Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade for Teaching I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Chesney, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

was gently Page 11.273.5 guided away from the throne and towards the opposite side of the room, to the defendant’s seat, a crimson velvet chair. Mary Queen of Scots was on trial for treason. She had been accused of plotting to assassinate Queen Elizabeth in order to take the English crown for herself. Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth’s Principal Secretary, had already arrested the other conspirators, extracted confessions, and executed them. Now he planned to prove that Mary was at the heart of the plot, and was therefore equally culpable and equally deserving of death. [1]At this point, the students are hooked. I talk

Conference Session

Building a Community in Materials

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Gray

Tagged Divisions

Materials

comprehensive single course incomposite materials, methods and applications. Such a course would be especially significantfor all mechanical and manufacturing related disciplines. As previously stated, there exists ashortage of engineers, technologists and technicians that understand how and why compositesare used. Therefore, in order to better expose them, a stand-alone specific course on compositeswould be introduced within their disciplines and degree plans. Graduates with little knowledgeof composites will not be able to assist with advancing the development of products andprocesses. This will ultimately create voids between new creative product designs andassociated manufacturing applications. Students with a broad educational base in

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Liou, University of Missouri-Rolla

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, engineering and design jobs will follow, as an engineer cannotdesign a product well without knowing how to manufacture a product. Althoughoutsourcing could be just a part of globalization, it may permanently hurt the U.S.industry’s competitiveness and product innovation capability if the trend continues. Inorder for the U.S. to stay competitive, product innovation is the best strategy so thatconsumers will continue to purchase higher priced yet higher value products. It is criticalto educate our future engineers about the importance of manufacturing1.To respond to the need for the enhancement of manufacturing education, theCoordinating Board for Higher Education in cooperation with the Missouri State Boardof Education prepared a Missouri State Plan

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismet Anitsal, Tennessee Tech University; Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Tech University

Tagged Divisions

International

affordable.Students log onto TTU website (http://webct.tntech.edu) and use the interactive course materialspresented at the course site in WebCT [1], which is a widely used e-learning system across thenation. Some of the interactive teaching methods include cases, competitive computersimulation, applied problem solving, team building exercises, cross-functional activities,scenario planning, role playing, and feasibility projects. “The campus-based and distance-basedprograms earn the same degree” [2].In the summer semester of 2004/05 academic year, the authors were able to offer fullyundergraduate and graduate level online courses for their degree programs. These courses wereCAD (Computer Aided Design) for Technology (undergraduate level) and Strategic

Conference Session

Innovative Partnerships

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theodore Branoff, North Carolina State University; Pooneh Lari, North Carolina State University; Michelle Hsiang, Research Triangle Institute

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

Research Triangle Institute (RTI). RTI isconducting electronic skill inventories during each course, reviewing portfolios of student work,collecting and analyzing contact logs between students and faculty, reviewing recruitment plans,and reviewing curriculum materials from each course. Table 1 shows demographic data from thefirst and second cohorts. Page 11.1029.6 Table 1. Demographic Data from the Cohorts. Gender Male Female Total Cohort 1 3 (33%) 6 (67%) 9 Cohort 2 7 (41

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Summers, Weber State University; Julanne McCulley, Weber State University

such things as personnel, facilities, finances, access to technology, internalorganization and planning. A SWOT analysis examines all areas of the internal environment andcreates a detailed description of where the organization is strong, and where it is weak.Opportunities and threats come from the external environment and include social values,demographic forces, political and legal forces, technological advances, economic andcompetitive forces, and natural resources or physical factors such as weather events.3 Anorganization has no control over these outside factors, but must surely address them and developstrategies to accommodate them. The SWOT analysis becomes a dynamic document, whichchanges over time. The value for such a document lies

Conference Session

Capstone Courses I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Leiffer, LeTourneau University; Roger Gonzalez, LeTourneau University; Thomas Hellmuth, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

miss the original objective of the project. The goal of a Formula Car or Mini-Baja competition team, for example, is not simply to produce an elegant design but to compete well and to be a top contender in the competition. This means that (1) the project specifications are driven by the competition rules, and, that (2) part of the planning must include adequate time for competition specific needs, such as driver or pilot training. Examples of purpose statements include: “It is our goal to successfully acquire and install all necessary electrical and electronic components required for the SAE formula competition vehicle in a timely, orderly, and professional manner in such a way as to have as little impact as possible on the

