text published in 2016 by Oxford Univ. Press. He can occasionally be found playing guitar at a local open mic.Dr. Marisa K. Orr, Clemson University Marisa K. Orr is an Assistant Professor in Engineering and Science Education with a joint appointment in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Clemson University. Her research interests include student persistence and pathways in engineering, gender equity, diversity, and academic policy. Dr. Orr is a recipient of the NSF CAREER
Conference Session
ECCD Technical Session 3: Energy and Multidisciplinary
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Saeed D. Foroudastan, Middle Tennessee State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
engineering from Tennessee Technological University. Additionally, he has six years of industrial experience as a Senior Engineer and 18 years of academic experience as a professor, Associate Professor, and Assistant Professor. Foroudastan’s academic experience includes teaching at Tennessee Technological University and Middle Tennessee State University in the areas of civil engineering, me- chanical engineering, and engineering technology. He has actively advised undergraduate and graduate students, alumni, and minority students in academics and career guidance. Foroudastan has also served as Faculty Advisor for SAE, Mechanical Engineering Technology, Pre-engineering, ASME, Experimental Vehicles Program (EVP), and Tau
Conference Session
Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Radana Dvorak, University of Portland; Heather Dillon, University of Portland; Nicole Ralston, University of Portland; Jeffrey Matthew Welch, University of Portland
Tagged Divisions
Computing and Information Technology
program, and an instructor in computer science, teaching various CS courses. Her current research interests are related to teaching in STEM fields. She advises the cybersecurity club, and is a member of several organizations including OWASP-Portland Chapter. Dr. Dvorak is passionate about teaching, technology, career pathways and student success.Dr. Heather Dillon, University of Portland Dr. Heather Dillon is an Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Portland. She recently served as the Fulbright Canada Research Chair in STEM Education. Her research team is working on energy efficiency, renewable energy, fundamental heat transfer, and engineering education. Before joining the university
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University; Jorge Americo Acosta Feliz
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
may not have a lot of discretionary time to devoteto formal out-of-school STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) programs,which foster the subsequent pursuit of STEM careers.1 Moreover, working youth may not haveextra disposable income to devote to many STEM activities such as attendance at sciencemuseums or the purchase of STEM magazines and materials, which also foster the pursuit ofSTEM careers.2, 3 High school students’ workplaces may thus be promising sites for fosteringequitable STEM learning because they are sites inhabited by many youth who do not have thesame access to formal STEM learning opportunities as youth from more affluent families.The purpose of this study was to identify the types of engineering-related
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Outreach and Retention
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Liang Zhu, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Jamie R. Gurganus, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Charles D. Eggleton, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Ronghui Ma, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Timmie Topoleski, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Deepa Madan, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
disadvantaged andacademically talented undergraduate students in the Mechanical Engineering Department from2009 to the present. The NSF funded S-STEM project focuses resources on financial support,coupled with curricular and co-curricular activities designed to facilitate student degreeattainment, career development, employability in STEM-related jobs, and enrollment in graduateschool. In addition, our S-STEM program proactively implements engineering researchactivities, including in-depth lab tours, seminars, REUs, research conference support, featuringresearch/internship on our website, and presentations to recruit students for research, etc. In this study, we present preliminary data that reveal the attitudes and perceptions of thecurrent 25
Conference Session
College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Faye R. Jones, Florida State University; Marcia A. Mardis, Florida A&M University - Florida State University
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships
employers’ desired competencies, identified employability skills valuable for entry-level technician positions. The employers who participated in this study represented the growingAM industry sub-sectors of timber, pipeline, and textiles. Our findings suggest that ruralemployers face challenges common to all AM employers: 1) the need for workplace skills, suchas a strong commitment to teamwork and ongoing professional development; and 2) difficultiesin encouraging employees’ transitions from job to career pathway, thus increasing their in-fieldpersistence. These results have implications for educational institutions that offer AM degreesand for graduates who seek rural employment in the AM field.Acknowledgements: This material is based upon work
Conference Session
Professional Issues and Opportunities for Engineering Librarians
