Conference Session

TAC/ABET-related Outcome-based Assessment Methods and Models

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kathryne Newton, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

efficiencies • Solicit input from colleagues who have also worked to this end.Conceptual OverviewContemporary accreditation procedures have moved far away from imposing an arbitraryset of distant standards and requirements. Currently, they call for a much more tailoredway of looking at how well an institution and/or its programs develop graduates who areeffective in terms of the career path/profession they pursue. Outcomes have becomemuch more important than inputs. Continuous improvement procedures withdocumentation of how their loop has actually been closed are expected. Page 25.1225.4Figure 1 depicts an overview of the way that faculty viewed and

Conference Session

K-12 Teacher Professional Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Nadelson, Boise State University; Anne Louise Seifert, Idaho National Laboratory; Jill K. Hettinger, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Page 25.1240.2including content knowledge, pedagogy, STEM careers, assessment, scientific inquiry,engineering design, and best practices. Further, our assessment of the program provides a uniquecontribution to the on-going exploration of how K-12 teachers develop an understanding of theprocesses used by STEM professionals and an awareness of unique skills needed to compete andsucceed. Also, unique to our study is the nature of the data collection, using both quantitativeand qualitative data, to assess participants’ knowledge of engineering design and the size of thesample, over 100 K-12 teachers participated in our project.The purpose of this report is to share our research findings related to teacher understanding of theengineering design

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Bruce Perlman; Roli Varma

reference to thecontext, these cases are seldom comprehensive. Consequently, the tools used and skills practicedin such hypothetical solutions are likely to function poorly in real situations.IV. Linking Ethical Instruction with Engineering PracticeConsidering that courses related to engineering ethics have increased dramatically in the 90s andnew methods have been devised to study it, still, we think, it is not clear whether such coursesensure that engineering students will act effectively to protect public safety and welfare in theirfuture careers. One reason is because scholars teaching engineering ethics seldom focus on howengineers actually understand and do engineering. We agree with Lynch and Kline10,11 that thefailure to focus on ordinary

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Narayanan Komerath

Crosss-disciplinary impactTraditionally, faculty members are hired after a PhD and/or industry/research experience on“hot” topics of research where they can find funding. Their careers for several years thereafterare mostly dominated by the pressures to generate external funding and the peer recognitionrequired to get more funding and keep their jobs. Then comes a “sabbatical” or perhaps summerappointments to outside organizations where they might gain new perspectives and new fundinglinks, enabling a broadening of their areas of interest.Working closely with undergraduates offers much more exciting alternatives. An extremelyimportant aspect of hiring undergraduates into research teams is the potential for cross-disciplinary interaction and

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Jon Dixon

“attacker” is any company or organization that takesmarkets away from stalled, market pull competitors. The attacker pays strict attention tofunctions, not products. The attacker, armed with technology push methods and a thirstfor fulfilling customers’ functions with exciting, advantageous new products, offers themarket dramatically new and innovative products that take the market by storm, denyingthe market pull producers their markets.V. Perspective of Modern American IndustryAt first blush it seems natural, inevitable, to ask industry what it desires from academia.Inquiring as to how a university might produce students more suited to their ultimateindustrial careers seems a valid source of feedback, akin to Japanese QFD (qualityfunction

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Litzinger

concern. Researchhas shown that their learning can be adversely affected when they are not given the support theyneed to participate in such learning opportunities.9 One student clearly did not engage during in-class active learning activities, and he may very well have been the one who wrote this comment.Over time, with support and a little prodding, he did become more engaged, but his reflectiveessay opened with the following quote: “This has probably been the oddest structured class I’ve taken in my college career. I think though that it closely represented what a real job might be like.”So while he never became truly comfortable with the class, he did come to believe that itmodeled the workplace in some respects.As part of the

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Francis J. Hopcroft

ever changing place and that the practicing professional must change with it. Change usually means the need to develop new skills and to understand how to use new tools to solve new problems or to rise to new opportunities. Learning is a life-long experience that can be enhanced with the proper motivation and skills. This criterion measures how well the student has developed the skills and motivation to continue his/her education beyond Wentworth and throughout his/her entire career. (“Lifelong Learning Skills”)In addition to the Institute Learning and Competency Objectives, the Environmental EngineeringProgram has its own objectives. Those parallel the Institute objectives in many ways, but theyalso add

