Conference Session

Research Methods and Studies on Engineering Education Research

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kathryn Elizabeth Shroyer, University of Washington; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #34289Research Through Design: A Promising Methodology for Engineering Edu-cationKathryn Elizabeth Shroyer, University of WashingtonDr. Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington Jennifer Turns is a Professor in the Department of Human Centered Design & Engineering at the Univer- sity of Washington. She is interested in all aspects of engineering education, including how to support engineering students in reflecting on experience, how to help engineering educators make effective teach- ing decisions, and the application of ideas from complexity science to the challenges of engineering education

Conference Session

Working Together: Approaches to Inclusivity and Interdisciplinarity

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kenya Z Mejia, University of Washington; Yen-Lin Han, Seattle University; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Departments grant awarded to the Mechanical Engineering department at Seattle University to study how the department culture changes can foster students’ engineering identity with the long-term goal of increasing the representation of women and minority in the field of engineering.Dr. Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington Jennifer Turns is a Professor in the Department of Human Centered Design & Engineering at the Univer- sity of Washington. She is interested in all aspects of engineering education, including how to support engineering students in reflecting on experience, how to help engineering educators make effective teach- ing decisions, and the application of ideas from complexity science to the challenges of

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lisa Bosman, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Nathalie Duval-Couetil, Purdue University at West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

Kern EntrepreneurialEngineering Network (KEEN) portal (https://engineeringunleashed.com/). Also, several booksfocus on teaching, including “Teaching Entrepreneurship: A Practice Based Approach [2],” “Howto Teach Entrepreneurship [3]” and “Classroom Exercises for Entrepreneurship: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach [4]”. These resources provide many examples of entrepreneurial learningactivities, yet, are limited in two ways. First, most of the learning activities are grounded withinthe business discipline, and second, they do not reflect a holistic design approach, whereby theinstructor considers the entire learning process from curriculum development to delivery toassessment. Thus, instead of considering the learning experience from a holistic

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brandon Bakka, University of Texas at Austin; Vivian Xian-wei Chou, University of Texas at Austin; Maura J. Borrego, University of Texas at Austin; Patricia Clayton, Wake Forest University ; Gabriella P. Sugerman, University of Texas at Austin; Cassandra Prince, LGBTQ+ STEM Issues and Advocacy; Jeffrey Marchioni, The University of Texas at Austin; Ria Upreti

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

helped augment queer engineering spaces and has served as a catalyst for studentactivism. Importantly, we have included student reflections of their experiences in the group andhow the readings connect with their experiences as a queer engineering student.BackgroundIn this paper, we use LGBTQIA (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual) asan umbrella acronym to encompass all the identities held by those with a minoritized sexual orgender identity. We also use queer as a reclaimed term identifying LGBTQIA peoples andacknowledge that historically, “queer” was used as a slur.Despite the effort to advance diversity and inclusion resources on college campuses, the culture inengineering departments remains heteronormative

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren Alexander, IAESTE United States; Cheryl Matherly, University of Tulsa; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

International

schools of engineering to provide an international experience for theirstudents, in part because they can easily be introduced into a relatively inflexible engineeringcurriculum compared to traditional study abroad experiences. Experiential education, a modelfirst articulated by John Dewey who developed theories of education rooted in and transformedby experience, is a term commonly applied to such “hands on” experiences as cooperativeeducation, internships, outdoor education, organizational development and training, and servicelearning7. In an experiential education program, students participate in a carefully chosenexperience and then engage in reflection, critical analysis, and synthesis of related information8.In Kolb’s model of experiential

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Student Empathy & Human-centered Design

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Jackson, Yale University; Nathan Mentzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Scott R. Bartholomew, Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Greg J. Strimel, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #25365includes serving as a high school engineering/technology teacher and a teaching assistant professor withinthe College of Engineering & Mineral Resources at West Virginia University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Examining Beginning Designers’ Design Self-Regulation Through LinkographyAbstractDesign process representations often attempt to show the iterative pattern of design through acircular or spiral representation. Expert designers iterate, constantly refining their understandingof both the design problem and solution. In other words, a designer’s ability to manage thedesign process—plan, reflect, and incorporate new insights—may be

