Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Yeary, University of Oklahoma; Tian-you YU, University of Oklahoma; Robert Palmer, University of Oklahoma; James Sluss, University of Oklahoma; Guifu Zhang, University of Oklahoma; Phil Chilson, University of Oklahoma; Mike Biggerstaff, University of Oklahoma

joint efforts that infuseeducation with the excitement of discovery and enrich research through a diversity of learningperspectives.A detailed description of the team’s evaluation plan is given in [19], while a general overview ofthe project’s goals are given below. 1. Develop student knowledge and skills related to all phases of creating sophisticated weather radar. 2. Develop sufficient student interest that they enroll in additional courses in the program. 3. Increase the number of middle school students interested in weather science when they enter college. Page 14.113.8 4. Encourage relevant departments in other

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Pfeffer; Rajesh N. Dave; Jonathan Luke; Ian S. Fischer; Anthony D. Rosato

syllabus, which is very ambitious, makes the taskof delivery of education very difficult and thus creates a challenge for which we are preparing ourselves and ourgraduate students, who will, in turn, help the students in the physical and computer laboratories. The difficultiesarise due to the fact that we plan to use equipment and software which are not routinely used in the currentengineering curriculum. These include not only state-of-the-art particle instrumentation for characterization,mixing and flow property measurement, but also image analysis and video animation equipment. We must alsoteach the students the use of associated software. The current curriculum does not have the infrastructure toaccommodate this, and our challenge is to

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Susan C. Grant; Sarah A. Rajala; Richard L. Porter; Kristine C. Lawyer; Hugh Fuller

mathematics andscience in high school.A report prepared by the Office of Technology Assessment (4) stated that if one were tofollow a group of 2,000 boys and 2,000 girls through their middle and high school years,one would find that by age twelve about half in each group would be sufficientlyprepared to undertake the courses in mathematics which would further prepare them toenroll in college to study in a quantitative field. However, by the end of high school,only 280 of the boys and 220 of the girls would have actually completed the necessarymathematics courses. Finally, the report states that of the original pools of 2,000, “only140 of the boys and 45 of the girls will actually enter college with plans to major inscience or engineering” (p. 115

Conference Session

Writing Is Fundamental

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Beams, University of Texas, Tyler; Luke Niiler, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

assessment 1; a plan for the incremental implementationof writing skills instruction in Engineering courses 2; an outcomes assessment 3; the use ofwritten workplace materials in Engineering courses 4,5 ; a review of shared assumptions aboutwriting skills among Engineering faculty 6; a multiple-trait scoring guide 7; and the first threeiterations of this longitudinal study 8,9,10. To date, there is no other longitudinal study ofEngineering students’ writing skills on record. Our four years of work therefore begins toaddress this gap in knowledge, and it is hoped that this project will be understood as (a) adescription and analysis of trends observed within a single cohort of subjects; and (b) aninvitation for other researchers to begin contributing

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Assessment and Integrating Entrepreneurship into the Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hak Tam, University of California, Santa Barbara; Gary Hansen, University of California, Santa Barbara; Sally Blomstrom, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Peter Robinson, Utah Valley University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, technology management and entrepreneurship. The coursesare open to all enrolled upperclassmen which resulted in a multi-disciplinary student body. Thecurriculum and extra-curricular activities approach innovation and commercial feasibility usingreal-world data, supported by lecturers and mentors from the field. The faculty is primarily madeup of adjunct professors and lecturers who have extensive business and venture experience. Amix of pedagogy is employed, including didactic instruction, guest speakers, entrepreneurshipworkshops, business plan competition, and internship in start-ups and technology enterprises. Page 14.581.2 To assess an

Conference Session

Beyond the Engineering Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Bailey, North Carolina A&T State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

and or processes. Finally,we discuss and plan simple experiments noting whether the experiment was controlled oruncontrolled, and identifying the independent and dependant variables.The skill-set found in Subgroup III is also developed by UNST 130 when topics of logicand more specifically arguments are explored. An educated engineer should be able torecognize and employ both deductive and inductive methods and arguments, and evaluate Page 14.1137.3arguments in terms of their validity, truth, soundness, strength, and cogency. They shouldalso have the ability to recognize fallacies in arguments and in ordinary language, both ofwhich will enhance the

Conference Session

Issues and Direction in ET Education and Administration: Part I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Wolcott, Rochester Institute of Technology; Todd Dunn, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. This process is in the latter planning stages in atleast one civil engineering graduate program.10. PE LicensureGraduates from ABET-EAC programs with at least four years of documented design experienceare admitted into the PE exam in all 50 states. A candidate holding an MS degree in civilengineering from an institution that has an ABET-EAC program reduces the requirement ofdocumented design experience to three years.The current environment for CET graduates to obtain their professional engineer (PE) license ismuch more confusing, at best. The rules for licensure are established by individual states. Table5 presents the results of a recent survey of state by state academic requirements.It should be noted that a conversation between the

