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Displaying results 17911 - 17940 of 22118 in total
Conference Session
Engineering Librarians: Impacting the Past, Present, and Future
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael J White, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
active in SPEE throughout his career, serving as president in 1906-07 and in numerous other roles well into the 1940s. He was the fourth recipient of SPEE’sLamme Award in 1931 and was honored with many other awards during his long career.20Jackson was also a strong supporter of libraries, believing that they were integral to theinstructional and research programs of engineering schools.21In his paper, Burgess expressed a concern that public libraries were failing to provide appropriatebooks for young people, artisans and industrial workers who had an interest in science andengineering. The main reason for this, he argued, was that few, if any, librarians had thetechnical knowledge and experience that would allow them to assess the quality of
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer I
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Liping Liu, Lawrence Technological University; James A. Mynderse, Lawrence Technological University; Robert W. Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University; Andrew L. Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
learning is the inclusion of student skills associated with anentrepreneurial mindset, such as integrating information from many sources to gain insight,conveying engineering solutions in economic terms, and identifying unexpected opportunities.The resulting entrepreneurially minded learning activities emphasize “discovery, opportunityidentification, and value creation with attention given to effectual thinking over causal(predictive) thinking” [3]. At Lawrence Tech approximately 75% of the engineering curriculum,including mathematics and general education, is being modified to include ACL, PBL, and EML.These courses span the curriculum and range from multidisciplinary Introduction toEngineering [6, 7] to junior level technical courses [8, 9] to
Conference Session
Capstone Courses I
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Grant Martin, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering Constituent Committee
Page 11.1188.8 Pimmel, Russ, “Cooperative Learning Instructional Activities in a Capstone Design Course,” Journal ofEngineering Education, (July 2001), accessed online athttp://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:mTq_X9wN5dkJ:https://www.asee.org/jee/papers/EE009-16.pdf+pimmel+capstone+cooperative+learning on December 14, 2005.5 Jenkins, S. Rod, et al., “Capstone Course in an Integrated Engineering Curriculum,” Journal ofProfessional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, (April 2002), pp. 75-82.6 US Military Academy Website, www.usma.edu/mission.asp, accessed January 17, 2006.7 Kaufman, pg. 26.8 Ibid, 28.9 Project Management and System Design, Instructional Memorandum, Academic Term 2006-2 (springsemester
Conference Session
NEE Technical Session - the Best of NEE
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Wodin-Schwartz, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kimberly Lechasseur, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Adam Powell, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Yihao Zheng, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Sneha Prabha Narra, Carnegie Mellon University
flipped classroom activities has been supported by a group of staff, includingacademic librarians, an instructional designer, and an evaluator in the university’s teaching andlearning center.This effort was part of a faculty learning community (FLC) program focused on developing openeducational or pedagogical resources by engaging faculty members and staff from differentdisciplines. The faculty group in the FLC comprised two faculty members from the mechanicalengineering department (Authors A and E), one from the computer science department, one fromthe humanities and arts department, and one from the integrative & global studies department.This group received support from two coaches (academic librarians at the university), whoguided the
Conference Session
Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD) Technical Session: Engineering Leadership Competencies and Skills
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stacie Edington, University of Michigan; Michael Dailey, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD)
integrate growth in these competencies into future experiences. Due to the lack ofshared curricular requirements across the eighteen engineering majors offered at U-M,incorporating a bookend approach seemed to be a potentially effective strategy. Updating anexisting course in the first year, where some shared curriculum does exist, and implementing anew course in the senior year when most students are completing their senior design experienceand preparing to enter the workforce, proved to be the most feasible.This practice paper primarily provides information regarding the design of these two courses,including explanation of the motivations for implementing these courses and the research basisthat informs the course design. Additionally, we analyze
Collection
2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting
Authors
Rei Marzoughi