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qian Du, Mississippi State University; Judy Schneider, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

basic measurements, the acquisition and processing of the measurementprocess. The second course in the sequence, ME4721 (ET1), concentrates on identification ofthe key parameters needed to guide the design of experiments using uncertainty analysis. Theseconcepts are merged into ME4731 (ET2), which provides the opportunity for students tocombine the knowledge gained in both EO and ET1 to plan an experiment which compares theirtheoretical predictions with the measured outcome.4All these three laboratories, taken in sequence, are one credit each without an accompanyinglecture. The first course, ME3701 focuses on measuring techniques and data acquisition. Therecommended sequencing for ME3701 is the second semester of the junior year, which

Conference Session

Successful Grant Proposals

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Kuyath, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Deborah Sharer, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

) (3) (0)A significant percentage of the campers thought the camps were a good experience and that thecamps broadened their educational horizons. Ninety-four percent thought the camps wereeducational (82 percent last year) and 95 percent thought the “instruction” was fun (75 percentlast year). All of the campers thought the activities were educational, but only 89 percent foundthem as fun.The statement: “I will consider UNC Charlotte as a place to go to college” increasedsignificantly over last year. However, the goal of the project is to increase the diversity ofengineers, engineering technologists, or related scientists in this region, whether they plan toattend UNC Charlotte or not.The most unexpected development (and opportunity

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erik Peterson, University of Cincinnati; Ian Papautsky, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

research articles provided a new prospective on and more in-depth understanding of fabrication methods • The course was organized well and easy to follow • Very interesting material; I took the course to see if it was something I would like to pursue; I enjoyed the topics covered and plan on taking more • I gained an understating of the developing technology; good exposure to new technologies in MEMS To the question, “What would you suggest improving?” students responded: • Too much time was spent discussing the basics of engineering mechanics before learning about their applications • More details in biological area • Reading more articles appropriate to the

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders Programs Involving Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Evan Thomas, University of Colorado-Boulder; Robyn Sandekian, University of Colorado-Boulder; Andrew Azman, University of Colorado-Boulder; Bernard Amadei, University of Colorado-Boulder

Tagged Divisions

International

collection of rainwater, or rainwater catchment, is one means by whichan additional source of water can be secured at a relatively low cost. A year of planning, designand fundraising while working with the Muramba College and Muramba Parish culminated in animplementation trip in May 2005. During this trip, gutter systems were installed on a dormitorybuilding and the cafeteria with the drainage being stored in two 6,000 liter tanks. The dormitorysystem consisted of all prefabricated material purchased in Kigali, while the cafeteria systemconsisted of a tank constructed with locally produced bricks. This installation was based on theavailability of storage tanks, budget constraints, rainfall data, and rainwater catchment potentialat the Muramba

Conference Session

Moral Development, Engineering Pedagogy and Ethics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, Texas A&M University; James H. Gill, Jr., Jr., Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

emphasize a system-wide approach (industry-widecode of ethics and weight of social responsibility in award criteria) and education for andenforcement of ethical behavior. The same study also notes that the ethical identity, reputationand trust are very important criteria especially when establishing long term relationships.SYSTEMS THINKING AND STRUCTURE FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENTSystems thinking is not a new concept. Over the years, systems theory, systems thinking,systemic approach, and systems engineering concepts have been utilized in several areasincluding leadership and organizational management11,12, business management13,education14, and planning and design15 among others. The soft-systems concept also gainedpopularity where the discussions

Conference Session

Integrating H&SS in Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; James Heisler, Hope College; Thomas Ludwig, Hope College; Roger Nemeth, Hope College; James Piers, Hope College; Neal Sobania, Pacific Lutheran University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Some Recommendations for U.S.A. Faculty on Teaching Liberal Education Courses in JapanAbstractThis work presents a summary of practical information for faculty from United Statesinstitutions of higher education planning on teaching liberal education courses in Japan.These recommendations are based on the experience of the authors in teaching sociology,history, economics, psychology, and general education classes, at both a US liberal artscollege and at a medium sized comprehensive university in Tokyo, Japan. For facultyparticipating in an exchange program, a key element is successful adaptation of existingfamiliar course materials for use in a different institution and

