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Displaying results 9961 - 9990 of 11178 in total
Collection
2020 First-Year Engineering Experience
Authors
Mary Katherine Watson, The Citadel; Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; Timothy Aaron Wood, The Citadel; William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Tara Hornor, The Citadel; Kevin C Bower P.E., The Citadel
Tagged Topics
Diversity
faculty director for a scholarship program to recruit and support high-performing, low- income civil engineering students. Dr. Watson is also interested in understanding and assessing students’ cognitive processes, especially related to sustainable design. Dr. Watson is the proud recipient of seven teaching awards and six best paper awards.Dr. Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel Dr. Simon Ghanat is an Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The Citadel (Charleston, S.C.). He received his Ph.D., M.S., and B.S. degrees in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Arizona State University. His research interests are in Engineering Education and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. He previously
Conference Session
Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kimberly Christian, Stony Brook University; Angela M. Kelly, Stony Brook University; Monica Bugallo, Stony Brook University; Keith Sheppard, Stony Brook University
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
experience of science in society and the workplace [1]. Consequently, central to the structureof the NGSS is an emphasis on science and engineering practices [1]. Additionally, the NGSSare designed around a unique three-dimensional approach. Dimensionone focuses on the science andengineering practices that scientistsand engineers employ in developingknowledge and solving problems.The second dimension identifies thecrosscutting concepts, or themes,that are reflected throughout alldomains of science. Dimensionthree identifies essential scientific Figure 1: NGSS structure and impacts on teaching and learning science.knowledge required for basicliteracy in science. Thisorganizational shift away from conventional
Conference Session
Aerospace Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael C. Hatfield, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; Keith W Cunningham; Samuel Vanderwaal; Eyal Saiet, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
involvessupervised team or individual research. In one such effort, a team consisting of one graduate electricalengineer and three mechanical engineers designed an IR camera payload with a color-wheel filtermechanism for a UAS allowing the study and characterization of volcanic plumes and wildfires.Another team of graduating students tackled the development of a specialized UAS sensor that samplesaerosols, such as ash from a fire. Last semester three seniors, two in electrical engineering and anotherin mechanical engineering, integrated this sensor onto a UAS for study of wildfires and volcanicplumes, as well as measurements of air quality and various pollutants. This sensor is being tested thisspring for applicability in measuring airborne residue from
Collection
2011 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Lawrence Whitman; Karen Reynolds; Zulma Toro-Ramos
developing a coursethat provides a service learning experience is to expand each student’s perspective that engineerscan have a positive impact on their community and the world. This paper presents themotivation, content, and the assessment process of such a course.MOTIVATIONThe College of Engineering (CoE) at Wichita State University (WSU) has a very activeIndustrial Advisory Board (IAB) that recommends our graduates have a competitive advantagethat includes more than just the technical skills of an engineering degree. CoE faculty and theIAB have launched a strategic initiative, Engineer of 2020, in order to prepare graduates foreffective engagement in the engineering profession in the year 2020. This initiative is in partmotivated by two reports
Conference Session
Technical Sessions 5
Collection
2024 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Bryan James Higgs, University of the District of Columbia; Ujwalkumar Dashrath Patil, Department of Civil Engineering at the University of the District of Columbia.