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jean L. Bossart, University of Florida
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
,mechanical, or other disciplines. Undergraduate engineering students may take the FE exam intheir senior year. For many civil engineering seniors, passing the FE exam is a requirement forgraduation and often a condition of employment. For other disciplines, the FE exam is optionalbut recommended for students interested in pursuing an engineering career where protection ofpublic health and safety are of concern.Background/Literature ReviewClean water, reliable energy, safe transportation, and life-saving medical equipment are just afew ways that engineers make the world better and safer for all of us. By law, only a licensedengineer may prepare, sign and seal, and submit engineering plans and drawings to a publicauthority for approval. Professional
Conference Session
Aerospace Student Projects, Engineering Design and Research
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Levi Purdy, University of Alaska Fairbanks; Michael C. Hatfield, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; Michael Radotich; Brian C. Holst, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
theiracademic careers is limited to personal projects and small in-class endeavors. Oftentimes, because ofstrict course prerequisites and limited offerings, students must wait until their senior year to participatein meaningful design experiences and apply their knowledge and skills. This combination can severelyhamper or prevent some students from participating at all. Design teams can provide opportunities tobreak down these barriers for many students, enabling them to participate earlier or more broadly intheir academic careers than may have been possible otherwise.The AIAA DBF Competition provides students with an opportunity to solve problems that they likelywouldn’t encounter in any other context, and in the process gain valuable experience
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Shreya Gupta, Bit Project, College of Engineering, UC Davis; Dong Gyun Kim, Bit Project, College of Engineering, UC Davis; Victoria Kang Li Xu, Bit Project, College of Engineering, UC Davis
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
classroom. Forundergraduate engineering students, working with and mentoring younger students is a way todevelop strong interpersonal, communication, and leadership skills. Bit Project consolidateslogistics for outreach into one organization and gives students a chance to apply undergraduateengineering education into real-life scenarios. The various outreach events create a platform forstudents who want to take time to connect with their communities. Promoting undergraduatestudents’ involvement in primary education encourages students to pursue professional educationdegrees and provides prospective educators with classroom experience.Due to the rise of technical careers and increasing demand for job applicants with strong STEMbackgrounds
Collection
2019 ASEE Zone I Conference & Workshop
Authors
Brittany Anderson; Rafic Bachnak
enrichment programemphasizing active learning with an aim of exposing high school students to eight commonSTEM disciplines (math, chemistry, biology, physics, computer science, civil engineering,mechanical engineering, electrical engineering), along with industry, in hopes of solidifying theirlove for a particular field or opening their eyes to a new field of study. A major goal of thisprogram has been to increase interest and diversity in STEM by giving students hands-onexperience in these fields. This paper will discuss the growing interest for such a program alongwith future plans. Additionally, this paper presents data from 2017 program participantsincluding an update of their education/career plans.Introduction:With the continued growth in STEM
Collection
2020 Mid-Atlantic Spring Conference
Authors
Rafic Bachnak, Penn State Harrisburg; Anilchandra Attaluri, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Ma'moun Abu-Ayyad
. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Promoting Multidisciplinary Industry-Sponsored Capstone ProjectsAbstract:Engineering design problems are intricate in nature and require not only skills that involveinterdisciplinary education but also knowledge across disciplines. To promote and encouragemultidisciplinary projects, the School of Science, Engineering, and Technology at Penn StateHarrisburg has developed a model that facilitates the formation of teams to work on industry-sponsored capstone projects. These projects offer students invaluable educational benefits andhelp in preparing them for their future careers. This paper provides details about our approach toseek industry-sponsored projects and the process we follow to
Collection
2018 St.Lawrence Section Meeting
Authors
Jikai Du
ASEE St. Lawrence Section Conference, 2018 Cornell University April 20-21, 2018 INTERDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERING RESEARCH EXPERIENCE FOR UNDERGRADUATES Jikai Du State University of New York College at Buffalo Engineering Technology Department Buffalo, NY 14222AbstractUndergraduate research not only can give students the opportunity to apply classroomknowledge to real world situations, but it also help them to explore career directions. In thispaper, an undergraduate student in Engineering Technology Department at SUNY College atBuffalo conducted energy
Conference Session
Exploration of Broad Issues and Promotion of Engineering and Technological Literacy
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Carl O. Hilgarth
Tagged Divisions
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering
