Conference Session

It’s All About the Students

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, NMIMS University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

42 Fourth Year (Senior) 184 55 38 Total 898 246 195We had varied responses from different classes. However, we had chosen samples randomly and theminimum response from a class was more than 18% of the class population, making aggregated analysis ofthe responses statistically valid.Reliability and ValidityIt is important to conduct a thorough measurement analysis of the instrument. It gives assurance that thefindings reflect accurate measures and that results are trustworthy. Test reliability indicates the extent towhich individual differences in scores are ‘true’ differences. As a proof of

Conference Session

Assessment II: Learning Gains and Conceptual Understanding

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mukasa E. Ssemakula, Wayne State University; Gene Yeau-Jian Liao, Wayne State University; Shlomo S. Sawilowsky, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

compared to ascertain the relative gains (if any) thatare directly attributable to the MILL model intervention, which is the objective of this work.Acknowledgement The work described in this paper was supported by the National Science FoundationIUSE Program under grant number DUE-1432284. Any opinions, recommendations, and/orfindings are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.References1. SME Education Foundation website: http://71.6.142.67/revize/sme/about_us/history.php2. Ssemakula, M.E. and Liao, G.: ‘Implementing The Learning Factory Model In A Laboratory Setting’ IMECE 2004, Intl Mech Engineering Congress & Exposition, Nov. 13-19, 2004; Anaheim, CA.3. Ssemakula, M.E. and Liao, G

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. J. Klopfstein, Oklahoma State University; Lisa Cota, Oklahoma State University; Don A. Lucca, Oklahoma State University; Xiaoliang Jin, Oklahoma State University; Prabhakar R Pagilla, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

nonparametric data. Additionally, there is no estimation of population parametersin OOM; the statistics in OOM reflect solely the data collected. In an OOM analysis, theresearcher provides a hypothesized pattern for the data, and the analysis checks the obtained dataagainst that pattern. The resulting statistic, called a Percent Correctly Classified (PCC) index, isthe percentage of the data which fits the hypothesized pattern. For this paper, the hypothesizedpattern was an increase in students’ scores on the Awareness, Motivation or Exposure subscalesafter the lecture as compared to their scores before the lecture.Table 2 shows the results for this model. The column labeled “Percent Correctly Classified(PCC)” gives the percent of students whose score

Conference Session

Developing Better Engineering Managers - Curricular Ideas from Year 1 Through Graduate School

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy K. Zander, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

habilitation at a cost to the agency, to working in manufacturing and being employed. It isnot important that the product create a large revenue stream, but it must cover the operations ofthe facility and employ workers. Products that have been developed by student teams in the pastinclude identification tags for uniforms, to-go boxes made from recycled paper, assembly andcharging of fire extinguishers, and traffic cones with reflective tape. An illustration from thework of the student team that worked on the fire extinguisher project is shown in Figure 2.Other products sold in this state through the “preferred” product process include personal carekits for prison intake, food service items, hard hats, personal protective equipment, and evenspecialty

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

.  Meeting as a group to discuss specific action items based on the survey results, such as curriculum changes and development of instructional materials and technologies.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation’s AdvancedTechnology Education Program under Grant No. 1304843. Any opinions, findings, andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.References1. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Brief: Advanced Manufacturing Technology SB-13-90, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1990.2. Online resource available at: http://www.census.gov/foreign- trade

Conference Session

Teaching Methods in Mechancial Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire Y. Yan, University of British Columbia, Okanagan

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Term 2 might contribute to the shift tohigher letter grades in the final exam, as these online assignments tend to promote self-directedlearning and timely reflection. One limitation of the comparison is that the two exams are notexactly the same. It is difficult to filter out other factors, which might influence the examperformance such as the variations in exam questions and the diversity of students. Despite thislimitation, it is positive to conclude that the online homework assignments can engage studentsin learning in a better way than or at least in a similar way as the paper homework assignments. ComparisonofFinalExamGrades 25

Conference Session

Software Engineering Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Massood Towhidnejad, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Alexandria Spradlin, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Thomas Rogers Bassa, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

