Conference Session

Mechanical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane L. Peters, Kettering University; Joy Arbor, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

conceptual understanding in statics1. Their study asked students to describein concrete language the process they took to solve (mathematical) problems. Though thiswritten reflection did not improve procedural knowledge, “[b]y having student explain theirmathematical solutions, students can make links between problem-solving procedures and courseconcepts. Writing may also be used to promote reflection, which can result in metacognitivethinking and adaptive problem solving”3. These written process descriptions process showed“significant gains in conceptual understanding”1. Rittle-Johnson and Alibali state that conceptualknowledge stems from understanding the principles that govern a domain as well as how piecesof knowledge connect to one another in a

Conference Session

Construction Materials and Technologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin R. Schmeckpeper P.E., Ph.D, Norwich University; Michael Puddicombe, Norwich University; Matthew Paul Lutz, Norwich University; Jeffrey R. Mountain Ph.D, P.E., Norwich University; John Edward Patterson, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

systems use variable speed motors and provide continuousventilation. Three sets were used in the following manner: a) ventilation across thekitchen/living area, b) ventilation through the two bedrooms, and c) high/low ventilation in thebathroom area. In order to meet the ASHRAE residential ventilation standards, the manufacturermodified the systems so that their highest speed air flow rate was approximately 10% higher thanthe European factory settings. The continuous movement of cross ventilation air assisted thedistribution of conditioned air within the building envelope, while helping to control bathroomand kitchen related humidity. While the installed cost of the three-pair Lunos e2 system wasgenerally expensive, its relatively low power

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning through Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ernest M. Kim P.E., University of San Diego; Thomas F. Schubert Jr. P.E., University of San Diego; Frank G. Jacobitz, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

USD, teaching primarily in the areas of analog circuits and electronics, communication systems, electromagnetic fields, and engineernig design. He and Dr. Thomas Schubert are co-authors of the electronics text, Active and Non-Linear Electronics. Dr. Kim is a Registered Professional Engineer (EE) in the State of California.Dr. Thomas F. Schubert Jr. P.E., University of San Diego Thomas F. Schubert, Jr. received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA. He is currently Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Uni- versity of San Diego, San Diego, CA, and came there as a founding member of the engineering faculty in 1987. He previously served on

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Jose Valdovinos; Cheng Chen; Abbyanna Davis; Amelito Enriquez; Wenshen Pong

factors. (a) 10 Displacement (mm) Delay = 10 ms 5 No delay 0 -5 -10 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (sec) (b) Responce Error

Conference Session

ECE Program Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brandon M. Grainger, University of Pittsburgh; Gregory F. Reed, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #10843Methods and Approaches for Developing the Future Leaders of the ElectricPower and Energy IndustriesMr. Brandon M. Grainger, University of Pittsburgh Brandon M. Grainger was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Currently, he is pursuing his Ph.D. concen- trating in power electronics, microgrids, and medium voltage DC systems at the University of Pittsburgh. Mr. Grainger has a master’s degree in electrical engineering from the University of Pittsburgh with a concentration in electric power engineering and in 2007 graduated Magna Cum Laude with a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from Pitt. From August

Conference Session

Raise the Bar – Visions for the Future, Bodies of Knowledge, and Accreditation Vicissitudes.

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart G. Walesh P.E., S. G. Walesh Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

have. The EBOK envisions the capabilities of tomorrow’s practicingprofessional engineers and is intended to include all engineering disciplines practiced inthe U.S. Process UsedThe LQPC EBOK Subcommittee developed a draft outline which was approved by theLQPC in March 2012 for review within NSPE. The outline included “Guiding PrinciplesThat Will Shape the Future of Engineering” and “Key Attributes of the ProfessionalEngineer” the final versions of which are included as Appendices B and C in this paper.The guiding principles and the key attributes are included here to provide some insightinto the thought process that ultimately led to the EBOK. The outline also included aninitial list of what would become

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Alejandro Teran, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico (ITAM); Hoa Thi Pham, International University - Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City