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Schmeelk, Virginia Commonwealth University Qatar Branch; Jean Hodges, Virginia Commonwealth University Qatar Branch

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Page 14.1382.7 more materials and bring in examples and samples to class when explaining instead of just saying it orally would make a big difference to my learning. (B. Al-M.)Another student with a mixed-right, visual superlink not only analyzed why she liked fractals butalso planned to use them in a project she was working on: . . . I think these fractals above are very beautiful in many ways. The shape and color. The movement of these fractals are very beautiful as if it is dancing in slow motion, and very romantic feeling to it. These shapes can be very inspiring, in color schemes and shap [sic]. Personally, I love spiral shapes and the effect

Conference Session

Emerging Information Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mudasser Wyne, National University, San Diego; Arzu Baloglu, Marmara University, Turkey

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

to it without any interference. However, since manyusers may access the system from different locations or nodes simultaneously,concurrency mechanisms become more vital, in order to keep the data consistent. Backupand recovery operations are required for the system to recover from system crashes incase of any unforeseen circumstance. PIMS architecture includes these mechanisms viatransaction management. We plan to store the data in a central repository at aninstitutional level, and also provide access to it over open networks to remote healthcareprofessionals as well as users at other nodes and levels. However, such a centralizedmulti-user inter-networked environment is subject to remote exploits and attacks that canput the confidentiality

Conference Session

IT-based Instructional Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peng Li, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

Solaris, which is appealing for instructors who plan to build a virtual lab with diversifiedplatforms.VMware, with its 10-year history, is a proven product that is stable and reliable. VirtualBox is anew comer in the virtualization world and is supposedly buggier. We had minor issues with bothVMware and VirtualBox but generally they performed well in most labs.VirtualBox is more lightweight than VMware. The size of the current version (2.1.2) of theVirtualBox installation file is 36 MB (32-bit version) or 40 MB (64 bit version) while the size ofthe VMware Workstation 6.5.1 installation file is 500 MB (32/64 bit version).Table 1. VirtualBox vs. VMware9Feature VirtualBox VMware Server / Workstation

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thuy Nguyen, University of Texas, Austin; Fernando Mondragon Solis; William O'Brien, University of Texas, Austin; Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Construction

especially interested in the use of the information technologies to support multi-firm coordination, and has worked with several leading firms to implement web-tools to support practice. From 1999-2004, he taught in both the Department of Civil and Coastal Engineering and the M.E. Rinker, Sr. School of Building Construction at the University of Florida. Prior to returning to academia, Dr. O'Brien led product development and planning efforts at Collaborative Structures, a Boston based Internet start-up focused on serving the construction industry. Dr. O'Brien holds a Ph.D. and a M.S. degree in Civil Engineering and a M.S. degree in Engineering-Economic Systems from Stanford University

Conference Session

Topical Public Policy Issues

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devin Stewart, National Academy of Engineering; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

each are expected to be granted in fiscal year2007. The NSF also funded three Science of Learning Centers at a level of $22.7 million infiscal year 2006. For postsecondary education research in particular, funding is even more lacking. Thereis almost universal emphasis on examining issues most prominent in K-12 education. Thisemphasis is appropriate, given that learning at the K-12 levels provides the foundation for laterlearning. However, given that almost 70% of high school graduates continue on forpostsecondary education, it is clear that college-level education research cannot be ignored. Plans for a Transforming Engineering Education program, to be focused on engineeringeducation research, were proposed in the fiscal year 2006

Conference Session

FPD1 -- Implementing a First-Year Engineering Course

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenny Lo, Virginia Tech; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Odis Griffin, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

planned to conduct longitudinal studies to assessthe long term impacts of freshman year instruction. Some new hands-on activities emphasizingsustainability are planned for the spring 2006. For example, in spring 2006 a population relatedhands-on workshop has been piloted. Students worked in group of four to build 3D models usinglegos to represent the population of different countries on a map of the world. Each groupexamined geographic, literacy, population, environment, life expectancy, etc. related data ofabout 15 countries located throughout the world. These data were obtained from the CIA WorldFact Book22 . Students were then asked a few free response questions such as: 1)What are themost common “Environment Related Current Issues?” 2) What

Conference Session

FPD2 -- Highlighting First-Year Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Freeman, Northeastern University; Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University; Richard Whalen, Beverly Jaeger and Richard Whalen are members of Northeastern University's