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Byul Hur, Texas A&M University; Simon Castro; Octavio Carrillo; Rene Villegas; Christoph Ruepprich, Texas A&M University; Kevin Myles; Zach Adelman

Tagged Topics

Diversity

iswaterproof, and it can contain the electronics parts. The sensors and GPS antennas will be installedoutside of the electronics enclosure. Figure 4. Mechanical drawing and the construction in process.Project management This project is organized to be conducted for two semesters. The first semester of this capstoneproject is Fall 2021 and the second semester is Spring 2022. In the earlier portion of the firstsemester, the team members spent time creating this idea and the plan for the project. Next, thedetailed analysis was followed to break down the tasks, and the work breakdown structure wascreated. The tasks were assigned to students, and the Gantt chart was created. As an example, theGantt chart for Fall 2021 is shown in Figure

Conference Session

Architectural Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Orla LoPiccolo M. Arch, PDip (CM), Architect, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

Scheduling (CON 401W), Advanced Project Planning and Scheduling (CON 406). Professor LoPiccolo brings private and public sector architectural work experience; architectural teaching experience; service on and off campus; sustainable construction knowledge, scholarship and course integration; service learn- ing course integration; and a commitment to continual improvement to the Department of Architecture and Construction Management at Farmingdale State College, SUNY. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Teaching and Learning through Telling Faculty Work Experience Stories: A Preliminary StudyAbstractStudents who are engaged in their coursework learn and retain

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luke Nogales, New Mexico State University; Rolfe Sassenfeld, New Mexico State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

offered the week before classes began in the fall of 2015 andthe second was offered again the week before classes in the fall of 2016. The workshop wasloosely structured around the LLP methodology for creating startups as well as the engineeringdesign process. Students were placed on teams and given a predetermined innovation seedproject that was based on a university related problem. They developed hypotheses of designsolutions, made a test plan, got out of the building to test their hypothesis with customers andstakeholders, and iterated until they validated (or invalidated) their solutions. Along the way,they learned about value propositions, product-market-fit, the scientific method, customer-centricdesign, and teamwork.Just as the first year

Conference Session

Design in BME

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Tranquillo, Bucknell University; Annmarie Mullen, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

, functional parts that are using in tool making such as molds and dies, and medicalmodels including pre-operative physical models and prostheses.3The medical industry was one of the early adopters of RP through “surgical planning andrealization,”5 (i.e. visualizing and planning out a surgery before performing it using rapidprototypes of organs and implants). One of the earliest uses was in CMF (Craniomaxillofacial)surgery where there “are congenital, system-bound growth disorders, facial craniosynostoses…and other congenital skull and face dysplasia.”5 The complexity and high variability of thepresentation of the disorders require patient specific treatments. Rapid prototypes of the facialstructure, made using the patient’s scans, have allowed

Conference Session

Motivation

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Catherine Mcgough Spence, Clemson University; Daniel Michael Kuzbary; Julia L. Sharp, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

beliefs about competence in a domain; it is notnecessarily task-specific. Students’ expectancy is based partly on their self-efficacy14 in additionto their perceptions about the difficulty of the goal, their prior experience, and peerencouragement from others19 . Students with high self-efficacy use more cognitive andmetacognitive strategies as well as self-regulatory strategies such as planning, monitoring, andregulating20 .Future Time PerspectiveFuture Time Perspective (FTP) theory takes into account aspects of achievement motivation thatpertain to students’ perceptions of the time dimension of tasks and goals21-23 . FTP integratesperceptions about the future into present task completion and motivational goal setting. FTPprovides insight into

Conference Session

Two-year College Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Burton Dorsey, Washington MESA; Elizabeth Apple Meza, University of Washington; Phyllis G. Harvey-Buschel, Washington MESA