Tagged Divisions

International

1 2011 g ChemicalEngineering 1 2011 Civil & Industrial 1 2012 Structure Control Engineering and 1 2012 Automatic control Internationa Biotechnology 1 2011 HCMIU, 2011 (a, b, c) l University InformationTechnology 1 2009 ElectricalEngineering 1 2009 Hochiminh

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Moussa Souare; Vira Chankong; Christos Papachristou

ASEE 2014 Zone I Conference, April 3-5, 2014, University of Bridgeport, Bridgpeort, CT, USA. Undergraduate Notes on Convolution and Integration by Parts Moussa Souare, Member, IEEE, Vira Chankong, and Christos Papachristou, Fellows, IEEE Electrical/Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Abstract---The evaluation of convolution can be The diagram mitigates the memorization process that leadscumbersome and unpleasant for most students. In this paper, sometimes to a confusion.a novel and much simpler technique is presented. The intent isto convolve two signals given their start and end times. Thetechnique was beneficial as it

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

M. Ali-ud-din Khan; Israr Ahmad

varies from 2 percent for large farmers to Pakistan and primary data was collect from the employees4.9 percent for semi-skilled workers. Apart from rice and of the universities. The following econometric model waswheat the major spending is done on fish, pulses, beef and used to measure the relationship.vegetable. The richest group (Professionals) spends about16 percent of its food budget on fish while the poor B. Analytical Frame work(Agriculture labor) spend 9 percent. In fact the budgetshare for fish is likely to increase with increase in income. ∁  = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒀The same observation holds true for beef and vegetables.However the semi-skilled workers spend a higher Where a >

Conference Session

Engineering Student Experiences

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Blum, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

college impact was usually the direct relationship of collegeenvironment on student outcomes as expressed in relationship B. Relationship C expresses theconcept that some portion of the outcomes a student realizes was affected by inputs independentof the college environment. Significantly, this model also allows for the analysis of certaininteractions expected by theory that have direct impact on the question being studied. The effect Page 24.486.3of input was expected to be different in different college settings as shown by the AC interaction.This interaction was of particular interest when comparing military academies to civilianinstitutions

Conference Session

Addressing the NGSS, Part 1 of 3: Supporting K-8 Science Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy and Engineering-Science Connections

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott C. Molitor, University of Toledo; Joan N. Kaderavek, University of Toledo; Hoangha Dao, University of Toledo; Nicholas J. Liber; Regina Rotshtein, University of Toledo; Geoff Milewski, The University of Toledo; Charlene M. Czerniak, The University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the Systematic Characterization of Inquiry Instruction inEarly LearNing Classroom Environments, or SCIIENCE instrument, to measure the efficacy ofour professional development and to improve pedagogical practices in PK-3 classrooms.The SCIIENCE instrument was designed to objectively capture the presence of specific bestpractices outlined in the NRC Framework as they occur within a science lesson and focuses onteacher behaviors. The goals of the SCIIENCE instrument are (a) to provide a standardized toolbased on the NRC Framework for assessing the quality of science and engineering instruction inPK-3 classrooms; (b) to capture the instructional practices that engage students in their scienceand engineering lessons, promote scientific and

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brenda Read-Daily, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

, J.R., Crittenden, J.C., Small, D.R., Hokanson, D.R., Zhang, Q., Chen, H., Sortby, S.A., James, V.U., Sutherland, J.W., and Schnoor, J.L. 2003. Sustainability Science and Engineering: The Emergence of a New Metadiscipline, Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 5314-5324.4. Young, T., Powers, S., Collins, A., and Ackerman, N. 1996. A Unified Elective Concentration in Environmental Engineering. Proceedings of the 1996 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exhibition, Washington, D.C, June 23-26.5. Newberry, B. and Farison, J. 2003. A Look at the Past and Present of General Engineering and Engineering Science Programs. Journal of Engineering Education, 92(3), 217-224.6. Woolschlager, J

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carlos Efrén Mora, La Laguna University; Jorge Martin-Gutierrez, Universidad de La Laguna; Beatriz Añorbe-Diaz, Universidad de La Laguna; REYES CARRAU MELLADO, Universidad La Laguna; Antonio González Marrero, University of La Laguna