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Karan Watson; Jeffrey Froyd

education?II. Core Competencies: DefinitionBefore answering the questions, let's define the core competencies. Each corecompetency refers to a pedagogical theory (or set of theories) in which FoundationCoalition partners will work to increase their competence. Curriculum integration refersto theories of pedagogy in which students and faculty work to make connections:between topics in a discipline, between topics in different disciplines, between subjectsthey are studying and their career aspirations. Cooperative and active learning refers totheories of pedagogy in which students in a classroom are doing more than simplylistening to a lecture; instead, they are engaged (actively and cooperatively) in reading,writing, reflecting, discussing

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Karen Frair; Jeffrey Froyd

education?II. Core Competencies: DefinitionBefore answering the questions, let's define the core competencies. Each corecompetency refers to a pedagogical theory (or set of theories) in which FoundationCoalition partners will work to increase their competence. Curriculum integration refersto theories of pedagogy in which students and faculty work to make connections:between topics in a discipline, between topics in different disciplines, between subjectsthey are studying and their career aspirations. Cooperative and active learning refers totheories of pedagogy in which students in a classroom are doing more than simplylistening to a lecture; instead, they are engaged (actively and cooperatively) in reading,writing, reflecting, discussing

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

James Globig

Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition Copyright 2001, American Society of Engineering Educationothers what you can get away with." Finally, these practices certainly do not reflect solidarityand respect for our global family.ETHICS IN THE ENGINEERING CURRICULUMAs illustrated in this paper and in the case in the appendix, day to day ethical decision making,even in engineering, does not usually involve issues typically associated only with engineering.For this reason, it is important that our students understand the concept of a universal moralcode and how such a code might apply not just to our professions and careers but also toeveryday life. This understanding typically comes at the later stages in our moral

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Ron Pigott; Bill Karr

as outcomes assessments, graduate career performance andemployer feedback. Programs were also required to demonstrate continuous improvement. Giventhat we expected TAC/ABET to move toward the same criteria as EAC/ABET (a completelyoutcomes assessment based approach), we decided that we needed to do a better job ofspecifying our goals and objectives and of measuring our performance against those objectives.Accordingly, a Quality Management Workshop for faculty and IAB members was organized.The workshop was facilitated by Manny Torres and Mack Thorn from the Texas Department ofTransportation. After working as a group to identify our goals and objectives, the group (facultyand IAB members) was divided into teams to work on generating details

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert A. Johnson; J. Shawn Addington

survey. The differences between the exit survey andthe semester survey are also illustrated in Appendix B.The alumni survey is designed to question graduates on the effectiveness of the VMI ElectricalEngineering program, in preparing them for their careers. The design of the alumni survey willbe virtually identical to that of the exit survey. The demographic questions will be expanded toidentify career paths, progress, time since graduation, etc. Nevertheless, the same 16 Outcomesand seven Objectives will again be addressed, now by individuals with a new perspective ontheir experience at VMI.The use of alumni surveys for program assessment is not uncommon.2,8,12,13,15 However, thereremains a great deal of uncertainty regarding the timing of

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 1 - Women in Computing

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ilknur Aydin, Farmingdale State College, SUNY, New York; Mary V Villani, Farmingdale State College, SUNY, New York; Lisa Cullington, Sacred Heart University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

, and to take students to women in computing events. Dr. Villani has been active publishing and presenting these experiences in an effort to share within the research community and to ultimately broaden participation. Dr. Villani is the co-advisor of the Supporting Women in Computing Club where she has mentored many women students in the program. Dr. Villani is the recipient of the Chancellor’s Award for Teaching Excellence, 2012. Prior to joining FSC, Dr. Villani had a 15 year computer consulting career in the Risk Management and Insurance Industry.Dr. Lisa Cullington, Sacred Heart University Lisa Cullington, Ph.D. is an educational researcher with expertise in academic program development, learning outcomes and

Conference Session

Innovating Inclusivity: Rethinking Access and Empowerment in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hilda Cecilia Contreras Aguirre, New Mexico State University; Patricia Nicole Delgado, New Mexico State University; Luis Rodolfo Garcia Carrillo, New Mexico State University