Paper ID #28922”Should we consider transforming the definition of technological andengineering literacy. . . ”Prof. Carl O. Hilgarth, Carl O. Hilgarth, M.S., is immediate past division chair of the ASEE Technological and Engineering Literacy / Philosophy of Engineering Division of ASEE. He is Professor Emeritus and former chair of engineering technologies at Shawnee State University, Portsmouth, Ohio. He is a Fellow of the American Society for Engineering Management and Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Mr. Hilgarth has a 30-year career in academia instructing courses in
Conference Session
2-Year College Division: Students and the Pipeline
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sarah Rodriguez; Brian Le, Iowa State University ; Maria L Espino M.A, Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Two-Year College
levels and authored journal articles, book chapters, policy briefs, and other publications on Latina/o student success.Mr. Brian Le, Iowa State University An alum of Iowa State University and Marquette University, Brian is currently the Undergraduate Pro- gram Coordinator for the Science Bound program where he works with Scholars from marginalized back- grounds to help them pursue and obtain an ASTEM (Agriculture, Science, Technology, Engineering Math) degree at Iowa State. His career goals and interests is to obtain a PhD in Higher Education Administration and work to be a voice for those who may seem to be voiceless.Maria L Espino M.A, Iowa State University of Science and Technology Maria Luz Espino, M.A. is a
Conference Session
FPD11 -- Multidisciplinary Experiences
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kauser Jahan, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
teaching math and science. This eliminates manyof the best and brightest schoolchildren from the ranks of future scientists and engineers. Manystudents who do undertake science and engineering studies in college are unprepared and dropout in frustration, while other potentially capable students never consider these subjects in thefirst place. In both cases, precious human and institutional resources are squandered.Enhanced engineering education in our K-12 classrooms can provide students at an earlier agewith a more specific understanding of what a technical career entails. We must encourageteachers to assume a more active role not only in the implementation/delivery of the educationalexperience for the student, but also in the innovation and
Conference Session
Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
C. Diane Matt, WEPAN
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
ResourcesSupporting Future Faculty• Achieving Success in Academia. WEPAN hosted this conference June 27-29, 1997 in Arlington, Virginia, to begin to address the low representation of female faculty in engineering in the U.S. Funded by the National Science Foundation, this conference offered non-tenured, tenure track female faculty and graduate students, strategies to enhance their careers in academia and provide insight into successfully navigating the tenure track. Participants included 34 non-tenured, tenure track female engineering faculty and 28 female engineering graduate students interested in a career in academe. The graduate students who attended did so accompanied by a faculty member from their institution to help initiate or
Conference Session
K-12 Engineering and Pre-College Outreach Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kauser Jahan, Rowan University; Kathleen Sernak, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
and brightest schoolchildren from the ranks of future scientists and engineers. Manystudents who do undertake science and engineering studies in college are unprepared and dropout in frustration, while other potentially capable students never consider these subjects in thefirst place. In both cases, precious human and institutional resources are squandered.Enhanced engineering education in our K-12 classrooms can provide students at an earlier agewith a more specific understanding of what a technical career entails. We must encourageteachers to assume a more active role not only in the implementation/delivery of the educationalexperience for the student, but also in the innovation and continuous improvement necessary forengineering education
Conference Session
Graduate Education and Undergraduate Research in ET
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gregory Arbuckle, Western Kentucky University; Dale McDaniel, Western Kentucky University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
. Each of the remaining programs is offered face-to-face and has anemphasis in technology or education.Western Kentucky University’s Master of Science in Technology Management is designed tofulfill the need of individuals seeking to advance their careers into the management of theirspecific technical areas of expertise, regardless of their educational backgrounds, as long as theyare currently working in a technical field. The prospective student must have 4,000 hours ofdocumented industrial work experience and the initiative and drive to complete an onlineprogram of study in a 2-year cycle.Western's proposed program will be delivered entirely on-line, allowing students the flexibilityof maintaining their current careers and lives without the
Conference Session
FPD1 - Early Success and Retention
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alicia Boudreaux, Louisiana Tech University; Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University; James Nelson, Louisiana Tech University; Galen Turner, Louisiana Tech University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