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

Paper ID #10656Real Collaborative Environments Using Technologies Based on Mobile De-vices and Internet ToolsProf. Carlos Efr´en Mora, La Laguna University Carlos E. Mora is professor of the Maritime Engineering Department at La Laguna University located in Tenerife (Spain). He obtained a master’s degree in Marine Engineering and has been teaching since 2004. His research interests include the use of ITs and mobile devices in engineering education, and other related technologies like augmented reality. He is also qualified as a consultant for the integration of Apple technologies in education, and working towards

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Mahmoud Elsayed; Paul Cotae

= 50KHz). SAM-1 acoustic transducers provided by Desert Star Systems, a hydrophone to measure sound underwater, and B. Noise an acoustic speaker to generate noise. The data was The ambient Noise in ocean can be represented as

Conference Session

Spatial Ability & Visualization Training I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter F. Kelly Jr., North Carolina State University; Theodore J. Branoff, North Carolina State University; Aaron C. Clark, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

. Mohler, J.L. (2008). A review of spatial ability research. Engineering Design Graphics Journal, 72(2), Retrieved from http://www.edgj.org/index.php/EDGJ/article/view/4921. Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.22. McGee, M. G. (1979). Human spatial abilities: Sources of sexual differences. New York: Praeger Publishers.23. McArthur, J.M., & Wellner, K.L. (1996). Reexamining spatial ability within a piagetian framework. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 33(10), 1065-1082.24. Baenninger, M., & Newcombe, N. (1989). The role of experience in spatial test performance: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 20, 327-344.25. Deno, J.A. (1995

Collection

2014 Public Policy Colloquium

Authors

Pramod Khargonekar, National Science Foundation

Tagged Divisions

National Science Foundation

andindustrialization Production of liposomal pharmaceuticals in a microfluidic system (A)Vision: To combine advances in biology Cells (bacteria, yeast, Biomaterials mammalian cells)with innovative design to engineer the (a)$ (b)$ (c)$ Scaffold

Conference Session

Engineering Across the K-12 Curriculum: Integration with the Arts, Social Studies, Sciences, and the Common Core

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board; Lesley Eva Bristol, Maui Economic Development Board; Graham R. DeVey, Maui Economic Development Board

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #9463Energy Inquiry: Hands-on, Inquiry Learning Methods to Enhance STEMLearning by Engaging Students in Renewable Energy Solutions (Research toPractice)Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board Leslie Wilkins has served as the Vice President of the Maui Economic Development Board since 1999. She was hired to design, launch and direct the Women in Technology Project with a mission to en- gage girls/women and underrepresented populations into the Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) pipeline. In its 13th year, the program serves annually more than 14,000 students, educators and industry members

Conference Session

WIED: Faculty and Gender Issues

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cristina Poleacovschi, University of Colorado, Boulder; Amy Javernick-Will, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. & Sexton, M. Career journeys and turning points of senior female managers in small construction firms. Constr. Manag. Econ. 28, 125–139 (2010).22. Kyriakidou, O. Fitting into technical organizations? Exploring the role of gender in construction and engineering management in Greece. Constr. Manag. Econ. 30, 845–856 (2012).23. Caven, V. & Astor, E. N. The potential for gender equality in architecture: an Anglo-Spanish comparison. Constr. Manag. Econ. 31, 874–882 (2013).24. Raiden, A. B. & Räisänen, C. Striving to achieve it all: men and work-family-life balance in Sweden and the UK. Constr. Manag. Econ. 31, 899–913 (2013).25. Bhuian, S. N. & Abdul-Muhmin, A. G. Job Satisfaction and Organizational

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas H. DeAgostino, Trine University, Innovation One; Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; M. Brian Thomas, Trine University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