successfully with subjects such as economics. In manyengineering courses, economics has been internalized and incorporated as a key considerationwhen problem-solving. Similarly, social and environmental considerations could follow the samepath and become an important part of each course in the engineering curriculum. Without thiskind of evolution in engineering education, the status of engineering as a self-regulatingprofession will be increasingly weakened. Our profession must learn to approach design anddecision-making with more than just technical tools. Only then can we hope to play a moredecisive role in transforming our present situation and to play a seminal role in creating ways oflife that are more economic, socially viable and
Conference Session
Mathematics Division (MATH) Technical Session 1
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Meiqin Li, University of Virginia; Heze Chen, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics Division (MATH)
Paper ID #41135Exploring Effective Pedagogical Approaches for Teaching Linear Algebra toEngineering Students: A Literature ReviewDr. Meiqin Li, University of Virginia Dr. Li obtained her Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from Texas A&M University-College Station in 2017. Dr. Li holds a strong interest in STEM education. For example, she is interest in integrating technologies into classrooms to bolster student success, creating an inclusive and diverse learning environment, and fostering student confidence by redeveloping course curricula and assessment methods, etc. Beyond this, her research intertwines numerical
Collection
1997 Annual Conference
Authors
Jawaharlal Mariappan
Education, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 61-70.3. Bradley, A. and Dawson, D., 1990, Mechatronics Systems Engineering 1, pp. 19-29.4. Hanson, M., “Teaching Mechatronics at Tertiary Level,” Journal of Mechatronics, 1994, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 217- 225.5. Venuvinod, P. K. and Rao, K. P., “A Mechatronic Engineering Curriculum for Professional Education,” 1993, International Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 406-413.6. Mechatronics - An International Journal, Editors-in-Chief Daniel, R. W. and Hewit, J. R., ISSN 0957-4158, Pergamon, U.K.7. Symposium on Mechatronics, The 1993 ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Lo.8. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE Robotics and Automation Society
Collection
2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Ronald P. Uhlig
available to demonstrate achievement of Student Learning Outcomes. However, theuniversity has not had Program Educational Outcomes (PEOs) for its computer science andengineering programs in the past. In preparation for seeking ABET Accreditation; a set of threePEOs were first developed for the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS) program in2011. The PEOs were integrated into the university’s extensive assessment review cycle, andmapped upward to the mission of the university and downward to the Student Outcomes. Thethree 2001 PEOs were expanded to four PEOs during review in 2014 by the BSCS ExternalReview Board and the computer science faculty. Seven Institutional Learning Outcomes areintegral to the National University mission. In order
Conference Session
FPD VIII: Crossing Bridges and Easing Transitions into the First Year
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Theodore Demetrius Caldwell, Michigan State University, Diversity Programs Office, College of Engineering; Kyle P. Foster, Diversity Programs Office, College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Tonisha Brandy Lane, Michigan State University; Rickey Alfred Caldwell Jr, Michigan State University; Claudia Elena Vergara, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
tackle the diverse issues confronting us.Statistically, students who matriculate to an engineering undergraduate program from aneconomically disadvantaged background are substantially less likely to graduate than otherstudents. Locally, an integral part of the land grant mission of Michigan State University hashistorically be to serving the needs of all segments of the Michigan population. For these twokey reasons - one rooted in current need and one rooted in historic mission - we have operated asummer bridge experience for students from economically disadvantaged, inner city areas ofDetroit over the last several years. Our summer bridge program has been supported with fundingfrom corporate sources and from the NSF-funded Michigan Louis Stokes
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
John Dantzler; James Richardson; Tan-Yu Lee; Robert Leland
introducing new math content, so we can more easily introduce problems withoutobvious clues to the mathematical tools needed.Problem solving courses for engineers exist at many universities. Specific instruction about theproblem solving process has had positive effects, but often did not transfer to future courseworkwithout significant integration into the entire four-year curriculum, as in the McMaster ProblemSolving Program23. This is difficult to accomplish at most institutions. Many introductoryproblem solving courses provide the students with a 4-6 step method, but do not emphasizeexplanation and hard problems to develop the cognitive skills required, and facilitate transfer.We believe an emphasis on hard problems and explanation is critical for
Conference Session
Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chris Barr, University of Michigan; Laura Hirshfield, University of Michigan; H. Scott Fogler, University of Michigan
plannedto be presented in a separate paper at the 2022 American Society of Engineering EducationNational Conference.Additional resources on SAFEChEWhile the majority of the SAFEChE initiative is built around the course specific industrialaccident focused modules, the SAFEChE team wants to have the website to be an additional hubfor other tools for processes safety to be used in other courses or possibly by studentorganizations. One core component of the chemical engineering curriculum that the websitedoes not have CSB modules for is the Chemical Engineering (or Unit Operations) Laboratorycourse(s). These labs tend to focus on more practical “soft” and less theory-based skills usingcalculations and equations taught in lecture classes. As a result