Tagged Topics
Professional Papers
the literature that students have only a 17% chance of taking a course related toclimate change. Through the introduction of course modules 100% of the students that passthrough the Civil Engineering program are exposed to climate change and its impacts and theresults support that this structure is effective and has achieved the desired results of betterpreparing students to be able to address the future challenges that climate change will present.Future WorkThe results presented in this research effort represent a mid-course assessment and thus theresults may improve beyond those at present. As part of the course design, practical applicationprojects are included that will expose students to real-life problems that incorporate
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 12: Work-in-Progress Postcard Session #1
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cyril Okhio, Clark Atlanta University; Sade Tramble, Kennesaw State University; Amy Buddie, Kennesaw State University; Ayse Tekes
participate across 66 projects (8 projects did not match with anystudents and so were dropped from the program). Each project currently has 1-5 first-year studentsworking on it, often alongside more senior undergraduate researchers and/or graduate students andpostdoctoral researchers. In January 2022, the Office of Undergraduate Research started anUndergraduate Research Peer Mentor Program, with more established student researchers servingas optional peer mentors to existing First-Year Scholars. The peer mentors hold office hours andlead workshops on topics relevant to new undergraduate researchers.Case Study ExampleEngaging in a well-defined research study under a qualified mentor is the most impactful learningopportunity for a freshman engineering
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference
Authors
Thomas Korman; Hal Johnston; Kay Gore
one labexperience that focuses on the engineering fundamentals for project controls and projecttracking. We propose to evaluate the impact on student learning by incorporating COINS intothe lab portion of the introductory engineering course.By embedding the use of COINS in introductory courses, we anticipate that the research willshow that core engineering fundamentals that students need in order to be successful insubsequent courses are reinforced. In a typical introductory course, fundamentals are oftenintroduced without students being able to understand how these concepts can and will be appliedin practice. Many students lose interest early on in their engineering education due to this fact.By having COINS embedded in introductory courses
Conference Session
Liberal Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carole Goodson, University of Houston; Susan Miertschin, University of Houston; Barbara Stewart, University of Houston; Luces Faulkenberry, University of Houston; Curtis Johnson, University of Houston
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
another.7So how do we as engineering and technology educators, practically provide our students with aneducation that includes the approach fostered by a liberal education in addition to technicalcontent? How do we provide technical content and perspective for students pursuing a liberaleducation? Although there may be a myriad of approaches to the problem, an obvious tactic thatwould reach all students is to focus on the core curriculum (courses required of all students) andalso on courses required in the technical major. By focusing on these two elements of thecurriculum we have the potential to provide learning opportunities that can impact and broadenperspectives of both technical and non-technical students.Within curricula of the College of
Conference Session
International Collaborative Efforts
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Sören Östlund; Johan Malmqvist; Ingemar Ingemarsson; Edward F. Crawley; Doris Brodeur
system skills in design-build courses · benchmark best practice in assessing non-technical learning outcomes · conduct surveys of student perspectives at entry and exit points of programs · measure and document achievement of learning outcomes at exit from programs · compare self-assessment with demonstrated performance data · conduct surveys of instructor perspectives on courses and programs · identify best practices for gathering data about instructor satisfaction, professional development needs, and opinionsSummaryIn June 2001, a team of three external evaluators conducted a review of the first year ofthe Wallenberg CDIO Project. The review was held at MIT with all partners participatingin the presentations and
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Programs
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Mahbub Uddin
understanding the varied domains of human knowledge and experience and develop understanding and appreciation of their cultures and religions. Liberal arts and engineering design courses have a synergistic effect of the development of creative and critical thinking skills, oral, and written communication skills, interpersonal and leadership skills, and a quest for life-long learning. Our design sequence provides our students with a wonderful opportunity to consider the moral, ethical, economical, environmental, societal, and geo-political impact of engineering design decisions. Engineering Science graduates are well prepared for challenging positions in engineering practice, graduate study and for lives as innovative thinkers and
Conference Session
Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part II
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Agnes Galambosi, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Ertunga C. Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
is to provide a preliminary road-map for Systems Engineeringprograms for curriculum design to incorporate sustainability into their curriculum. As part of thisprocess, our specific objectives are 1) to identify learning objectives and topics, and 2) coursesand levels of courses where sustainability and sustainable design can be taught. A brief summaryof sustainability curriculum practices at different institutions is also provided.Some of the possible sustainability topics that are considered in this research are life cycleassessment, alternative energy sources, principles of sustainability, greenhouse gases, carbonfootprint, energy audits, design for sustainability, managing systems based on triple bottom line(environment, economy and