. Paper presented at the American Society for Engineering Education, Vancouver.5. Burke. (2011, May 15). Colleges, Employers Investing More in Soft Skills Development.6. Ross. (2011). University of Minnesota Program Teaches Social, Professional Networking Skills to Engineering Students.7. Nair, Chenicheri Sid, Patil, Arun, & Mertova, Patricie. (2009). Re-engineering graduate skills - a case study. European Journal of Engineering Education, 34(2), 131-139. doi: 10.1080/030437909028292818. Morrison, T., Maciejewski, B., Giffi, C., DeRocco, E. S., McNelly, J., & Carrick, G. (2011). Boiling point? The skills gap in U.S. manufacturing. Washington, DC: Deloitte and The Manufacturing Institute.9. EOP. (2012). Report to

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Robert W Fuessle, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Institute), 10 G Street NE Suite 800, Washington, DC 20002, USA / http://www.wri.org/our-work/project/eutrophication-and-hypoxia/interactive-map-eutrophication-hypoxia 3. UNEP, Sick Water? The Role of Wastewater Management in a Sustainable World, http://www.unep.org/pdf/SickWater_screen.pdf (last accessed March 7, 2014) 4. Mihelcic, James R., Zimmerman, Julie B., and Ramaswami, Anu, 2007. “Integrating Developed and Developing World Knowledge into Global Discussions and Strategies for sustainability. 1. Science and Technology,” Environmental Science & Technology, 41(10):3415-3421. 5. Al-Khafaji, Amir W. and Elhouar, Souhail, “Preparing Engineers for Global Challenges

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raquel Perez Castillejos, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

students for productive careers in research—either in academia orindustry—by means of (a) introducing students to the research process; (b) mentoring students tobecome independent, intellectual thinkers; and (c) teaching the art of technical communication.With their application form, students select two of the 4 tracks, which helps matching selectedapplicants with research projects in their favorite topics within neural engineering.Each student research team has a research project and receives the support of one main facultyadvisor, one graduate coach, and two or more supporting faculty advisors who work in a similararea of research as the main faculty advisor. The main faculty advisor defines the generalhypothesis/ goal of the research project

Conference Session

Integrating Engineering Economy into Curricula

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Dixon, East Carolina University; Joseph Wilck IV, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

for 12.5% (6 projects) of the projects. • A rate of return method was used for 8.33% (4 projects) of the projects. Page 24.771.4 • Both the manufacturing costs and breakeven analysis was performed for 4.167% (2 projects) of the projects. • The following methods were used by 2.08% (one project) of the projects: B/C ratio, estimation, future worth, and life cycle costs. • For industry types having more than four projects, no specific economic analysis method was used for all projects within that category.Figure 1: Number of engineering economic analysis methods used by the 48 projects. Forexample, 18.75% of the

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire Yu Yan P.Eng., University of British Columbia; Vladan Prodanovic P.Eng., University of British Columbia, Okanagan; Ray Taheri

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

://www.cc.gatech.edu/projects/lbd/home.html 7. P5BL Lab. http://pbl.stanford.edu/ 8. Graham, R., Crawley, E. (2010). Making projects work: a review of transferable best practice approaches to engineering project-based learning in the UK, Engineering Education: Journal of the Higher Education Academy, Engineering Subject Centre, 5(2) 9. Blumenfeld, P.C., Soloway, E., et. al. (1991). Motivating project-based learning: sustaining the doing, supporting the learning. Educational Psychologist, 26 (3&4) 10. Olds, B. M., Miller, R.L. (2004). The effect of a first-year integrated engineering curriculum on graduation rates and student satisfaction: a longitudinal study. Journal of Engineering Education, 93 (1) 11. West Point Bridge

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Learning 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Medical Education, New York, N.Y., Springer, 1980.17. Barrows, H. S., “Problem –Based Learning in Medicine and Beyond: A Overview,” in Wilkerson, L. and W.H. Gijselaers, eds., New Directions for Teaching and Learning, no. 68,pp.3-11, San Francisco, Cal.: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996,18. Woods, D.R., Problem –Based Learning: How to Gain the Most from PBL, Waterdown, Ontario: Donald R. Woods, 1994.19. Allen, D. E., Duch, B. J., and Groh, S. E., “The Power of Problem-Based Learning in Teaching Introductory Science Courses,” in Wilkerson, L. and W.H. Gijselaers, eds., New Directions for Teaching and Learning, No. 68, pp.3-11, San Francisco, Cal.: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996.20. Tan, O.S., Problem-Based Learning