-weekly meeting, the customer introduced some additionalrequirements either as a replacement for the ones that the interns wanted to eliminate, or just the fact that “hehas forgotten to mentioned them during the initial requirement phase”. Again, this was intentionallyincorporated to the project, to reflect what can happen in the real world, and also introduce the concept ofchange control.C. Team OrganizationGiven the the nature of the project, the development team required expertise in both hardware and software.There were number of students who had higher level of interest in one of these areas, and the rest did nothave a strong preference, this allowed us to divide the interns to two groups of five. The two groupsremained fluid throughout

Conference Session

Assessment II: Learning Gains and Conceptual Understanding

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin James Call, Utah State University; Wade H Goodridge, Utah State University; Thayne L Sweeten Ph.D., Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

charts (Plots A and C in both figures)reflect Anatomy course scores and the bottom bar charts (Plots B and D in both figures) reflectStatics course scores. Data is initially presented with regards to the MCT instruments applicationin a pre- and post-testing format for both classes and then data is presented for the PSVT:R in thesame fashion. Kurtosis and skewness will be discussed as relevant descriptive statistical data foreach bar chart and comparisons can then easily be made between the Anatomy and Statics preand post-performance on both instruments. A typical bell curve centered on the mean has beenprovided to aid visual confirmation of data normality.MCT ResultsBased on the pre-MCT results, the Anatomy course (Fig. 1, Plot A) had kurtosis

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session - Strategies Beyond the Classroom to Tackle Gender Issues

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nora Madjar, University of Connecticut; Bryan Douglas Huey, University of Connecticut; Leslie M. Shor, University of Connecticut

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

374*Numbers in demographic table reflect surveys with complete demographic data for 752 respondents. Thereare missing demographics for 54 respondents and they were excluded from the comparison analyses.MeasuresWe included the following measures in our survey instrument:Intrinsic motivation/excitement about major/career. To measure excitement and intrinsicinterest in the subject matter and major we asked students to rate the importance of the followingfour items in their choice of a major on a 7 point Likert scale: 1) Doing something that I aminterested in; 2) It is fun being able to discuss difficult technological matters. 3) I am interestedin the methods, theories and insights of the discipline; 4) I am interested in the subject

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Staffin Metz, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Sheryl A. Sorby, Ohio State University; Tania Jarosewich, Censeo Group LLC

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

5) Orthographic Projection with feedback. Inclined and Curved Surfaces• Video mini-lectures. The team has professionally 6) Pattern Folding developed 2-5 minute video introductions to 7) Rotation of Objects about One Axis module topics, which are available in common 8) Rotation of Objects about Two or formats for use with a variety of computer More Axes platforms. 9) Reflection and Symmetry• Video how-to instructions. Additional videos 10) Cross-Sections of Solids

Conference Session

Teaching Methods in Mechancial Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael R. Maughan, University of Idaho Department of Mechanical Engineering; Joel C. Perry, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

recordedthroughout each semester were also considered. These grades were given by a group of peermentors responsible for helping to administer laboratory activities and grading logbooks. Somementors participated in the role for multiple semesters and were thus more experienced atassigning logbook grades, but there was additionally some turn-over each semester. Each of thethree or four mid-semester gradings focused both on quality of work (e.g., appropriate content,content clarity, and organization) and on general logbook proficiency (e.g., regular entries,quantity of documentation, and adequate reflection), and to a lesser degree on contentcorrectness. Since the logbook grades were performed by peers rather than experiencedengineering professors, lesser

Conference Session

Robotics, Automation, and Product Development

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vassilios Tzouanas, University of Houston, Downtown; Steely Earl Varon Falar, University of Houston, Downtown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

constraints on the controlled variable and the tuningparameters. Manipulated variable constraints are meant to reflect the inherent capacity of theprocess to cause and/or reject change in the case of setpoint response or load disturbances,respectively. Controlled variable constraints are meant to meet desired objectives such as productquality constraints. Constraints on the tuning parameters are meant to limit the search space byutilizing experiential knowledge or analytical knowledge.In this study, the IMC filter time constant will be estimated. Its estimation is done by optimizingeither the integral absolute error (IAE) or the integral square error (ISE) over a desired timehorizon, tf. Other performance measures could also be considered. The