in STEM graduation rates from 220 students per year to a sustainable 300students per year.As part of the FrEP, students enroll in a five-week program during the summer before theirfreshman year. This program consists of a three-credit-hour college algebra course, enrichmenttopics, and an optional three-credit-hour general education course. Enrichment topics for thesummer program include study skills, time management, career decision making and acclimationto the University. In addition, the students participate in many community-building activities,both structured and unstructured. The summer program, as a whole, establishes consistentexpectations of the intensity of college life and creates an immediate place of fit when thestudents return
Conference Session
Writing and Portfolios
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Warren Hull, Louisiana State University; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University; Lillian B Bowles, Louisiana State University; Jennifer Farrell, Louisiana State University; David Bowles, Louisiana State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
AC 2008-609: IMPLEMENTING INFORMAL WRITING ASSIGNMENTS AND AFEEDBACK AND REVISION LOOP TO ENHANCE LEARNING INENGINEERING COURSESWarren Hull, Louisiana State University Warren R. Hull, Sr. is the Engineering Communications Coordinator at Louisiana State University. He earned a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Louisiana State University and an M.S. in Environmental Health from Harvard University. His engineering career spans nearly 40 years. He is a licensed Professional Engineer who was previously an engineering consultant, and is also a retired military officer.Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University Warren N. Waggenspack, Jr. is currently the Associate Dean for Engineering Undergraduates
Conference Session
Improving Technical Understanding of All Americans
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary Kasarda, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Brenda Brand, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Michael Collver, Montgomery County Public Schools; Gabriel Goldman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Tagged Divisions
Technological Literacy Constituent Committee
during the process. This aspect is particularly appropriate and critical for the success of courses and experiences focused on achieving technological literacy in young students.While it can be argued that the application of Bandura’s (and other’s) educational components forself-efficacy should be applied to all levels of STEM education, the authors believe it isparticularly critical in scenarios where one of the major goals is to achieve technological literacyand comfort with STEM subjects in younger students. By achieving self-efficacy of students intechnological literacy, the door is opened for many students to pursue STEM careers who wouldnot have considered this path otherwise. Assessment of this hypothesis is underway, but
Conference Session
Industry-Academia Collaborations
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; Jim Subach, Arizona State University; John Magrane, Microchip Technology Inc.; Carol Popovich, Microchip Technology Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
material; • Continuing education programs at the university that address advanced topics; • Recruitment/Internship programs; and • Seminar and workshop programs held at the university. The importance of continuous training to a company can be highlighted by the ideathat, “the employee development system increases employee job satisfaction and retention.Today’s employees want to feel that they have a career path and that they are regularlyenhancing their abilities. They are keenly aware that, in today’s market, real job security andincreasing compensation come from one’s expertise and ability to perform. Hence, peopleare very focused on improving their skills, and expect companies to offer training andeducational services.”15
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Virgil Cox, Gaston College; Mary Beth Ross, Gaston College; Phyllis EssexFraser, Gaston College
biotechnology industry was growing.Therefore the author proposed and was funded to conduct a unique workshop for high schoolstudents and high school technology/science teachers in the college’s service area. The weeklongworkshop was taught by a teacher from the college’s science department, Phyllis EssexFraser,and had as its purpose to introduce biotechnology/genetics techniques into the sciencecurriculum in the areas high schools, provide the high school participants with knowledge andskills from the biotechnology field, provide the high school teachers with professionaldevelopment and “take-home” materials, and encourage more students to pursue careers at thecrossroads between science and technology. The out-of-lab parts of the workshop were designed
Conference Session
K-12 Engineering Outreach Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Rogers, Murray State University; Steve Cobb, Murray State University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Page 12.1456.3vehicle is between $1,500 and $2,500 US. Figure 2: The course was 0.6 miles long and included obstacles made out of gravel (left) and wood (right) that simulated lunar terrain. The wooden obstacles were designed and constructed by freshman engineering physics students.Due to the extensive welding required in constructing a moonbuggy, many high school teams aremade up of mostly technical education students. In order to encourage interdisciplinary teamswith students of different backgrounds and career aspirations, requirements that are not includedin the rules for the national competition were added. These consist of roving measurementswhich are varied from year-to-year. Examples include measuring the