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Huiping Guo, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

students.The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the CPBL-beyond-Classrooms pedagogicalmodel, analyzes its unique features, and summarizes effective implementation strategiesdeveloped throughout the project duration. Section 3 provides a concrete example to show howto incorporate CPBL beyond-classroom into networking courses at senior level. The results oflongitudinal study based on multi-year assessment data are presented in Section 4, and Section 5concludes the paper. B. CPBL-beyond-ClassroomB.1 Unique Pedagogical FeaturesAs mentioned above, CPBL-beyond-Classroom can be viewed as an extended pedagogic modelbased on CPBL. While both models utilize well-designed project sequences to build up students’knowledge and skills progressively

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ishbah Cox, Purdue University, Band and Orchestra Department; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

/ pep band arrangements have been performed before national audiences at Purdue athletic events and at a Bands of America Marching (BOA) Finals Exhibition Performance by the Purdue AAMB Trombone Section. Some of these arrangements are immensely popular on the Internet via YouTube. Cox is in demand as a festival adjudicator, clinician, and conductor. He has adjudicated concerts, march- ing, and solo and ensemble festivals for the Indiana State School Music Association (ISSMA) and has served as a consultant and clinician in numerous Indiana schools and for music programs in the Metropoli- tan Nashville, Chicago, and Atlanta Public School Systems. Cox has conducted a number of groups, including the Lafayette (IN

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terri M. Lynch-Caris, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

-0.2assignmentsDifficulty of subject matter 3.1 3.2 +0.1Student Description:I worked harder on this course than on 3.6 4.1 +0.5most courses I have takenI really wanted to take this course 3.9 3.5 -0.4regardless of who taught itAs a rule, I put forth more effort than 3.6 4.1 +0.5other students on academic work Table 1. IDEA Evaluation Results – Summarized Page 24.1201.11ReferencesBloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., & Krathwohl, D. R., Taxonomy ofeducational objectives: the classification of educational goals; Handbook I: Cognitive

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University; Jacqueline M Jackson, Jackson State University ; Cassandra L Hawkins Wilson, Jackson State University; Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #8719Using MIT App Inventor in an Emergency Management Course to PromoteComputational ThinkingDr. HuiRu Shih P.E., Jackson State University Dr. HuiRu (H.R.) Shih is a Professor of Technology at Jackson State University (JSU). He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Missouri. Dr. Shih is a registered professional engineer in the state of Mississippi.Dr. Jacqueline M Jackson, Jackson State UniversityCassandra L Hawkins Wilson, Jackson State UniversityDr. Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University Dr. Yuan received his Ph. D in Civil Engineering (Environmental/Water Resources

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Edwin R. Schmeckpeper; Matthew P. Lutz; Michael Puddicombe; Jeffrey R. Mountain; Jack Patterson

would haveof the warm, or cold, air from the conditioned space during the further reduced some of the wiring costs, concerns about theoff cycle. The systems use variable speed motors and provide complexity of running main electrical service through primarycontinuous ventilation. Three sets were used in the following load-bearing members and compromising useable storagemanner: a) ventilation across the kitchen/living area, b) space required that the main electrical panel be placed on aventilation through the two bedrooms, and c) high/low separate wall in the second bedroom.ventilation in the bathroom area. In order to meet theASHRAE residential ventilation standards, the manufacturer Concerns about

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Seri Park

high. II. BACKGROUND This section describes the inter-relation between engineering B. Survey resultseconomics class (CEE 3705 Engineering Economics) and other To fully capture needs and importance of engineeringcore courses of CEE curriculum at Villanova University. In economics course contents, a survey was further conducted andaddition, survey results that reinforce the importance of distributed to various stakeholders’ including academia, publicengineering economics course are also presented. and private sectors. Survey results confirmed the importance of