Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diana Bairaktarova, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Glen DePalma, Purdue University; Pouneh Eftekhari

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

. 5However, in their midterm reflections, the mentors hardly ever talk about mentorship andleadership. One out of 49 participants stated that having the opportunity to be a peermentor has allowed her to grow as a leader. They didn’t use any verbs such as “lead”,“mentor”, “instruct”, or “guide”. Only one peer mentor saw the reflections as anopportunity to continue practicing her strengths as a mentor and to grow in areas. Onlyone mentor stated that being able to work alongside the first-year engineering studentsand to pass on knowledge from the first-year has been a great way to give back to thecommunity and the university. Table 3 displays how the mentors ranked themselves in qualities of being a leader.It presents similar results as those in

Conference Session

FPD 2: Retention

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anant R. Kukreti, University of Cincinnati; Kristen Strominger, University of Cincinnati - School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering; Urmila Ghia, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

pre-advising week (7th week ofthe semester) to discuss progress towards degree and to plan their course schedule. Each advisorcompletes an Academic Progress Report Form for student records. Additionally, each STEPstudent is assigned a STEP Mentor to monitor student’s matriculation in the college. Studentsmeet their STEP Mentor at least once every semester and submit a minimum of two courseprogress reports from the instructor for each course taken. The STEP academic advising processis also built around three touch-points to provide all students with key opportunities to develop,review, and act upon a learning plan for degree completion. In the first freshman quarter (nowsemester), the students submit a reflective essay documenting their

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division - Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jodi Reeves, National University; Larysa Nadolny, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

instructional designers. Survey questionsincluded open-response, yes/no, and 4 and 5 point Likert scale items. The survey results were Page 23.547.4analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as Pearson’s Correlation to indicate relationshipsbetween survey questions and mode of course delivery. We collected additional informationfrom students in the form of a student self-reflection as an extra credit assignment after theactivity was completed and the final report turned in.Results and DiscussionThe students in both courses were overwhelmingly positive about the educational value of thisactivity, with only 10% indicating that the activity was “not

Conference Session

Challenges in Engineering, Models in Professional Programs, Capstone Design and Function Generator for Educational Environment

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russel C. Jones, World Expertise LLC; Bethany S. Jones, CQAIE

Tagged Divisions

International

in developing countries often seek some form of US accreditation as a way tohave their own quality recognized. In many cases, these institutions, which are frequentlypioneers in quality assurance in their region, need to be assisted in a developmental modeuntil they are prepared to pass the scrutiny of US accreditation standards.Many well established US specialized/professional accreditation agencies have in recentyears been offering international accreditation evaluations, and status, as appropriate:engineering, business, and teacher education. In each case, the move to offering fullaccreditation abroad has reflected an evolutionary process on the part of the accreditingagency often starting with Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs), then some

Conference Session

Curriculum Development

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gabriella J Ducamp, University of Virginia; Crystal Jean DeJaegher, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

order to meet growing demands for a competitive Science, Technology, Engineering,and Math (STEM) workforce, education must adapt to reflect the skills necessary to besuccessful in these fields and students must be encouraged to maintain interest in thesedisciplines. Digital fabrication offers the opportunity to bring activities that are more like STEMprofessions to students than traditional classroom instruction. Similarly, the engaging nature ofthese activities may improve student attitudes toward STEM disciplines and increase thelikelihood that students will take advanced STEM coursework and choose STEM careers.Digital fabrication involves creating physical objects from a digital design. Though digitalfabrication has been a mainstay of

Conference Session

Supporting Diversity in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lyndsey Alyssa Wright, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara M. Moskal, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

would it be like to beable to see ‘extra colors’?) What do we use them for? Why does the spectrum of visible light gofrom red to purple? (This discussion could be deepened to include the meaning of wavelengthsfor older students, or this part of the discussion could be cut out for younger students.)2) Next, discuss visible light and how our eyes are able to perceive color: an object reflectscertain light waves, and absorbs others. Our eyes pick up the ones that are being reflected.‘White’ is when all the colors are reflected, and ‘black’ is when all the colors are absorbed. Askthe students which color t-shirt they would rather be wearing on a hot day.3) Lastly, talk about what a spectroscope is: sure, you can see rainbows when you hold the