Conference Session
Research on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Amman Fasil Asfaw, California State Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo; Storm Randolph, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Victoria Siaumau, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Yumi Rosa Aguilar, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo ; Emily Flores; Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo ; Andrew Danowitz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
who feel differently. Additionally, the lastquestion of this section assesses students willingness to a potential change in curriculum. Question Questions Type Identifier D1 I would be surprised if a fellow student mentioned Likert agreement discomfort with this term D2 I would feel empathetic towards a classmate who finds Likert agreement this term problematic D3 I would be accepting of using an alternate phrase if a Likert agreement classmate expressed discomfort with the use of this termTable 3: Pre-CAR and post-CAR questions asked of respondents if they answer "StronglyDisagree" or
Conference Session
ERM Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nadia Kellam, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, The University of Georgia; Ashley Babcock, University of Georgia
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
is an important characteristic as it enables the system to evolve in response to changes within the system, e. g. the changes in relationships between agents and their resulting emergence, and to changes beyond the boundaries of the system, e. g. changes to the socio-technical landscape in which the enterprise of engineering education is embedded. Within engineering education, there are inherent links to professional practice and engineering education practice which have evolved in response to these changes. An example of this is apparent in the recent thrusts to include communication in the engineering education curriculum as a result of the inputs from industry and the profession1. One would be hard pressed to find
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Learning, Evaluation, and Assessment
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthew E. McFarland, University of Virginia; Reid Bailey, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
engineering design stages?Research Question 2 and its sublevel questions of interest pertain to how a student’s curriculum relates tohow they engage on an interdisciplinary design team.RQ 2.0 How do undergraduate engineering students of differing curricular programs participate as members of interdisciplinary teams engaging in an engineering design activity? RQ 2.1 When interdisciplinary teams of differing student composition split into subgroups, how do those subgroups contribute to the engineering design stages? RQ 2.2 When interdisciplinary teams of differing student composition split into subgroups are those groups determined by majors, curriculum or other? RQ 2.3 How do individual students from
Conference Session
Women & New Faculty Development
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan Miertschin, University of Houston; Carole Goodson, University of Houston; Luces Faulkenberry, University of Houston; Barbara Stewart, University of Houston
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
. degree from Brigham Young University, a M.S. in Consumer and Home Economics Education from Utah State University, and an Ed.D. in Curriculum and Instruction from Brigham Young University. Page 11.1166.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Student Self-Assessment: How Can It Be Used to Improve Instruction?IntroductionA significant change to the culture of higher education is a broad-based, long-term focus onassessment of student achievement, course and teaching effectiveness, and overall programquality. The increased importance placed on assessment is evidenced by the
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS) Technical Session _ Monday June 26, 1:30 - 3:00
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rosalyn W. Berne, University of Virginia
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)
by some toexpand the established boundaries of life as defined include technological creations.Also, a topic of more recent interest: laboratory grown meat [29]. Although STS andother academic fields have begun to take an interest in non-human animals, the topic isthinly addressed in engineering ethics literature. And yet, as the primary source oflearning and training for aspiring engineers, engineering education has a responsibility toinclude in its curriculum ethical considerations of animal welfare in the development anddeployment of new engineered systems, and in existing engineering systems.Resources for a new engineering ethicsA good place to introduce engineering students to the idea of engineering with a focus onethics and animals
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Martin Morris; Fred Fry
is also suggested as an important part ofaccreditation.Cross-Disciplinary Team StructureThe engineering teams consisted of a frame and ergonomics team, a suspension and controlsteam, and an engine and drive train team. Each engineering team chose a team leader. Then anoverall project manager was chosen from these team leaders. The entrepreneurship teamconsisted entirely of business management majors with an informal leader arising from thegroup. Marketing students had worked with the engineering teams in earlier semesters. Thestudents were organized semi-formally into a structure shown in Figure 1. The overall projectmanager from the engineering teams was responsible for integrating the efforts of all of theteams and facilitating