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

with a deep knowledge of this borderland area as a localinhabitant, a first-generation student, and a Mexican American mixed-race person. My educationin history, anthropology, and technology education along with my professional experiences inSTEM focused on K-12 and higher education informs my approach to supporting undergraduatestudents in STEM. I know how to connect with students and enjoy interacting with them in myrole as a graduate research assistant.Author3. I am a Hispanic engineer eager to provide mentoring and guidance to minorityundergraduate students, interest them in scientific careers, and encourage them to pursuegraduate studies. I have experience in advising student organizations, such as the Society ofHispanic Professional

Conference Session

Diverse Pathways in Engineering Education: Exploring Experiences and Opportunities

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julian Rodrigo Sosa-Molano, Florida International University; Alexandra Coso Strong, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

physical and sensorydisabilities may feel hesitant to request accommodations, or how there are still gaps present inthe design and provision of these accommodations.Challenges in the Engineering Field. Certain students with disabilities in engineering programsthink about leaving their careers or they do not see themselves working as engineers in the nearfuture [4] [9] [11]. Some of these students find engineering education “as individualistic andcompetitive” and encounter barriers in the engineering curricula, such as struggling to passmandatory courses or experiencing a waning interest in the curriculum's content [11]. Additionalhurdles in engineering include students with disabilities facing a lack of readiness for college-level coursework after

Conference Session

International Division (INTL) Technical Session: International Programs and Curricula I

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea L. Schuman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Yi Cao, Virginia Tech; Homero Murzi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David B Knight, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

students and faculty members with the tools to promote effective and inclusive learning environments and mentorship practices. Homero aspires to change discourses around broadening participation in engineering and promoting action to change. Homero has been recognized as a Diggs Teaching Scholar, a Graduate Academy for Teaching Excellence Fellow, a Global Perspectives Fellow, a Diversity Scholar, a Fulbright Scholar, a recipient of the NSF CAREER award, and was inducted into the Bouchet Honor Society. Homero serves as the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Chair for the Commission on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (CDEI), the Program Chair for the ASEE Faculty Development Division, and the Vice Chair

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tala Katbeh, Texas A&M University; Gerald Benjamin Cieslinski, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Hassan Said Bazzi, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Syed Mustafa Husain Abidi, Texas A&M University at Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

enabled studentswith different tangible skills that they could deploy in their own growth as potential engineers ofthe future. Students' testimonials bear witness to the transformative power of these experiences,recounting personal growth, newfound passions, and the development of skills that transcend theboundaries of academia. Engagement in these programs sparks a genuine interest in STEM fields,encouraging participants to consider potential career paths they might not have otherwise explored.As students embark on their educational journeys, the seeds sown during these summer programscontinue to flourish, equipping them with a strong foundation and a unique perspective that setsthem apart in an increasingly competitive landscape. Additionally

Conference Session

Energy Conversion, Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hua Chai, University of New South Wales ; Jayashri Ravishankar, University of New South Wales; Inmaculada Tomeo-Reyes, University of New South Wales

Tagged Divisions

Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE), Energy Conversion

thatcentered around electric energy systems, focusing on foundational courses for undergraduatestudents to provide career flexibility [11]. This curriculum was developed with insights fromexperts in the field and further disseminated through the Consortium of Universities forSustainable Power, garnering participation from 170 universities. However, it primarilyaddresses the undergraduate program, and the postgraduate level is less explored. Reed andStanchina propose a renewed curriculum in power engineering that incorporates smart gridtechnologies and clean energy integration [12]. They suggest a model that includes distancelearning options to widen student and stakeholder engagement. However, this work lacksempirical evidence to validate the

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 5

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MacKenzie Gray, Portland State University; Erin Shortlidge, Portland State University; Christof Teuscher, Portland State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

typically workclosely with faculty and other researchers on a specific research project, and in some cases aregranted stipends [6]. Studies have shown that students who participate in REUs show increasedinterest in pursuing degrees and careers in the STEM fields [3]. REUs provide students withopportunities to develop skills valued by both graduate schools and employers, such as workingon challenging problems, presenting research to an audience, and communicating findingsthrough technical writing [3].While REUs have the potential to positively influence persistence in STEM fields, there areinequities in who gets to participate in these experiences. Questions have been raised as to whysome REU programs receive very few applications from students in