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Virginia Sisiopiku, University of Alabama, Birmingham; Robert W. Peters, University of Alabama, Birmingham; Ossama E. M. Ramadan, University of Alabama, Birmingham
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
objectives and lectures/modules developed for thecourse reflect discussions and feedback received from the Southeast Transportation ResearchInnovation Development and Education Center led by the University of Florida and theSustainable Smart Cities Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Theeducational resources developed were used as classroom training materials in a newly developedcourse that aimed at educating undergraduate and first year graduate students about sustainabilityplanning concept, design options, and rating systems. Students that completed the course wereexpected to do: 1. Be able to describe the role of transportation in sustainable development; 2. Be able to identify planning, and design practices for
Conference Session
WIED Olio
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Hug, University of Colorado, Boulder; Susan Jurow, University of Colorado at Boulder; Wendy C. Chi, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
research, participate in professional computing conferences, and workwith mentors who are faculty in computing programs. These activities are supplemented byseminars designed to help participants gain entrance to graduate school and thrive as women inthe male-dominated field of computing. A grounded, thematic approach to qualitative dataanalysis uncovered three themes evident in the process of FemProf undergraduate participantlearning: ―program support for professoriate trajectories,‖ ―participant identification withengineering pathways‖ and a third theme not anticipated: ―participants advocate for genderequity in engineering.‖ We conclude with an analysis of the structures by which FemProfsupports inclusion of women into the engineering community
Collection
1998 Annual Conference
Authors
Zbigniew Prusak
achieved versus required, skills that are outdated and skills that are not taught but are required in practice.5- Development of more flexible curricula (especially for junior and senior years) which allow for a greater freedom in choosing elective courses in pursuit of student’s individual objectives.6- Introduction of a university-industry cooperative learning early in the curriculum (freshman or sophomore).7- Development of a well structured industrial apprenticeship for engineering students as an integral part of mandatory portion of the curriculum (e.g. 2 semesters spent working in the industry, preferably at two different places). It is clear that striking a good match between the best designed curriculum and the
Conference Session
K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lawrence E. Whitman, Wichita State University; Alex Petersen, STEMpact2020; Christopher D Wyant, Wichita East High School
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
successful with mentors. Takaghaj2 described the impact of mentoring girls in STEM.Feldhaus3 describes a mentoring program, which involves under-represented mentors. Sarder4discusses the impact of a mentor in designing K12 curriculum. Rochefort5 describes a programthat used graduate students as mentors. Mentoring has been attempted in many places for a singleprogram. This paper describes an effort, which strives to increase the number of STEM mentorsacross many programs in a single community.The Wichita Coalition is comprised of individuals and organizations that are passionate about thefuture of our community. Wichita has a high concentration of STEM professionals (the 3rdhighest concentration of engineers in the nation, according to Forbes). In
Collection
2020 Gulf Southwest Section Conference
Authors
Ian Gravagne
bringingtechnology to bear on the needs and problems of human beings. Baker’s assertion about “isolation”may be somewhat overstated, but her essential point bears consideration. In the face of “algorithmsthat radicalize youth, platforms that amplify misinformation, facial recognition software thatperpetuates racial bias, and systems that exacerbate inequality in the courts and hiring practices [2],”it is difficult to avoid the sense that the modern STEM professions (or at least those engaged inalgorithm design) have underemphasized their commitment to build technology first and foremostfor human flourishing.Yet, this need for socially responsible tech professionals raises complex and subtle questions. Is itentirely a technology designer’s fault if
Conference Session
Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert P. Leland, Oral Roberts University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy
have been reported.Hartman1 advocated teaching the subject in the context of a full design process rather than inisolation, including non-numerical factors in decision making, and accounting for risk anduncertainty. Decisions on when to outsource could also be added. Hartman5 also describestesting practices for the objectives of a problem based learning approach to the subject.Walter6 proposed a systems approach for a graduate level class teaching finance, economics, costaccounting and cost management for engineers. The topics in this course are aligned with earnedvalue management system (EVMS) guidelines and are directly related to the wide range ofbusiness decisions made by engineers.Bursic7 describes an undergraduate course involving an
Collection
2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Barrie Jackson