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalyn Hobson Hargraves, Virginia Commonwealth University; LaChelle Monique Waller, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

children’s motivation, interest, and awareness inSTEM.IntroductionWith the need to prepare students for the 21st century workforce a university with a very diversestudent population strives to address one of the critically important issues facing society:increasing the number of underrepresented students pursuing and completing degrees in science,technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Evidence within the Department ofLabor reflects that fifteen of the twenty fastest growing jobs projected for 2014 requiresignificant preparation in mathematics and science with the numbers of STEM professionsexpected to grow at a faster rate than those non-STEM professions[1]. Although careers in STEMprovide paths out of poverty, make significant

Conference Session

Civic Engagement and Volunteerism in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shoba Krishnan, Santa Clara University; Tonya Lynn Nilsson P.E., Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

design decisions and project costs. Projectsrange a wide variety of engineering majors including civil, mechanical, electrical, bio andcomputer. Through the use of student reflections, this paper attempts to identify the influence ofworking with civic regulatory bodies on student learning and student perception of their chosencareer path. As one group noted, the regulations impacting their project resulted in unforeseencosts but the entities who established these regulations were both purposeful and necessary toprotect the environment.IntroductionSanta Clara University is committed to providing educational opportunities aimed to instill theknowledge, habits of thought and action, and orientation to society that the university believeswill best

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 Mathematics Education with Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Diaz, Clemson University; Pam King, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

students learn with understanding by thinking qualitatively and by organizing their knowledge around key concepts. iii) Assessment-centeredness: Frequent opportunities are provided for students to make their thinking visible in order to help them refine their understanding. iv) Community-centeredness: Classroom norms are fostered that encourage students to learn from one another and that recognize the teacher as a co-learner.Each lesson in the Math Out of the Box program is designed based on a four phase learning cycleEngage-Investigate-Reflect-Apply (Diagram A) that is similar to the five phase STAR Legacylearning cycle, Challenge-Initial Thoughts-Perspectives/Resources-Assessment-Publish, which isthe basis of the Felder

Conference Session

Outreach: Future Women in Engineering

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Donna Whiting; Marion Usselman

inquiry sciencepedagogical methods. Curriculum units varied each year to accommodate repeating students, butwere generally developed or adapted to reflect real-world engineering and science problems andto provide students with the type of hands-on technological experiences girls have often notpreviously encountered (e.g. using tools such as soldering irons and electric drills, or wiringcircuit boards). Examples of curriculum units include: Page 7.586.1 Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright ã 2002, American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

New Approaches in Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Jay K. Martin; Jay Martin; Dayle K. Haglund; Jennifer Kushner

suitable models for instruction. Itis also true that it requires effort and courage to make a change. And, it is not always apparentthat there is adequate support to make changes, even in the best of circumstances.Finally, our experience suggests that something important is missing for this process to besuccessful. There needs to be an overriding method or system that will assist faculty in makingdecisions about the curriculum. This mechanism may include a guiding educational philosophythat can be applied in the consideration of decisions regarding curricula. It may also include otherforms of feedback to the process, for example, feedback from students or employers. Theoretical FrameworkWhat we describe here reflects a belief that what is often

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Jacquelyn E. Kelly, Arizona State University; Andrea Marta Eller, Arizona State University; Dale R. Baker, Arizona State University; Jessica Triplett, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

from long-term research on student learning in materials courses. Tools for assessing prior knowledgeinclude the Materials Concept Inventory and Pre-post Topic Concept Quizzes. Eliciting suchinformation is critical in informing creation of innovative teaching materials. Constructivistmaterials and activities to support conceptual framework development included: Mini-LectureMisconception Informed Slide Sets, Concept-in-Context Class Activities, Concept-In-ContextHomework, Concept-Context Maps, Concept-Context Quizzes, and Visual Glossaries. A toolcreated to promote metacognition was the Daily Reflection sheet which prompted students todescribe their Most Interesting, Muddiest, and Learn-About-Learning Points. The tools werecreated to promote