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 5

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gadhaun Aslam, University of Florida; Idalis Villanueva Alarcón, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

Paper ID #42838A Cross-Institutional Study of Engineering Education Faculty ProfilesMr. Gadhaun Aslam, University of Florida Gadhaun Aslam is currently advancing his academic and research career as a Ph.D. student in the Transforming Workforce by Interconnecting Structures of Training, Education, and Research (TWISTER) Lab within the Department of Engineering Education at University of Florida (UF). His research interests include conducting systematic literature reviews by extracting data from institutional websites, using multi-modal tools (e.g., eye tracking and physiological electrodermal sensors) and integrating

Conference Session

Advancing Diversity in Engineering Education: Insights and Perspectives from Underrepresented Communities

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Makayla Headley, Clemson University; Trina L. Fletcher, Florida International University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

) financial literacy education. She serves as the Director of the READi Lab (readilab.com) where her research portfolio consists of equity, access, and inclusion within education for historically excluded individuals, with a particular focus on women in engineering and computing and STEM education at HBCUs. Additionally, Dr. Fletcher is researching economic equity, and the impact of finances on students’ success and academic persistence. She is a 2022 recipient of the NSF Early CAREER award and has received several awards at the institutional and national levels. Prior to academia, Dr. Fletcher served as the Director of Pre-college for the National Society of Black Engineers and worked for two Fortune 500 companies. You

Conference Session

Accountability and Stewardship

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gail Baura, Loyola University, Chicago; Matt Miller, Loyola University, Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

important for a professional engineer. 5.6 (0.9) 5.8 (1.2)It is important to me personally to have a career that involves helping people. 6.6 (0.7) 6.4 (0.6)I will use engineering to help others. 6.8 (0.4) 6.6 (0.6)The needs of society have no effect on my choice to pursue engineering as a career. 2.5 (1.2) 2.8 (1.4)Engineers should use their skills to solve social problems. 5.8 (1.0) 5.9 (1.2)It is important to use my engineering abilities to provide a useful

Conference Session

Aerospace Division (AERO) Technical Session 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Nguyen; Joshua Rovey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Heather Ruth Arnett, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace Division (AERO)

course was designed specifically to sparkthe interest and knowledge of non-aerospace engineering freshmen and sophomores in theworld of rocketry and potential space careers. The study presented here delves into aquantitative analysis of the cognitive fatigue in assessment structure.ProcedureThe research was conducted within a spring 2024 course titled "AE298: Introduction toRocketry" offered by the Aerospace Engineering Department at a major public university inthe United States. Recruitment involved various advertising across the university, includingdepartmental emails, strategically placed flyers, and outreach to 4 undergraduate engineeringstudent groups. The target audience was first- and second-year STEM students outside ofAerospace

Conference Session

Joint Session: Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division and Chemical Division

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caroline Cvetkovic, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Keilin Jahnke, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Sarah Elizabeth Lindley, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Bethan Owen, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

projectwith new learning objectives was incorporated into both courses. Through expert lectures and arobust project, students were introduced to technology commercialization and the entrepreneurialmindset, skills that aid in the development of career-ready and innovative engineers. Studentsapplied these concepts through a laboratory-based design project by participating in a productpitch competition to justify the value of their design to a panel of experts in the field whoexemplified potential investors. To measure outcomes, we assessed students’ self-reportedexpertise in various components of these disciplines through surveys administered at multiplepoints throughout the modules and gathered anonymous feedback through end-of-semestercourse

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 5: Self- Efficacy

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sierra Lynn Repp, University of Portland; Sean Lyle Gestson, University of Portland; Jacob P. Kimball, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

be most useful.Background According to the American Society of Quality, problem solving is the process of defining,determining the cause, creating or identifying a variety of solutions, and then selecting andimplementing one of the solutions to a problem [1]. The ability to problem-solve is consistentlyone of the most sought-after competencies that a prospective employee can have [2].Additionally, the ability to problem-solve impacts critical thinking, teamwork, and leadershipskills, all of which are also considered important competencies needed for career readiness.However, despite their importance, many employers note a proficiency gap in several of thesecompetencies in recent graduates [2]. One of the most important parts