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

assignments that allow for assessment of their proficiency in AutoCAD andMicrosoft Excel. Other team assignments include a reverse engineering exercise and posterpresentation, a movie scene dissection analysis, presentations on engineering disasters andrelevant case histories, and demonstrations of engineering products, devices, and systems.Active LearningKolb17 proposed a four-phase learning cycle, in which “half” of the effective learning sequenceinvolves passive observing and thinking (cognition). The remaining “half” involves planning,(active experimentation) and doing (concrete experience). When combined iteratively and inbalanced proportions, the combination of knowledge-based cognition and purposeful action canresult in improved and lasting

Conference Session

Assessing Perceptions of Engineers and Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon Kurpius-Robinson, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

making technology education apriority in the K-12 curriculum1, 2. Bringing design, engineering, and technology (DET) into theK-12 curriculum requires long term planning, as many teachers are not trained to teach DET.DET is a neglected tool in science education in the U.S. despite the potential uses of DET tofoster student interest in science and provide familiar and concrete contexts for abstract scienceand math concepts3,4. Therefore, the first step before implementing a DET curriculum is toinvestigate teachers’ familiarity, perceptions, and views of DET. It is also necessary tounderstand the barriers teachers might face when implementing DET in their classrooms

Conference Session

Retention Issues

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annita Alting, City College of the City University of New York; Ardie Walser, City College of the City University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

semester and cumulative GPA fortransfers.Another topic of discussion is the question with respect to what group of students to defineretention and graduation rates. The group that can start in calculus I, or both prospective andcalculus-ready engineering students? We are inclined to think that retention and graduation ratesshould be calculated with respect to calculus-ready students.In further research on predictors of retention and academic achievement we plan to include notonly the previous GPA of transfers, but also the grades they obtained in the math and sciencecourses they transferred. We also plan to analyze retention and academic achievement after onesemester, one year, two years, etc. This would help us to identify 'at risk' students in

Conference Session

Progress on Raising the Bar

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

new whole. adapt; combine; This may involve the production of a unique compile; compose; communication, a plan of operations (research create; design; proposal), or a set of abstract relations (scheme for develop; devise; classifying information). Learning outcomes in this area generate; integrate; stress creative behaviors, with major emphasis on the modify; plan; revise; formulation of new patterns or structure. structure. 6. Evaluation The ability to judge the value of material for a given appraise; compare &

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech

this study was on the M.S. and Ph.D.graduates. An important question to answer is whether Ph.D. engineering education graduateswill be able to find work in tenure-track faculty positions.Table 1. Summary of the three engineering education graduate programs planned at Virginia Tech, as described inthe survey. These are not necessarily the current requirements for the Virginia Tech degree programs. Program Targeted Number of Focus of Coursework Expected Higher Source of Units Education Job Students Opportunities Certificate Students earning

Conference Session

Climate Issues for Women Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Creamer, Virginia Tech; Soyoung Lee, Virginia Tech; Peggy Meszaros

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Research As is typical for statistical procedures like multiple regression or path analysis, themajority of the variance in women’s interest and choice of a career in IT remains outside of theability of our conceptual model to explain. This was true for men as well. There are undoubtedlymany structural variables, such as cultural factors that support racial differences, genderstereotypes and gender based occupational segregation, as well as interactions that occur in theclassroom, that would add to the predictive power of the model were it possible to quantify it.Similarly, we have yet to investigate the relationship between performances in certain types ofcourse and course taking patterns to an interest in a career in IT. We plan to pursue

Conference Session

Design in the BME Curriculum and ABET Assessment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kay C Dee, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

previously participated in the institutionalrubric/criteria revisions and electronic portfolio reviews. Would we have chosen this strategy ifwe had no pre-existing institutional assessment system? Likely, yes, due to the advantages ofperformance criteria and rubrics as listed in the ‘Background’ section of this paper.Developing The Criteria and RubricsWe decided on general parameters of our assessment strategy before working through details.First, we decided to collect samples of student work through the institutional student electronicportfolio system when convenient, and through instructor-generated ‘collective portfolios’[3] –samples of student work, saved by the instructor in the format of their choosing – whereconvenient. We planned to use or

Conference Session

Use of Technology to Improve Teaching and Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Alley, Virginia Tech; Madeline Schreiber, Virginia Tech; Katrina Ramsdell, Virginia Tech; John Muffo, Virginia Tech; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

would benefit from the audience examining the evidence in the body ofthe slide before seeing the assertion, as in the presentation of an assertion for which theaudience has a hostile reaction. Another case would be in a teaching situation in whichthe presenter wants more participation from the students. In such a use, the questionheadline would appear first, and then after the students have addressed the question byexamining evidence in the body of the slide, the presenter would animate in the sentenceheadline. In this way, the audience would benefit both from the active learning of thequestion headline and from the precision of the sentence headline. Given those twobenefits, future plans in the geoscience course are to use question headlines