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education (DEED) Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

student teams gavefeedback to each other and to the faculty. In one exercise, the students answered a number ofquestions related to the entire course and projects, with the intention of capturing importantreflections upon the product development process. The students spent a considerable amountof time to create these responses, and they can be considered reflecting the majority of thestudents within the respective teams (since submitted by the teams).The team’s responses are presented below, arranged per team. Some responses are givenwithout context, as they were also presented orally by the student teams, some comments aretherefore given. In the following, they are therefore presented with the authors’ explanationand analysis.The first team

Conference Session

Basic Concepts in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

and encourages flexible views of problem scoping and conceptual design, with changesin each causing reflection and potential changes in the other. Alex also showed no link betweenProduction and Opportunity, potentially indicating a view of innovation with finite beginningand end states.Ben’s Markov chain diagram demonstrated a more sequential view of the early process stageswith strong return loops for both Opportunity and Prototyping. His diagram also containedfrequent transition for Testing and Production back to Design, indicating frequent iterationduring later stages of the process. The closed loop from Production back to Opportunity mayindicate a more cyclic view of the innovation process

Conference Session

K-12 Professional Development II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald H Rockland, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Levelle Burr-Alexander, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Howard S. Kimmel, New Jersey Institute of Technology; John D. Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Linda S Hirsch, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Thomas Michael Tylutki, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

distancelearning is to provide training and support through a predefined course package. This approachhowever is not consistent with what are considered “best practices” of teacher professionaldevelopment17. Any professional development program is most effective when it relates to theparticipants’ professional activities. Teachers bring with them a diverse set of strategies forteaching and learning from their own professional experiences. A more interactive environmentthat provides teachers with opportunity for structured reflection and discussion with colleagues isneeded. A support-led rather than by package-led form of distance learning is necessary. TheVirtualMedibotics™ program has been designed to provide pre-defined web-based instructionwith

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Michael C. Loui, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, honesty and truthfulness, organizational communication, ownership, qualitycontrol and product liability, public service, responsibility, and gender issues.1The session allows for a class-length experience, followed by a 30-minute period to reflect onand discuss approaches to incorporating ethics discussion in classes, methods for supportingstudent discussion and evaluation of the experience. During the class experience attendeesinteract with the sample teacher as they either hope or expect their students to participate(modeling student behavior). To prepare for this, the discussion leader encourages the attendeesto observe the process while reflecting on what experiences may or may not work in their ownclassroom.The goal of this paper is to

Conference Session

Using graphics in the rest of the engineering courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andy S Zhang, New York City College of Technology of CUNY; GAFFAR BARAKAT GAILANI, New York City College of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Page 23.810.3drive and 3) the steering system. However when designing these subsystems, students were toldto check the existing CAD files for the parts they wanted to use to make sure the informationon these files were properly reflected in their design. This means that for each part the teamdecides to use, they have to allocate proper space for it to be installed.To give students more options during initial brainstorming and research phase, students weregiven a freedom to choose three-wheel option or four-wheel option for their RC car drive traindesign. That means, when designing the drive train, the team can choose to have one drivemotor with a differential drive system or two drive motors without the differential system.Teaching

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nihad Dukhan PhD, University of Detroit Mercy; Nassif E Rayess, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

of existing data6. increased ability to engage in life-long learning (and recognition of the need to do so)7. increased ability to make an effective presentation both in written and oral formatThe course has been required for all engineering students at the University of Detroit Mercy, andis usually taken in their sophomore year. The name of the one-credit-hour semester course hasbeen Professional World of Work (PWOW). It has been meeting once a week for 50 minutes.The course is different from typical instructions in the sense that engineering students had to do alot of non-technical reading, reflect on their own learning and on the world conditions aroundthem, participate in group discussions, integrate their new knowledge and non-technical

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education Research

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lin Li, University of Illinois at Chicago; Yong Wang, University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