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Opeyemi Peter Ojajuni, Southern University and Agricultural & Mechanical College; brian Warren, Southern University and Agricultural & Mechanical College; Fareed Dawan, Southern University and Agricultural & Mechanical College; Yasser Ismail, Southern University and Agricultural & Mechanical College; Albertha Hilton Lawson, Southern University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

prototyping, where learners can simulatescenarios, such as building robots in virtual factories or optimizing traffic flows in simulatedcities. The practical, gamified experiences not only enhance CT, but also serve as powerfulmotivators for learners, helping them develop problem-solving skills that are essential forengineering careers [25], [26]. The comparison between a CAVE and HMDs is summarized in Table 1. CAVEs provide a more immersive and spatial experience, enabling users to walk and interact naturally within the virtual environment, making them advantageous for collaborative learning and group projects. In contrast, HMDs, although immersive, may have limitations in physical movement and may require networked solutions for collaboration

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Technical Session - Effective Teaching 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Tymvios, Bucknell University; Claudia Mara Dias Wilson, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Corrie Walton-Macaulay, Saint Martin's University; Moses Tefe, Norwich University; Scott R Hamilton P.E., York College of Pennsylvania; Xiaomei Wang, Brigham Young University; Gloria Faraone; Thais Alves, San Diego State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

engineering and a Masters in engineering management from Stanford University and a BS from the United States Military Academy, West Point. He is a retired US Army Corps of Engineers officer who has had assignments in the US, Germany, Korea, and Afghanistan. During his military career he spent over 10 years on the faculty at the US Military Academy at West Point teaching civil engineering. He also served as the Director, Graduate Professional Development at Northeastern University’s College of Engineering. He is the recipient of the 2021 NSPE Engineering Education Excellence Award and the 2019 ASCE Thomas A Lenox ExCEEd Leadership Award.Dr. Xiaomei Wang, Brigham Young University Dr. Xiaomei Wang, a Civil Engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Engagement Activities

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yury Alexandrovich Kuleshov, Purdue University; Anne M Lucietto, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

, including activities of different duration and content. The duration variesfrom 30 min to a class-long and beyond, going into a series of class meetings to finish anactivity. A lot of content is focused on the school subject topics. Some of those subjects,like mathematics, physics, and chemistry are present in both high school and college.Others, like some types of engineering, have no direct link to the school subjects. Oneexample is manufacturing engineering and manufacturing engineering technology. Whenstudents are unaware of the manufacturing possibilities, they end up selecting thedifferent career paths, which is the negative scenario for the United States domesticmanufacturing efforts.The authors designed a series of high school activities

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 4: Project-based Learning

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Chengda Lu, BASIS Shavano; Vincent Liu, Brandeis High School; Justin Jin; Parker Olkowski; Yu-Fang Jin, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

fields.All team members have chosen STEM as their career path.Results from Summer CampsFigure 6 illustrates feedback from three summer camps. Each camp adopted the LPS frameworkand trained 20 students from grades 2-8 for a week. To ensure direct hands-on experiences, fourstudents shared one set of hardware during practice sessions. Across the three camps, there was anoticeable increase in positive feedback regarding returning to the camp, participating in FIRSTrobotics programs, and recommending the camp to others. This improvement confirms theeffectiveness of the LPS framework to prepare the team to make a bigger and more positiveimpact as the trainers accumulate more experiences through the learning-practice-service cycle.Notably, one child from

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 27

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan L. Amato-Henderson, Michigan Technological University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

believecontributes to a "usefulness" factor might be: The material presented in this class will behelpful in my future career and assessed on a Likert-type agreement scale (numerical scaledesigned to measure agreement with a statement). Generally, at least twice as many itemsshould be generated as you desire to have in the final instrument (i.e., for a 10-iteminstrument, you should generate 20 items). Another rule of thumb is to have no fewer thanthree items per factor in your final instrument, while five items per factor are even better [4].So, if we proposed a 5-factor model in the ideation stage (see Figure 1), we would need aminimum of 15 - 25 items in the final instrument. Thus, we would generate at least 30 orperhaps even 50 items to test in our