Conference Session
TS3: Working with Students
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jodi A. Bolognese, Northeastern University; Richard Whalen, Northeastern University; Evie Dee Cordell, Northeastern University; Alissa P. Link Cilfone, Northeastern University; Brooke D. Williams, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
data, but given what we learned from the post-session survey about lack of time as apotential contributing factor for students’ lower scores, it was an adjustment worth making.Faculty SurveyFaculty who integrated the library sessions into their course were surveyed after the Fall 2019semester and again in Fall 2020. Seven faculty members responded, all of whom had made theworkshop mandatory for their students to attend. They were sent a survey to assess theirperceptions of a measurable increase in the number of citations from the previous year,improvement in the quality of research from last year, whether the students conveyed a sense ofvalue, and whether the instructors themselves thought the workshops had value and wouldcontinue to require
Conference Session
Teaching Strategies for Solid Modeling
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Derek M. Yip-Hoi, Western Washington University; Jeffrey L. Newcomer, Western Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
says nothing of theneed for skill in using fabrication processes to make a prototype. Both an understanding of fitsand exposure to manufacturing processes may not be covered until after CAD instruction in atechnology program.Off-the-shelf instructional materials typically do not place a high emphasis on integrating DFMand DFA considerations into CAD modeling. It is typically open ended projects that provide thebest format for encouraging students to integrate manufacturing considerations into theirmodeling as part of generating a physical prototype. For this purpose, CAD instruction may becombined with some exposure to CAM and CNC programming that allows students to by-passmanual fabrication. However, this leads to a very heavy course content
Conference Session
ECE Laboratory Development & Innovations
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Kang Yen; Osama Mohammed
Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference &Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering Education All the geometrical and material data of the various machines are contained in a database. Fieldanalyses are created using the finite element method. The machines are linked to the dataacquisition system via the PC. This link is an integral part of the system since it allows for afeedback loop between the machine and the PC. Not only does this feedback loop enable thestudents to vary the operating condition of the machine being tested, but also it enables them toadjust various working machine parameters and obtain corresponding field analysis results inreal time
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Case Studies
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Alice Trussell
information resources.ABET 2000+Included in the qualitative measurements introduced in the ABET 2000 criteria wererequirements specifying that graduates have an understanding of ethical responsibilities and thatthey incorporate that knowledge in a major design experience. These requirements are found inCriteria 3 and 4. Criterion 3, Program Outcomes and Assessment, states “Engineering programsmust demonstrate that their graduates have: …(f) an understanding of professional and ethicalresponsibility. … Each program must include an assessment process with documented results.”1Criterion 4, Professional Component, builds upon the outcomes of Criterion 3: “Students mustbe prepared for engineering practice through the curriculum culminating in a major
Conference Session
Engineering Libraries Technical Session 6: Diversity
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Lester, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Kelly Durkin Ruth
, “Managing diversity in liberal arts college libraries,” College & Research Libraries, 2000, doi: https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.61.3.205.[7] E. J. Josey and I. Abdullahi, “Why diversity in American libraries,” Library Management, vol. 23, no. 1/2, pp. 10–16, Jan. 2002, doi: 10.1108/01435120210413544.[8] J. L. Semenza, R. Koury, and S. Shropshire, “Diversity at work in academic libraries 2010-2015: an annotated bibliography,” Collection Building, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 89–95, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1108/CB-12-2016-0038.[9] A. M. Cruz, “Intentional integration of diversity ideals in academic libraries: A literature review,” The Journal of Academic Librarianship, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 220–227, May 2019, doi
Conference Session
Mathematics Division Technical Session 5: From Functions to Big Data–A Hands-on Challenge
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Rajendran Swamidurai, Alabama State University ; Cadavious M. Jones; Carl Pettis; Uma Kannan
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
Paper ID #31635Applications of Linear Algebra applied to Big Data AnalyticsDr. Rajendran Swamidurai, Alabama State University Dr. Rajendran Swamidurai is an Associate Professor of Computer Science at Alabama State University. He received his BE in 1992 and ME in 1998 from the University of Madras, and PhD in Computer Science and Software Engineering from Auburn University in 2009. He is an IEEE senior Member.Dr. Cadavious M Jones, Dr. Cadavious M. Jones is an Associate Professor of Mathematics at Alabama State University. He received his BS in 2006 and MS in 2008 from Alabama State University, and PhD in Mathematics