. Page 23.855.3The course final grade consists of five components, i.e., homework, the course projectpresentation, the course project report, the midterm exam, and the final exam. The instructormade the largest efforts to ensure that the course grades accurately reflected each student'sachievement level. The end-of-course grades assigned to these five components together with thetotal grades are intended to convey the level of achievement of each student. These grades areused as course outcomes and hypothesis tests have been conducted on the grades of the twoparties of students.Every world or national university ranking system bears some limitations10-12. Existingliterature13 has studied the impact of professors' behaviors on the ranking of the

Conference Session

New Approaches in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen T. Marosi, Bucknell University; Barbra Steinhurst, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Backstage Bucknell schedule deliberately modeled the need to use tools for creatingwork/life balance during the academic year. Frequent points of dialog and reflection becameopportunities to contemplate the need to proactively balance the activities they wereexperiencing, and several students independently expressed a realization that they would beresponsible for creating their own schedules in a few short days. Time was set aside during theday for doing homework as well as time for going to the gym or participating in other wellnessactivities. Evening social events varied in structure, from a movie to an evening spent on thequad with the new first-year international students in outdoor activities. Small games wereinterjected during the day for

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Pearl Chen, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

described as a process of “enculturation,” in which the learners arelike apprentices learning to use domain-specific knowledge as tools as they develop anunderstanding of the rules and culture rooted in the community of practice. Thus, the learningprocess should resemble the ordinary practices of the culture, which usually involvecollaboration, interaction, and social construction of knowledge. Herrington and Oliver’s [10]critical elements of situated learning provide a useful framework to analyze the learning process,which include: (1) authentic contexts, (2) authentic activities, (3) access to expert performancesand modeling, (4) multiple roles and perspectives, (5) collaborative construction of knowledge,(6) reflection, (7) articulation, and (8

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Denson, North Carolina State University; Matthew D. Lammi, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, Utah State University: Logan, UT.23. Dym, C.L., J.W. Wesner, and L. Winner, Social dimensions of engineering design: Observations from Mudd Design Workshop III. Journal of Engineering Education, 2003. 92(1): p. 105-107.24. Mehalik, M. and C. Schunn, What constitutes good design? A review of empirical studies of the design process. International Journal of Engineering Education, 2006. 22(3): p. 519-532.25. Adams, R.S., J. Turns, and C.J. Atman, Educating effective engineering designers: The role of reflective practice. Design Studies, 2003. 24(3): p. 275-294.26. Schön, D.A., The reflective practitioner1983, New York, NY: Basic Books.27. Davis, D.C., et al., Engineering design assessment processes and scoring scales for

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianghong (Esther) Tian, Eastern Mennonite University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

communication and managementI have discussed the details about students working on the two projects. In addition to designingand building a functional product, students were also trained in terms of communication andmanagement skills. To enhance team performance, team members signed a team contractincluding goals, expectations, policies and procedures, and roles. At the beginning of eachproject, teams were required to turn in a plan of work including a work breakdown structure andschedule. Throughout each project, there were also teamwork self-assessment and peerevaluations to promote collaboration. About two weeks into a project, team members filled outself-assessment forms reflecting on teamwork, with questions including “What are we doing wellin

Conference Session

Flipping ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafic Bachnak, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg; Sofía Carolina Maldonado, Texas A&M International University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

success efforts have been developed across the country. This paperdocuments the flipped classroom technique incorporated into a pilot electrical engineering courseat Texas A&M International University (TAMIU). The paper also presents feedback results andbriefly discusses future plans.II. Flipping the ClassroomIn a traditional lecture, students often try to capture what is being said at the instant the speakersays it. They cannot stop to reflect upon what is being said, and they may miss significant pointsbecause they are trying to transcribe the instructor’s words [5]. On the other hand, in an invertedclassroom, typical class-lecture time is replaced with laboratory and in-class activities. Outsideclass time, lectures are delivered over