Conference Session
Curriculum Development & Assessment in Nuclear and Radiological Engineering
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Byron Thinger, Diablo Canyon Power Plant; Altaf Memon, Excelsior College; Li-Fang Shih, Excelsior College
Tagged Divisions
Nuclear and Radiological
unique assessment tool called theIntegrated Technology Assessment. TAC of ABET provides a strong incentive forOutcomes based Assessment and the accreditation process has helped inform andimprove the concepts to the continuing benefit of the program and the individual student.The ChallengeThe typical undergraduate college student enters college straight out of high school,attends for four years, graduates, and then begins his or her professional career. Suchstudents are increasingly being displaced by those with more complicated life historiesthat may make it difficult for them to realize their full potential in a traditional learningenvironment. One of the major challenges for colleges in the twenty-first century is toprovide the kind of support
Conference Session
Student Learning and Teamwork
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janice Girouard, University of Hartford; Ivana Milanovic, University of Hartford; Tom Eppes, University of Hartford
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
retain first-year students. In this paper, we share the specifics of FAP and how it issuccessfully being used to capture student interest, grow participation, and improve theirprospects for lifelong career success.IntroductionOur affiliation is with the University of Hartford which has 4,700 full-time and 880 part-timeundergraduate students enrolled as of the fall 2006. We are members of the College ofEngineering, Technology and Architecture (CETA) that has a population of about 760undergraduate students out of which 420 are enrolled in engineering technology (ET) programs.According to recent ASEE statistics, The University of Hartford is ranked fourteenth in the totalnumber of students enrolled. Within CETA, there are three departments that
Conference Session
ECE Curriculum Innovations
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Bunting, Oklahoma State University; Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University; James West, Oklahoma State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
during 2003.Another series of questions were designed to gauge the students’ attitudes toward the course asrelated to relevance, format, and effectiveness and these results are presented in figures 5-7. Page 11.1424.9 How relevant was this class to what you will be doing in your career as an engineer? 70% 62% 60% 50% 50% 50%Student Responses 40% 40
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Otieno, Northern Illinois University; Clifford Mirman, Northern Illinois University; Abul Azad, Northern Illinois University
has continuously been a focus of many K-12 coalitions. Available datashows a very low representation of minorities and women in the Science and Engineering fields.Through early introduction to engineering and technology, and dissemination of informationrelated to careers and education in these fields, minority and women student representation isbeing expanded. This paper reports on a collaborative project between a university and middleand high schools to address this low representation. A coalition involving faculty in the university,and science and math teachers in various school districts resulted in the development of a uniqueeducational model that was first piloted in the summer 2005. The model comprises of a series of shorteducational
Conference Session
Teams and Teamwork in Design
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gregory Davis, Kettering University; Craig Hoff, Kettering University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
alumni of these competitions feel that these events helped themto gain better employment opportunities and faster career advancement? Both alumni who hadthese experiences and alumni who did not have these experiences were surveyed.This paper provides a brief introduction to the SAE design competitions along with the results ofthe alumni survey.IntroductionStarting in the early 1960s, engineering education shifted away from engineering practice andmore towards engineering science. Declining enrollments and shifting priorities causeduniversities to reduce program length. In order to accomplish this, many programs reducedapplication oriented courses and laboratories.1 This has resulted in a gap between whatuniversities are teaching, and what
Conference Session
MIND Education Trends
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric Asa, North Dakota State University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Page 11.553.7colleges. The attainment of doctoral engineering degrees by minorities is growing so slowly thattheir membership in academia in future will be very modest if not minimal6.By 2003, about 240 colleges have been designated as Hispanic-serving institutions in the lastdecade7. A greater proportion of the faculty, just like predominantly black colleges, are Non-Hispanics. This poses a real threat to educating Hispanics. In the words of one of the steeringcommittee members of FACES (Facilitating Academic Careers in Engineering and Sciences, asNSF-sponsored minority program):“It is very important that minorities pursue academic positions. There are so few minorities inacademia, each additional Ph.D. can have a profound impact on the make