ever work in isolation, they work in teams, which often includeCommunity College Graduates. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be an on-going conflict between Research and “Teaching” in CanadianUniversities. One’s career is predicated to a major extent on one’s research rather than their“teaching” performance. I am sure that this is generally the case in most Universities There is no question that grounding in fundamentals is essential for our graduates. Acomplete Capstone Design exercise should be essential as well. Employers currently place a lotof emphasis on “soft skills” which are basically teamwork, and communication skills.Professional Practice Skills should be a large part of an undergrad education, for that matter
Conference Session
Introducing Sustainability into Engineering Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Melanie L. Sattler, University of Texas, Arlington; Yvette Pearson Weatherton, University of Texas, Arlington; Victoria Chen, University of Texas, Arlington; Stephen P. Mattingly, University of Texas, Arlington; K.J. Rogers, P.E., University of Texas, Arlington
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
how data can and should be collected. “Is Transportation Sustainable?” Module for Transportation Engineering. This courseprovides an introduction to transportation engineering where the students learn about planning,design and operation of transportation facilities. The module for this course focuses onexamining sustainability impacts associated with transportation planning and facility design. Ituses a case study discussion to allow students to practice recognizing sustainable impact issues.The students continue to develop and practice these skills later in the semester by completinghomework assignments addressing core concepts in the course.“Life Cycle Sustainability Economics” Module for Construction and Value Engineering.This course
Conference Session
Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 9: Student Experiences in Laboratory Courses
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Madalyn Wilson-Fetrow, University of Texas, Austin; Eva Chi, University of New Mexico; Jennifer R. Brown, Montana State University, Bozeman; Stephanie G. Wettstein, Montana State University, Bozeman; Catherine Anne Hubka, University of New Mexico; Ruben D. Lopez-Parra, University of New Mexico
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)
include how K-16 students develop engineering thinking and professional skills through diverse learning environments. He aims to apply his research in the design of better educational experiences. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Student Agency in Chemical Engineering Laboratory Courses across Two InstitutionsAbstractLaboratory experimentation is a key component of the development of professional engineers.However, experiments conducted in chemical engineering laboratory classes are commonly moreprescriptive than the problems faced by practicing engineers, who have agency to makeconsequential decisions across the experiment and communication of
Conference Session
LEAD Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Nagel, James Madison University; Kyle Gipson, James Madison University; Matthew Caulfield, James Madison University
deeper meaning toward others and themselves. After graduation, he plans to practice and perform research within the Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering fields.Kyle G. Gipson (Associate Professor)Robert L. Nagel © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Work in Progress: Exploring Different Models of Mentorship Towards Developing Evidence-based Mentorship ProgramsAbstractExisting mentorship models are discussed and characterized, and a flow chart is provided to aidwith mapping existing mentorship models to mentorship program needs. The purpose is to guideand inform users on which mentorship model to set up based on the
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christopher W. Swan, Tufts University; John J. Duffy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
education groupsand affiliations. Surveys will inquire about and track changes in faculty perspectives andattitudes in regards to LTS integration at their institution, as well as their underlying pedagogicalphilosophy and training. Differences in faculty LTS adoption experiences will also be exploredin order to compare, contrast, and analyze outcomes, impacts, and potential best practices ofLTS. The survey will measure and track motivations, barriers, and professional impacts. Facultyresponses will form an important part of the research into the outcomes of LTS achieved throughvarious models.3.1.2 Distill: Faculty InterviewsQualitative data will be obtained through in-depth interviews of faculty. Over a three-yearperiod, a total of 75 faculty
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Johanna Bodenhamer, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Corinne C. Renguette, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Robert Weissbach, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)
her research focuses on inclusion in STEM education, communication in STEM education, user-centered design and user experience (UX), and the assessment of educational materials.Dr. Robert Weissbach, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Robert Weissbach is currently chair of the department of engineering technology at IUPUI. From 1998 - 2016 he was with Penn State Behrend as a faculty member in Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology. His research interests are in renewable energ ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024Work in Progress: Engaging STEM Studentsin Revising Technical Writing Assignments Abstract —The continued struggle to improve undergraduate student
Conference Session
Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 8
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Margaret Ruth Hammond, Pennsylvania State University; Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Faculty Development Division (FDD)
advising capacity for over 12 years, Margaret is the current Director of Advising Innovation and Assessment in Penn State’s College of Engineering where she works to provide support and guidance on academic advising best practices for professional and faculty academic advisers, oversees assessment efforts, and the development and implementation of advising innovation.Dr. Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University Christine Masters is the Assistant Dean for Academic Support and Global Programs and a Teaching Professor in the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department at the Pennsylvania State University. In between raising 4 great kids with her husband of 35 years, she taught large enrollment statics and