Conference Session

Student Preparation for, and Outcomes from, Community Engagement Efforts

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devika Patel, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

understood of the role of international engineers, and inparticular, engineering students, in the research and design behind such products. In looking atthese gaps in academic literature, this paper will employ the use of autoethnography, the processof using one’s own experience and narrative to formulate and piece together the context of theirexperience in a reflective and analytical manner.11, 12. This methodology will prove important inunderstanding the context of the taboo issue the engineering student will confront. To assesspreparedness for working with taboo subjects, the metrics of global preparedness and globalcompetency will be examined and tested through the use of an autoethnographic study designedto examine the experience. These

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanna Lambrinidou, Virginia Tech; Nathan E Canney, Seattle University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. After analysis of these interviews isunderway, interviews with members of “mobilized publics” will be conducted to examine thisrelationship from both sides.AcknowledgementsThis material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant#1551152. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation.References1 Riley, D. 2008. Engineering and Social Justice. San Rafael, CA: Morgan and Claypool.2 National Academy of Engineering (NAE). 2005. Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting EngineeringEducation to the New Century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 47.3 National Academy of

Conference Session

Issues in Engineering Technology Education I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue University; Eddy Efendy, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

students in this study.This study included a few outcomes and conclusions that would be helpful to engineeringtechnology education practitioners, they include:  At the start of the research only 10% of the engineering technology students knew how to find technical information in the library.  Reflective comments and post-test results indicated that the assignment exposed all of the students to literacy skills, with most exhibiting skill improvement.  Students practicing the newfound skills earlier in the project were more successful in demonstration of those skills than students that waited.  Unstructured topics were difficult for these students to deal with; some were concerned about the quality of

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid Rad, Washington State University; Hakan Gurocak, Washington State University - Vancouver

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

3. The main points were well presented 4. Maintained eye-contact with the audience not the screen or the projector 5. At the end summarized effectively what was presentedFigure 2 reflects the feedback from this section. Again, most students had a significantimprovement in this category throughout the semester. For example, student 1 showed a16.5% improvement in his second article presentation when compared with the firstarticle. And yet another 7.5% increase on his performance on his research presentation.That is a total of 24% enhancement throughout the semester. A similar rate ofimprovement is observed for student 10 between his first and second article presentation.His score declined in the thesis presentation

Conference Session

Assessment & Accreditation in ECE

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amanda Deacon, University of Calgary; Tom O'Neill, University of Calgary; Kartikeya Murari, University of Calgary

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

1734 $o&! WBYZ 6289 n%pqT4 $BCD W234 6%&! nXYZ A789 1opq* Time 0 represents member’s original teams. Each team at any given time point after Time 0was composed of three original or “core” members and one guest member. No team had morethan one guest member from the same team throughout the duration of the course. The onlyindividuals a member had contact with on more than one occasion were those individuals whowere apart of that member’s core team.Materials All scales were framed in order to have members reflect on the most recent project theycompleted with that specific team, whether it be the members home team or a guest team.Behavioral integration

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

fabrication processes. Elements of Occupational Supervision: Preparation, training, and problems of the supervisor. Project Design I: Principles of project management and engineering economics. Development of proposals for senior design project. Project Design II: This is a capstone course for engineering technology majors. Students will work with a professor to design a project that reflects several aspects of the student’s curriculum. Group work. Students will prepare a written project report and give an oral presentation.The project management institute defines project management as “the application of knowledge,skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements8”. To do so