Conference Session
FPD11 -- Multidisciplinary Experiences
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kauser Jahan, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
continuous improvement necessary forengineering education to meet these challenges.The ECT ProgramThis ECT (Engineering Clinics for Teachers) Program is a partnership between RowanUniversity’s Colleges of Engineering and Education to provide an Engineering Clinic experiencefor middle school teachers and guidance counselors. Modeled after the unique RowanEngineering Clinics4-5, it utilizes real world problem solving via simple cost effective activities.The overall objectives of the program are to:• Provide exposure to engineering careers and make engineering more relevant to middle school educators,• Ensure that teachers are academically prepared to successfully integrate engineering content into their existing curriculum,• Support
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Loren Lutes; James T. P. Yao
, there are many demands on engineering education at this time,suggesting that it may be timely to re-organize the curriculum from scratch. Some of thosedemands relate to calls for a curriculum that would:• integrate skills in communication, teamwork, and leadership into technical courses,• establish a solid base in mathematics and science,• expose students to economics and socio-political implications of engineering works,• use mechanics and risk-based decision analysis as common threads,• provide a broad-based undergraduate education,• present specialized education at the upper undergraduate and graduate levels, and Page 4.403.1• emphasize
Conference Session
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Teaching and Outreach
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Keith J. Bowman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brenda Capobianco, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
in 1995. In 2003 Professor Bowman’s name was added to the Purdue Book of Great Teachers. In 2007 he received the Purdue College of Engineering Mentoring Award and he became a Professor of Engineering Education (by courtesy). His research in engineering education is focussed on development of materials that encourage interest and retention of students in engineering fields, approaches for assessment of student learning and the role of diversity and diverse perspectives in engineering education.Brenda Capobianco, Purdue University Dr. Brenda Capobianco is an Associate Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction and holds a courtesy appointment in the School of Engineering Education and an affiliated
Conference Session
Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Nathan Delson, UC San Diego; Lelli Van Den Einde, UC San Diego and eGrove Education Inc.; Jessica Tuazon; Daniel Yang, UC San Diego
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
for di- verse students. Her research focuses on engagement strategies for large classrooms and developing K-16 curriculum in earthquake engineering and spatial visualization.Mrs. Jessica TuazonMr. Daniel Yang, UC San Diego Daniel Yang is a PHD student in the mechanical engineering department at UC San Diego. He specialized in robotics and control with an interest in engineering education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Development of a Spatial Visualization Assessment Tool for Younger Students Using a Lego™ Assembly TaskAbstractIt has increasingly been recognized that spatial visualization skills are important in supportingstudent success in Science
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Capstone and Collaborative Projects
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jessica Macklin, University of Maryland, College Park; Kylie Goodell King, University of Maryland, College Park
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Twenty Years of Multidisciplinary Capstone Projects: Design, Implementation, and AssessmentIntroductionThe Quality Enhancement Systems and Teams (QUEST) Honors Program at the University ofMaryland unites undergraduate students with business, engineering, and science backgrounds inorder to promote a multidisciplinary, hands-on, learning experience. QUEST’s curriculumfocuses on quality management, process improvement, and system design. This curriculum isdelivered in the form of three required courses and two elective courses. The first programcourse introduces the concepts of innovation, design, and quality. Multidisciplinary teams workon a series of three projects
Conference Session
Teaching and Assessment Methodologies
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Juan Song, Alamo College
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
extensively integrated into the curriculum, allowing technical workers tobypass several years of on-the-job training. The skilled graduates will be more welcomed bymanufacturing partners as they are already trained and ready to fill advanced positions inmanufacturing. Second, the students enrolled into the program are getting paid over the two-yearprogram, essentially eliminating the need for most student loans. This is an attractive prospectiveto many students who struggle to finance their higher education.Overview and ObjectivesAdvanced manufacturing in the U.S. has experienced a profound transformation over the lastdecades. Technology has become increasingly sophisticated, while the workforce with thecorrect skills has become increasingly lean