Conference Session

Student Learning, Problem Solving, and Critical Thinking 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia B. Paschal, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

response may be sufficient ifplacement information is provided even though other survey items such as starting salary orforwarding address may not be provided. Thus, a qualified use of RR2 can be appropriate. Asthe cohort of graduating students is a clearly defined population, UH + UO is zero in thissituation.As noted above, response rates vary significantly and are often much lower than desired. Whenresponse rate goes down, the probability that the survey data will reflect an accurate picture ofplacement goes down. To illustrate this, a simulation of survey responses was performed. A Page 24.131.3dataset of 300 graduating students was created with

Conference Session

Activities and Assessment for “Awkward ABET Outcomes”

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Huynh, University of South Carolina; Juan M Caicedo, University of South Carolina; Charles E. Pierce, University of South Carolina; Jason W Gantt, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

to not only help students learn the class material, but also improve their criticalthinking skills. To accomplish this, we use some key elements from the EFFECTs pedagogy toget students to think and guesstimate an answer to a design problem and to reflect on how thelearned material helped them answer the design problem. The study is carried out in anundergraduate Transportation Engineering course with 57 students. The remainder of this paperdiscusses our modified EFFECT approach and a novel approach for assessing students' learning.Preliminary results are presented and discussed.Modified EFFECT ApproachThe specific structure of the modified EFFECT approach is as follows. During the first lectureof each of the seven topics, the instructor

Conference Session

"How Do We Compare?" - Students, Case Studies, and Learning Approaches

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christi P Patton Luks, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

ofstudent involvement, classroom morale, and, ultimately, the learning that occurred in my classes.In Fall 2012, I had the opportunity to teach two sections of a junior-level heat transfer courseusing different pedagogies: (1) the traditional, lecture-based approach with some active-learningand (2) a modified PBL approach. My modified course alternates mini-lectures and studentproblems in a "leap frog" style. This class meets for 3 hours, once a week. Lectures are very briefand dispersed throughout the class meeting time. Students work problems and conduct briefexperiments in class. Their results are shared and unusual results are discussed. Lecture timehelps summarize these results and propel the class to the next topic. Homework reflects

Conference Session

POTPOURRI

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Duke Mejia Bulanon, Northwest Nazarene University; Stephen A. Parke P.E., Northwest Nazarene University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Crop Monitoring System: A Case of Teaching Machine Vision through Undergraduate Research AbstractNorthwest Nazarene University, which is located in the Treasure Valley of Idaho, is developing acrop monitoring platform (CMP). The CMP, which uses a machine vision system, estimates fruittree parameters such as tree canopy volume and canopy reflectance characteristics. This researchproject, conducted by undergraduate engineering students, is integrated with the teaching ofmachine vision in a Control Systems course. This paper presents a case for teaching machinevision through undergraduate research.1. IntroductionNorthwest

Conference Session

Building a Better Program - Construction Curriculum Enhancements

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip A. Dunn Jr. P.E., University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Construction

, creating the envelope, andsafety. Particular ABET criteria that is relevant is 3B; a., d., e., g. Evaluation for these exercisesis through a matrix that highlights the minimum criteria and suggests other items forconsideration. At the sophomore level, students generally evaluate minimums reasonably anddon’t consider many of the other items such as surface runoff, staging, and traffic control.Generally speaking, many have had limited work experiences and these are reflected in theirability to analyze the situations.CET 356 is a first semester junior course that introduces students to the overall constructionprocess of pre-bidding through to project close-out. Many of the documentation requirements

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margret Hjalmarson, George Mason University; Jill K Nelson, George Mason University; Lisa G. Huettel, Duke University; Wayne T. Padgett, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Kathleen E. Wage, George Mason University; John R. Buck, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

that are relevant toengineering education. Formative assessment, broadly, is any strategy which is intendedto both help students learn the material as they are assessed and provide feedback to theinstructor that can be used to inform future instruction (either immediately or at a laterclass session). A second purpose of formative assessment is to create a more engagingand participatory learning environment where students shift from passively listening tolectures and taking notes (or possibly asking questions) to working on problemsimmediately after the explanation of concepts or reflecting about what they have learned.Formative assessment tools should communicate to students what material or conceptsare most important. Often these concepts are