Collection

ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Alexander John De Rosa, University of Delaware; Teri Kristine Reed, OU Polytechnic Institute

such as GPAs, scores in prior courses from which the knowledge is to betransferred, etc. To date however, this has not been done. Finally, the think aloud methodologyused in this study has been shown in the past to positively influence student performance suchthat this activity may overestimate actual student performance “in the field” (Gagne et al., 1962;Davis et al., 1968).4. Presentation of DataThis paper presents data taken from the analysis of a single interview from this study. In this casea faculty member in a mechanical engineering department was the participant. Two main themesemerged in the analysis of the data; (1) the extensive use of reflection by the participant inevaluating their problem solving approach and solution(s); (2) the

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yvette Pearson Weatherton, University of Texas, Arlington; Stephanie Lynn Daza, University of Texas at Arlington; Vu V. Pham, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

degrees awarded to people in these underrepresented groups over thepast few decades, there is still much work to be done to diversify the profession to reflect thecountry‘s shifting demographics and to broaden perspectives used in developing newtechnologies and solving complex problems.The importance of diversity in the engineering workforce has been recognized as a priority by anumber of entities, including the National Academies. Engineers from diverse backgrounds andexperiences are needed to devise creative solutions to the challenges posed by a diverse andmore interconnected world.1 Recruitment of a diverse engineering workforce includes thesuccessful recruitment, retention and graduation of a diverse engineering student population. Inorder

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa K Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Jeff R. Brown, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Joseph Roland Keebler, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Jenna Korentsides, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

Paper ID #42176Board 180: Impacting Engineering Students’ Perceptions of DEI ThroughReal-Life Narratives and In-Class Discussions with an Empathetic LensProf. Lisa K Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University To continually improve the experience of the students in her courses, Lisa engages in applied pedagogical research, implementing research-based techniques in the classroom. Currently teaching Introduction to Engineering and Graphical Communications courses, Lisa has implemented active teaching techniques, team and project-based assignments, and emphasizes self-reflection in her students.Dr. Jeff R. Brown, Embry-Riddle

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 9: Student Growth & Professionalization

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence R. Chen, McGill University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

engineering-related scenarios, situations, or dilemmas. The students areassessed based on the following: (1) individual or team responses to the engineering-relatedscenarios, situations, or dilemmas discussed in teams in class; (2) a reflective paper on theengineering profession, (3) a peer-reviewed paper on addressing a professional dilemma inengineering, and (4) two team-based assignments—an infographic and a video. Students areassigned to teams randomly by the instructor at the start of the semester (a maximum of 6students per team) and work in the same team throughout the semester, i.e., for the in-classdiscussions and the two team-based assignments.To facilitate team building, students participate in a number of ice-breaking activities. Teams

Conference Session

Global Roles and Societal Responsibilities of Engineers

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Mateo F. Rojas, Colorado School of Mines; Sofia Lara Schlezak, Colorado School of Mines; Emma Chapman, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

ofdepoliticization and technological or sociological determinisms, students are left in the middlewithout effective options to better understand how technology and society interact and howthis interaction could be put into practice in ways to empower the communities they want toserve [9]2.One antidote for this dichotomy is critical praxis in engineering research for communitydevelopment informed by STS. Adopting Paolo Freire’s concept of praxis in some courses in ourHumanitarian Engineering and Science (HES) program at Colorado School of Mines, we definethis type of critical praxis as the processes by which the theories, lessons, and practices of ECDare enacted, embodied, or realized through dialogue, action, and critical reflection to transformreality [11

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Sayed, Milwaukee School of Engineering

included determination of the motion type, and also the starting and ending angularor linear positions. Readily available labels were utilized as passive joint markers. Students werethen instructed to video record their joint motions using their laptop cameras. A custom videotracking algorithm specifically designed to track spatial locations was then employed to capturerelative positions of the recorded motions. Laboratory instructions asked the students to performkinematic calculations on the algorithm’s generated positional data to determine joint velocitiesand accelerations, and then perform kinetic analyses to estimate the associated muscle forces.Laboratory requirements were concluded with a reflection prompt to evaluate the