Conference Session

Additive Manufacturing Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas - El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas - El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Puentudura1 is aimed at guiding the process oftechnology integration in a classroom with an ultimate goal of redefining teaching and learningmethodologies. Figure 1 illustrates on how the course curriculum developed for AdditiveManufacturing course at XXXXXX reflects upon SAMR framework.As shown, integrating mobile based scanning technology to additive manufacturing for realizingstudent project designs with the help of SAMR framework helped in significantly enhancing andtransforming the course outlook over the semester. The course enhancement helped in exposing thestudents to effectively integrate mobile based scanning technology, a reverse engineering approachfor identifying and addressing interface challenges. Figure 1

Conference Session

Pipeline and Performance in BME Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Megan F. Campanile, Illinois Institute of Technology; Norman G. Lederman, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

me tremendously…”; 2008: “…played a vital role…”). Interestingly, the students inthe internal program appear to provide more emphasis on the significant impact of their facultymentors in their long-term academic plans and careers (2008: “…personal adviser to best helpme make career decisions.”; 2008: “conversations…about life in academia and about thechallenges associated with it”; 2011: “..a one of a kind professor, researcher, and mentor.”). The REU program selected students based on an expressed interest in research careers.However, the internal program did not have such goals, selecting students based primarily onprevious experience with faculty mentors. This was reflected in student comments (2009: “Iwanted to become a practicing

Conference Session

Design and Research in BME

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Hsu Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Kristen O'Halloran Cardinal, California Polytechnic State University; Trevor R. Cardinal, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

are conductedby the Internship Mentor. The mentor completes a form assessing the intern’s quality of work,organization and efficiency, knowledge base, communication skills, working relationships,strengths, and weaknesses. They also provide an overall performance score as well assuggestions on how the intern could improve their overall score. Internship Mentors have tomeet with the interns to discuss their performance evaluations, and Faculty Mentors are providedcopies of the evaluations to also discuss with the students during their monthly phone calls. Atthe same time as the Performance Evaluations, students must complete a form providingfeedback to their Internship Mentor and self-reflection on their performance. Students evaluatetheir

Conference Session

Biological & Agricultural Division Technical Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Rodriguez P.E., Western Michigan University; Alamgir A. Choudhury, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

the area around thebulb with reflective surfaces allowing optimal air and surface disinfection9.Basic Engineering. The next phase in the design process is to establish specifications for theequipment to be used in the proposed system. Once the students had a better understanding ofcloning chambers and the way they operate, the basic engineering phase was more of atraditional set of calculations, closer to their engineering concepts. The following items werespecified:Material selection. Plywood with proper finish can be moisture and UV resistant as well asreflect light, which are all important aspects to the system. Plywood with mortise and tenonwould eliminate the need for any extra framing. This would reduce material cost and weight.The

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natacha Depaola, Illinois Institute of Technology; Paul R. Anderson, Illinois Institute of Technology; Roberto Cammino, Illinois Institute of Technology; Bonnie Haferkamp, Illinois Institute of Technology; Limia Shunia, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Jamshid Mohammadi, Illinois Institute of Technology; Fouad Teymour, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

obstacles or achieve breakthroughs. • Describes major accomplishments of the team. • Conveys a deep understanding of the impact the project has or can have on a community, market, sponsor, industry or profession. • Several team members are engaged, with questions answered clearly and confidently in a way that complements the entire exhibit experience. Team members are able to effectively reflect on the professional experience they have gained.Although there is some duplication of the in-class assessment, the judges’ criteria provides aslightly different perspective, with less emphasis on the process and a greater focus on the finalproduct and each team’s presentation skills. The average IPRO exposition score in our

Conference Session

Statics Online

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul S. Steif, Carnegie Mellon University; Anna Dollár, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

response is legitimatelyviewed as exercising multiple skills. This is consistent with our wanting students to integratetheir knowledge to respond to some problems. So, the same simple skill might be exercised inisolation and then as part of a question that requires other skills as well. While the statisticalmodeling associated with Learning Curve Analysis allows for multiple skills to be reflected inthe response to a question, the desirable decreasing error rate seems to be particularly rare in thecase of skills that are sometimes exercised in conjunction with other skills. Second, because the Page 26.724.8materials cover an entire semester-long