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Thomas Tretter, University of Louisville; Olfa Nasraoui, University of Louisville; Kyle Dylan Spurlock; Breanna Graven, University of Louisville
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
computational thinking-based science learning,” Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, vol. 11 no.1, p. 13, 2016.[10] K. Brennan, and M. Resnick, “Using artifact-based interviews to study the development of computational thinking in interactive media design,” Paper presented at annual American Educational Research Association meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 2012.[11] A. Repenning, D. Webb, and A. Ioannidou, “Scalable game design and the development of a checklist for getting computational thinking into public schools,” In Proceedings of the 41st ACM technical symposium on Computer science education, pp. 265-269, March 2010.[12] P. Sengupta, J. Kinnebrew, S. Basu, G. Biswas, and D. B. Clark
Conference Session
Issues Facing STEM Programs at Rural Two-Year Colleges
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
D. Boyer, Clemson University; Shannon Conner, Clemson University; Luke Duncan; Louise Averitt, Clemson University; Marian Kennedy, Clemson University
a sustainable program, we have been able to adapt to the recruitment issues by focusing on theresearch questions best answered by qualitative methods. Beyond the immediate research, therecruitment problem has resulted in a situation where we are unable to effectively connect tothose students who are eligible to be able to support their needs.Several causes for low recruitment have been proposed. The first year of the program includedthe early months of COVID-19, which impacted the in-person events. Much of the researchrelied on building the cohort through communities of practice which almost exclusively relied onin-person events. Project participants reported the virtual environment was new and awkward forthe types of interactions they were
Collection
2023 CIEC
Authors
MADDUMAGE KARUNARATNE; Christopher Gabany
Copyright ©2023, American Society for Engineering Education ETD 445Following the overview, a short discussion, exploring how artificial intelligence challenges our(ethics) morality, and the impact of engineering solutions in a social context particularly on theemployment of commercial drivers.Topic 03: Volkswagen installed emissions software scandal. [3]. The case study and opendiscussion invoked student thoughts on ethics and engineering, professional responsibilities, andeconomic and social impacts.VII. EE/COE1195 Engineering Practice (Design) And Professional DevelopmentAssignment: Engineering Ethics and Professional Responsibility case study and
Conference Session
Teacher Attitudes, Beliefs, & Self-efficacy
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Erica J. Marti, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Erdogan Kaya, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Hasan Deniz, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Ezgi Yesilyurt, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Johana Iglesias, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
. He is also interested in improving STEM+CS education for minorities. He has been volunteering in many education outreach programs including Science Fair and Robotics programs such as First Robotics competitions. Areas of research interest include engineering education, STEM+CS, and robotics in K-12 education. Kaya advocates his view that research, teaching and learning are best practiced as a unified enterprise that benefits students and society. He has received numerous teaching awards as well as grants for his research from several foundations. Kaya is an active member of AERA, ASEE, ASTE, NARST, and NSTA, has presented at over 15 conferences, published in ranked journals (e.g. Journal of College Science
Conference Session
Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 12
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sarah Catherine Lilly, University of Virginia; Anne Marguerite McAlister, University of Virginia; Jennifer L. Chiu, University of Virginia
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
practices in technology-enhanced learning environments. Prior to beginning doctoral work, she taught secondary mathematics for four years as well as created and implemented an interdisciplinary, project-based mathematics, science, and principles-of-technology curriculum for fresh- men and sophomore high school students in Albemarle County, Virginia.Ms. Anne Marguerite McAlister, University of Virginia Anne M. McAlister is a PhD student and graduate research assistant in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction and Special Education at the School of Education and Human Development at the University of Virginia. Her research focuses on identity development in higher education, and how STEM graduate students balance and
Conference Session
ASEE Multimedia Session
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Russell Taylor; Randal Goldberg; Oleg Gerovichev; Ian Donn; Anand Viswanathan
].Utilizing the advantages of machines to overcome human limitations, these robots promise tomake surgery faster, safer, and more efficient. These tools also open a wide variety of newsurgical solutions to doctors, increasing their ability to treat their patients. Research in this fieldbrings biology, anatomy, surgery, and biomedical engineering together with a variety ofdisciplines already present in general robotics. One way of involving students in computer-integrated surgery is a surgical robot competition used as a practical educational tool that isenjoyable for the students.The CISST ERC is a multi-university, multidisciplinary center whose focus is on thedevelopment of computer-integrated systems that can work cooperatively with surgeons