Collection

ASEE Zone 1 Conference - Spring 2023

Authors

Amitabha (Amit) Bandyopadhyay, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale

rather than the process of learning when they focus on behavior.Learning StylesStudents take in and process information in different ways: by seeing and hearing,reflecting and acting, reasoning logically and intuitively, analyzing and visualizing,steadily and in fits and starts. Teaching methods also vary. Some instructors lecture, otherdemonstrate or lead students to self-discovery. Some focus on principles and other otherson applications. Some emphasize repetitions and others understandings. Whenmismatches exist between learning styles of most students in a class and the teachingstyles of the professor, the students may become bored and inattentive in class, do poorlyon tests, get discouraged about the courses, the curriculum, and themselves

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Developing Lab and Research Skills for BioE/BME Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Chapman, University of San Diego; Marissa Forbes, University of San Diego

noticed this difference? 2.1 Give a summary of what you've been up to since your last post. Make sure to comment on your lab work as well as what you've been up to in the city. 2.2 Additionally, answer the following: Since starting your research work, what is one significant challenge that you have successfully overcome? In your response, make Weeks 4-6 sure you: a. Describe the challenge. b. Discuss what you have learned from this experience. c. Reflect on how this experience might help you in the future. d. Include at least one picture and aim for about 1-2 paragraphs. 3.1 Give a summary of what you've been up to since your last

Collection

2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference

Authors

Colin K Drummond, Case Western Reserve University; Matthew L Moorman, Case Western Reserve University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

centered on a clinical problem seeking proposedsolutions. Post-case homework was a written reflection of about 1000 words describing theirunderstanding of the problem and their proposed initial solutions. These written assignments andtheir attendance were used to calculate a final grade.Clinical correlations in biomedical engineering enable synthesis of basic engineering conceptsaround applications in medical practice. Through the course, students draw upon prior trainingin biophysics, anatomic structure and function, and mathematical modeling of physiologicsystems in a weekly case-based critical care scenario. Blending engineering and clinicalconcepts in this fashion expands student medical expertise. This eight-week course featuredcritical care

Conference Session

M3C: Mentoring into the profession

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Whitney Gaskins, University of Cincinnati; Dewey Burnell Clark Jr

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

being successful in their courses and their co-opexperiences.As part of the retention program, students are required to perform fifteen (15) hours ofcommunity service each semester, complete and essay related to their experience, completereflections after the monthly socials to share their learned experiences, meet once per semesterwith their Choose Ohio First Program coaches and track their progress using our e-portfoliosystem. We monitor the students’ experiences through surveys and self-reflections and well asthrough progress reports from their professors. Our results are then compared to other students inthe College of Engineering.Successes and opportunities for improvement, program compliance data and next steps will beshared in the

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd Freeborn, University of Alabama; Memorie Gosa, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

experiences had engineering students observe clinicians and student-clinicians at the Speech and Hearing Center (SHC) during typical therapy sessions with communityclients and reflect on their experiences. In this work, an overview of the logistical elements, asummary of the student feedback from the written reflections and focus groups, and futurerecommendations for the program are presented.Speech Pathology Shadowing SessionsShadowing and clinical placements are a key part of healthcare professional education [2] and webelieve that engineering students will also benefit from observation and interaction with groupsoutside of their discipline. This is supported by recent experiences reported on inter-professionalshadowing for senior medical students

Conference Session

Communication and Collaboration

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sally Blomstrom, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Hak Tam, University of California, Santa Barbara

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

accountability.The overall assessment plan included direct and indirect measures gathered as formative andsummative assessments using quantitative and qualitative assessments [3]. The portion of theplan presented in this paper is a quantitative, indirect assessment used as a pretest and posttest.We recognized the importance of alignment [4] and examined the university’s mission, thegeneral education goals, and the student learning outcomes for the course. The instrument usedin this study was developed to align with the course outcomes and the course content. Evaluationforms used by the instructor, the student for her/his own reflection, peers, and audience memberswere developed to reflect the same criteria. The instrument reported on in this paper