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David A Saftner, University of Minnesota Duluth; Sara D. Ojard, University of Minnesota Duluth; Eshan V. Dave, University of Minnesota, Duluth; Nathan William Johnson, University of Minnesota Duluth; Eil Kwon; Rebecca Teasley, Civil Engineering University of Minnesota Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

was in a commercial area with nearby access to highways.Additionally, several creeks on the site fed into larger bodies of water in the area. Soil boringswere created based on local experience in the area reflecting the known conditions at the site.Three group project submittals were required, each including an environmental, geotechnical,hydrological, structural, and transportation component. These oral presentations and writtenreports represented 20%, 50%, and 100% design submittals. Five to six students were assigned toeach group using a random number generator. Following the random assignment, the onlychanges to the groups involved ensuring that each group contained a student with an expressedinterest in each of focus areas within civil

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Research in Physics or Engineering Physics II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Eblen-Zayas, Carleton College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

providing a discussion of mechanical properties of materials and the historicalimpact of these developments at the beginning of the course, students begin to see how materialsdevelopment can have a significant societal impact.3 This historical reflection on the societalimpact of new materials paved the way for examining examples of how materials science andengineering today might be used to address some of society’s environmental and energychallenges.The remainder of the course was dedicated to considering several ways in which materialsscience and engineering can have an impact on energy and environmental challenges. The fourapplications that the course focused on were materials for solar energy conversion, smartmaterials for energy efficiency

Conference Session

Engineering Management In The Classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nora Honken, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Expert_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Instruction Teach the Teach how to decide Teach other things to consider Encourage individual to Encourage individual to draw on personal skill/theory/ principle when to use the when applying theory, content reflect on personal experiences applying the skill/theory/principle, skill/theory/principle driven example, mistakes that experiences and observed both their successes and failures and encourage have been made and experiences of others self-confidence to use intuition to solve

Conference Session

Fresh Perspectives on Information Literacy

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy S. Van Epps, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

make informed decisions about which engineering discipline to pursue. • Explain the critical role of cross-cultural and multidisciplinary teamwork in nurturing diverse perspectives and the creation of innovative engineering solutions that meets the needs of diverse users. • Reflect on your teamwork and leadership abilities, recognizing how your behavior impacts the whole team, and making team process adjustments whenever necessary. • Explain critical and diverse uses of modeling in engineering to understand problems, represent solutions, compare alternatives, make predications, etc. • Use multiple models, estimation, and logic to triangulate and evaluate information coming from various data sources

Conference Session

Environmental engineering pedagogy and innovation

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marty Anne Gustafson, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Carl Vieth, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Patrick Eagan, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

projects ranging from sales and commercial operations to clinical delivery systems and financial performance. Carl’s teaching interests and experience reflect a wide range of development activities. Carl leads lean-six sigma training and development as part of the administrative process redesign initiative and the adminis- trative excellence strategic initiative at the University of Wisconsin. In addition, Carl is a frequent lecturer on patient safety and healthcare system optimization. As the co-director of the technical leadership cer- tificate program, Carl was instrumental in forging beneficial teaching partnerships with the Wisconsin School of Business. Prior to coming to the UW, Carl managed global corporate

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Research in Physics or Engineering Physics II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie Lopez del Puerto, University of St. Thomas; Adam S Green, University of St. Thomas; Jeffrey A. Jalkio, University of St. Thomas; Marty Johnston, University of St. Thomas; Paul R Ohmann, University of St. Thomas (MN)

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

(Part 1: Imaging) Conceptual goals: Understand the nature of polarized light, how polarization changes upon reflection and transmission, and how insects use polarized light for navigation and communication. Experimental goals: Learn how to operate CCD cameras in conjunction with linear polarizers. Quantify how various materials either polarize or depolarize scattered light. Computational goals: Use MATLAB’s Image Acquisition Toolbox to acquire images from CCD cameras. Learn basic image processing in MATLAB to create polarization maps of optical targets.This first experiment in the polarized light lab introduces students to polarimetric imaging, amethod that is widely used in science, engineering, and medicine. Using a CCD