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

; Atwater, 2005). Also found to be important in previous research arefamily support, especially for Latino students (Amaya & Cole, 2001; Cole & Espinosa, 2008;Russel & Atwater, 2005), undergraduate research opportunities (Kinkead, 2003; Chang,Sharkness, Hurtado & Newman, 2014), and advising to clarify school or career plans (Hurtado,Cabrera, Lin, Arellano & Espinosa, 2009). Students also appear to persist and transfer when theythink of themselves and others (e.g. faculty) recognize them as “science people” (Carlone &Johnson, 2007), and when they consider science as an important part of their self-identity(Chang, et al. 2011; Espinosa, 2011). A welcoming campus racial climate is also important(Hurtado et al. 2007) as is

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joona Kurikka, Aalto University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

Learning,Problem-Based Learning and Learning through Design, all of which CBI draws some content,but has the closest connections with Project-Based learning (Dym et al., 2005), which is definedas “learning through complex, open-ended projects, which typically results in a product orconcept”. Similar settings are faced in academia by project-based development courses such asME310 in Stanford University and IDBM and PDP -projects at Aalto University, and in globallydistributed corporate product development organizations; “skunkworks” or consultancies.Research methodologyThe author is currently working at CERN as part of the IdeaSquare development team and hasparticipated in planning and coordinating the CBI course. The material for this paper has

Conference Session

ETD Learning Approaches

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wesley L. Stone, Western Carolina University; Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

developed. ENGR 199 - Introduction to Engineering Practices and Principles I - ​An introduction to the engineering discipline. Group work, oral communication, problem solving and design process will be introduced through lecture and project-based learning activities. Freshman Engineering majors only. 2 Lecture, 2 Lab. ENGR 200 - Engineering Practices and Principles II - ​Engineering practices and principles, teaming, project planning, written communications, and conceptual design processes will be introduced through lecture and project-based learning activities. 2 lecture, 2 lab. ENGR 350 - Engineering Practices and Principles III - ​Engineering project-based learning (open-ended) with

Conference Session

ETD Curriculum

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Troy Harding, Kansas State University, Polytechnic Campus; Thomas E. Mertz, Kansas State University, Polytechnic Campus; William E. Genereux, Kansas State University, Polytechnic Campus; Sue A. Guzek, Kansas State University, Salina; Timothy Bower, Kansas State University, Polytechnic Campus

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

observed that students are often unable to see a broader perspectiveof why they are studying various topics and required classes. Students seem to be less able tomake the connections that they need to make between the different classes and disciplines. Thispaper discusses a computer technology curriculum and its weaknesses, subsequent changes thatwere implemented with a program overhaul, and an assessment plan that was devised todetermine if those changes were effective towards meeting the learning goals.The changing expectations of both students and their future employers motivated us toreexamine and overhaul the way we teach computer technology. We revised our student learningoutcomes to better reflect industry needs and to make assessment more

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs I

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Lee Fisher Ph.D., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

programs? Figure 2: IAB Survey. time-consuming and lacks guidance." • In [15] Sandersen says "The changes to the ABET-CAC assessment criteria are significant, and most programs are going to have to revise their assessment plans before their next visit."A majority of the literature reports on ABET accreditation conclude the beneficial results of theABET process justify the time and difficulty of conducting the process. All of the papers thatconclude thusly are by authors from departments that have successfully gone through theprocess.As noted in Section 2.1 of the paper, there are a large number of computer science degree pro-grams that are not ABET accredited. For

Conference Session

Construction 1: Special Topics in Construction Education: BIM, Simulation, Sustainability, and Safety

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eddie Rivera Olivencia, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Carla Lopez Del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Jose L. Perdomo, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Antonio A. Gonzalez-Quevedo P.E., University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Construction

construction workers in PuertoRico. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by increasing the understanding regardingthe current construction safety training needs in Puerto Rico and the development of a trainingmodule to make the construction industry in Puerto Rico safer for construction engineering andmanagement students who will work in the construction industry and construction workers.IntroductionIn 1970 the United States Congress passed the Occupation Safety and Health Act (OSHA). Eversince the act was passed the construction safety management practices and techniques have beencontinuously improving. Safety planning and management efforts increased because theresponsibility was placed on the employer (OSHA 1970). The construction