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alandra Kahl, Pennsylvania State University, Greater Allegheny

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

playing field can help combatthose disparities. For instance, inclusion of service learning has also been shown to increaseretention of women and underrepresented minorities in engineering 10,11. Other approaches suchas pairing female students with mentors and creating discussion groups that explore diversity andinclusion have also been shown to help, as was done in this study.Methodology:Participants shared experiences during weekly discussion and through journaling about howgender norms in engineering and the sciences tend to reflect masculine values, experiences andlife situations. Through these discussions, participants learned to address underlyingassumptions, norms, and practices to change the culture for all members, men and women

Conference Session

Your Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrations of Hands-On and Virtual In-Class Teaching Aids

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Doyle, Santa Clara University; Tonya Lynn Nilsson P.E., Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Hotel. In both cases, the modelsare loaded to failure and the total weight added before failure is compared. After a shortdiscussion, a video of the Hyatt Regency Hotel tragedy is shown. The in-class assignment isfollowed up with a reflection paper assignment. In a survey administered to students in thecourse during fall 2017, 89 percent of student respondents (n = 48) indicated the activity addedto their understanding of the topic and indicated in descriptive questions that the activity washelpful and increased their interest in engineering.IntroductionDue to the nature of civil and mechanical engineering projects, it is vital for practitioners touphold ethical standards during the engineering design process. As educators, we have

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew L. Gillen, Virginia Tech; Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Gary R. Kirk, Virginia Tech; Holly Larson Lesko, Virginia Tech; Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

such as student reflections and other worksheets are collected forevaluative purposes. Newly in year two of the program, reflections have been transitioned from apaper activity to a whole class discussion facilitated by the classroom adults to mitigate some ofthe writing communication challenges discovered in the first year [23].Current statusEngagement with teachers and youth. Data collection for year one of the project has come to anend, and data collection in year two is currently underway. Considering student and teacheroutcomes to address research questions 1-3, analysis of the year one data has begun. Forteachers, findings suggest improvement around teacher confidence in teaching engineering aswell as challenges that still remain

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Dale R. Baker, Arizona State University; Adam R. Carberry, Arizona State University; Terry L. Alford, Arizona State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Brady J. Gibbons, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

principles, which include the following. For moreeffective learning, instructors need to: 1) elicit students' prior knowledge to help informinstruction; 2) engage students to promote conceptual change so they can construct deepknowledge organized in a conceptual framework; and 3) encourage metacognition to build habitsof expert learners who define their learning goals and monitor their own progress. The pedagogyuses two-way formative feedback in which students reflect on their learning in a class with class-end Muddiest Point feedback and instructors respond to student misconceptions and learningissues by adjusting instruction and providing next class feedback to the students. The two-wayfeedback process promotes self reflection not only on the part

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joachim Walther, University of Georgia; Nicola Sochacka, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #12991Building capacity and social capital around interpretive research qualityDr. Joachim Walther, University of Georgia Dr. Walther is an assistant professor of engineering education research at the University of Georgia (UGA). He is the director of the Collaborative Lounge for Understanding Society and Technology through Educational Research (CLUSTER), an interdisciplinary research group with members from engineering, art, educational psychology, and social work. His research interests range from the role of empathy in engineering students’ professional formation, the role of reflection in engineering

Conference Session

Visualization Within Engineering Design Graphics Education Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monika Herrmann, University of Wisconsin, Stout

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

scores, schools payless attention to non-tested academic subjects2. As Diane Ravitch (2010) points out in her book“The Death and Life of the Great American School System” even the National Academy ofEducation worries we are apt to measure what we can, and eventually come to value what ismeasured over what is left unmeasured (p.167)3. In response to an educational background thatinforms the study habits of many students, this study is exploring teaching methods that focus ondeveloping students’ confidence in their actual abilities of visualization and graphic expressionthrough classroom experience and reflection. The experience in the classroom can either confirmstudents’ perception or broaden their framework. As Mezirow (1991) pointed out in his