Conference Session

Assessing Social Responsibility & Sustainability

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Gannon, Montana State University; Ryan Anderson, Montana State University; Justin W Spengler, Montana State University; Carolyn Plumb, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

toward opposition to fracking and the 4th-year students were equally split in support of andopposition to fracking. The reason for this difference is unclear, but perhaps reflects differencesin cohort predispositions. The 4th-year students may exercise more critical thinking, or may havepre-professional experiences to draw from. The 1st-year students are predominately non-STEMmajors, and perhaps more influenced by the abundance and accessibility of opposition literature. Page 26.725.5Regardless, the activity appears to be effective in facilitating students’ opinion formation, whilethey gain factual knowledge. The third

Conference Session

Virtual Instruction and Collaboration

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pilar Pazos, Old Dominion University; Nina Magpili

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

supporting team processes. The platform is informed by foundational knowledge onteam effectiveness from the industrial and organization psychology field and by social-constructivist learning theory.Theoretical FoundationWorking in teams requires that students learn how to interact with each other, share and processinformation in a collaborative learning environment. There is vast evidence indicating thebenefits of collaborative learning grounded in social-constructivist learning theory10. Socialconstructivist learning theory suggests that learning is largely a social process and that deepunderstanding develops through collaboration and engagement with others11,12. Collaborativework largely reflects the actual environment in engineering-intensive

Conference Session

ETAC/ABET Related Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. William White AIA, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Veto Matthew Ray, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Elaine M. Cooney, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, data, rubrics and assorted documentation will facilitate preparation for the on-site accreditation visit. All faculty work is shared and available, eliminating the need to access different computer drives, locations and addresses.Course ReflectionA long-standing process initiated by the department, the course reflection form is an importantself-appraisal executed by the instructor at the close of every semester. The form is a personalevaluation of how well the semester progressed. It encourages the instructor to consider the Page 26.807.8changes made, their apparent effectiveness within the classroom and recommendations for

Conference Session

Introductory Experiences in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Vincent Struck Jannini, Rowan University; Mary Staehle, Rowan University; Joseph Francis Stanzione III, Rowan University; Christian Michael Wisniewski, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

stable and last for many years c. Ensuring that the manufacturing process is sound from a business perspective d. Reducing the need for personnel and operators so that the process runs itself 3. Fair Trade, as related to chocolate, is: a. Making sure that only pure cocoa is used in the product b. Making sure that the stock brokers buying chocolate stocks were not ripped off c. Making sure that the product is sold for a price that reflects the ingredients and resources (including employees) required to produce it d. Making sure that the product was produced without slave labor 4. A standard Hershey’s chocolate bar has how many grams of sugar? a. 8 grams b. 35 grams

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luke David Conlin, Stanford University; Doris B Chin Ph.D., Stanford Graduate School of Education; Kristen Pilner Blair, Stanford University; Maria Cutumisu, Stanford University; Daniel L Schwartz, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

are asked to design posters to advertise the various activity booths (Figure 3). Their job is tochoose an activity booth (Step 1), design a poster for it (Step 2), and “market test” the posterwith a focus group (Step 3). Students then choose either positive (“I like…”) or negativefeedback (“I don’t like…”) (Step 4) from each of three characters (see Figure 3.B). After readingthe feedback (Step 5), students can choose to revise (Step 6) or submit their poster (Step 7).Upon submission, students can see their booth’s “ticket sales” reflecting the quality of theirposter design. There are three rounds of posters to design, thus nine opportunities to choosepositive or negative feedback. The key measure is whether the students choose

Conference Session

Graduate Recruitment & Professional Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne M Lucietto, Purdue University; Diane L Peters, Kettering University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

engineer’s career. This is not due to any type of negative impressionof such students, but rather from an unawareness of the issue. Many organizations’representatives, when contacted, were sympathetic to the issues faced by such students; however, Page 26.859.6due to the lack of knowledge of what options existed, it was difficult to gather information aboutwhat options may exist; this difficulty is reflected in the relatively small list of organizationsrepresented in this study.Future work should include further investigation, with a broader sampling of engineering andprofessional societies represented. Furthermore, the value of professional societies