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micaela Sandoval, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University; Lauren Neala Holder, Texas A&M University; Mary Kathryn McDougal, Texas A&M University; Mary E Campbell, Texas A&M University; Bruce E. Herbert, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

’ typically encompasses prototyping and feedback structuresin addition to execution and evaluation (Seidel and Fixson 2013). Throughout the designthinking experience, users rely on two-way communication between all parties, emphasizingempathy and the development of common experiences; the model attempts to ensure independentsustainability by incorporating disparate perspectives from inception to execution (Melles, deVere, and Misic 2011). Engineering design is more analytical with respect to goals and processes. Engineeringproblem-solving primarily works to “balance competing criteria of desired functions,technological feasibility, costs, safety, esthetics, and compliance with legal requirements” (NRC,2012). Engineering design plans are highly

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerrod A Henderson, University of Houston; Ricky P Greer, University of Houston; Ryan G. Summers, University of North Dakota; Jason W. Morphew, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

focus on STEM professionals, throughhistorical profiles and as contributors to the program, to show students what careers wereavailable in the STEM fields. One student praised this component of the program stating, “Ithink the program helped me because you helped me introduce a part of what I wanted to do inlife.” (P2, STEM Magnet, 5th). The pre-survey revealed that 18 of 22 (81.8%) students wereinterested in a STEM career, while on the post-survey 21 of 24 (87.5%) indicated a similarinterest. A second finding of interest from the paired pre- and post-survey results was arecognizable shift in student identification from a general interest in STEM to interest in specificSTEM fields when asked to indicate what careers they planned to pursue. For

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Claire Cynthia Lehman, Bill's Robotic Solutions; Mir M. Hayder, Savannah State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

acceptable threshold. We planned to use the gas board to initially detect CarbonMonoxide levels (CO). The gas detection board parts did not arrive on time so we were onlyable to take temperature and relative humidity readings [11].A ROS Environmental node had to be developed and run on the PC mounted on the Robot Baseto read the sensor values from Environmental Ardunio Uno through the serial port. The sensordata was combined by the node with position data and time from the Odometry (odom) topic andwritten to an Environmental data file. The Environmental data file was analyzed off line withtools such as Microsoft Office Excel.Part ProcurementFor previous Senior Capstone projects, the students in each group were responsible fordetermining parts and

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Campbell Rightmyer Bego, University of Louisville; Il Young Barrow, University of Louisville; Patricia A. Ralston, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

professors to monitor participation and learning of the greatamount of material covered in the lectures. In the first semester, the first three weeks are also usedas a diagnostic of mathematics preparation. If a student has an exam average below 50% on thefirst three exams, they are advised to drop out of Engineering Analysis I and register instead forIntroductory Calculus. This course covers algebra, geometry, trigonometry and functions andprepares students with skills needed in calculus. The ideal “flight plan” for students is to take the four required mathematics courses in thefirst four semesters of engineering school: Fall 1, Spring 1, Summer 1 and Fall 2. The engineeringschool is year-round, and it is expected that engineering students

Conference Session

Pre-College: Evaluation

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kuldeep S. Rawat, Elizabeth City State University; Robin R. Mangham, Elizabeth City State University; Orestes Devino Gooden, Elizabeth City State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

Aeronautics Research Mission Directorates. These lab stations support laboratory modules that are directly related to and augment various STEM subjects and topics. •   Family Connection – parental involvement and informal education o   The Family Connection is an interactive forum that provides STEM education and parenting or caregiving information to any supportive adult role models who interacts with the students. The goal is to include parents/families as a partner in the planning, design and implementation of the NASA inspired curriculum that support the Next Generation Science Standards and with a strong emphasis on math and science literacy for

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiming Fan, East China University of Science and Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

thinking 4.31 (0.887) 0.678 Having different views on the decision- 4.18 (0.913) 0.788 Innovation and making and planning of the superiors Challenge Ability Willing to accept challenges and get in 4.21 (0.891) 0.681 touch with new things Being equipped with a persevering will 4.35 (0.889) 0.760 Self-Value Shaping Having one’s own life planning and 4.39 (0.863) 0.582 Ability development goalsThrough