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M. Santiago Jr, Colorado Technical University; Kathy L. Kasley P.E., Colorado Technical University; Jing Guo, Colorado Technical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

student-centeredfocus, and active learning strategies that have enabled success despite the multiple externalstudent commitments.The strategic plan was to leverage the experience of the full-time faculty to jointly developmodules for the freshman introductory course, Introduction to Engineering. The flippedclassroom model seems to be a consistent extension of the existing classroom practice ofproviding theory in brief introductions, followed by significant classroom practice in problemsolving. Once developed, the course was initially offered to students who met on campus, usingthe online modules. The time in the classroom was used to identify unforeseen issues and bugsthat impeded student learning, and to model synchronous “chats” to answer

Conference Session

ETD Green Energy/Sustainability

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jesse Gilmore, University of Houston, Downtown; Scott Patterson, University of Houston, Downtown; Lisa Deane Morano; Vassilios Tzouanas, University of Houston, Downtown

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Sustainable Development and Engineering TechnologyI. IntroductionThere are different definitions of sustainable development but according to Geir Asheim1“Sustainability is defined as a requirement of our generation to manage the resource base suchthat the average quality of life that we ensure ourselves can potentially be shared by all futuregenerations…. Development is sustainable if it involves a non-decreasing average quality oflife.” According to a United Nations 2016 report2, for the first time countries around the worldhave added sustainable development plans and a record number have agreed to make positivesteps to address climate change. As such, we are living at a

Conference Session

Integrated Activities for Green Energy and Manufacturing Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Tech.); Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

impacts of engineered systems on society or the environment. j2. Develops and evaluates alternative designs of engineered infrastructure systems to minimize adverse environmental and societal impacts. k1. Manages time effectively and specifically plans for general review of work to improve results. k2. Demonstrates a commitment to quality and continuous improvement.Table 2 below presents a synopsis for the past year of the evolution of our capstone design in theinvestigated area. Analyzing the table, it can be inferred that, with some exception, there is atrending in topics related to environmentally conscious projects. Several of these projects havebeen also presented in various instances in other publications, including IEEE and

Conference Session

Engineering Literacy: Champions of Engineering in General Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Flath, Macalester College; Diane P Michelfelder, Macalester College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

testing andresearch. First, Carberry, Lee and Ohland note (2010, p.74) a number of sources referring to“gender’s known influence on the self-efficacy of engineering students.” Marra et. al. (2009,p.27) indicate that “correlations show that self-efficacy is related to women’s student’s plans topersist in this predominately male discipline.” We have not yet commented on the genderbalance in the class, but of the sixteen students enrolled in the course, eleven of them werewomen. We did not notice differences in ability or interest in the course based on gender. Whilethe self-assessments of ability to perform various engineering design tasks were answeredanonymously, the sheer numbers suggest that women and men both increased in confidenceduring the

Conference Session

Outreach, recruiting, and retention

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alicia A. Modenbach P.E., University of Kentucky; Sue E. Nokes, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

2 over method 1? (Ask for student input.) d) Saves time and money (and in some projects, people’s lives). e) You have a sound BAE education and understand the value of planning before building. Which way are you approaching the problem?Figure 3. Discussion questions to encourage students to reflect on their approach todesigning their home.At the end of the module we will quantify the heat flow through the houses built, using studentsas the heat source and measuring the temperatures inside, interior of the wall, exterior of thewall, and in the ambient air. Students will be asked to reflect on how these results matched theresults they predicted with their calculations.Share it: Example moduleDesign

Conference Session

Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: The Role of Engineering Education towards Attaining UN Sustainable Development Goals

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Cowan, James Madison University; Elise Barrella P.E., James Madison University; Mary Katherine Watson, The Citadel; Robin Anderson, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Community Engagement Division, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering

practices in engineering education since 2003 (at Bucknell University) and began collaborating on sustainable engineering design research while at Georgia Tech. She is currently engaged in course development and instruction for the junior design sequence (ENGR 331 and 332) and the freshman design experience, along with coordinating junior capstone at JMU. In addition to the Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, Dr. Barrella holds a Master of City and Regional Planning (Transportation) from Georgia Institute of Technology and a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Bucknell University.Dr. Mary Katherine Watson, The Citadel Dr. Mary Katherine Watson is currently an Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The Citadel

Conference Session

Makers, Making, and the Maker Movement

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gina Navoa Svarovsky, University of Notre Dame; Marjorie B. Bequette, Science Museum of Minnesota; Lauren Causey, Science Museum of Minnesota

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

just dig in. But if there’s a greater cost and going to the store, I gotta plan it out.” • Taking things apart: Participants talked about taking things apart during their making processes, such as “When I was a kid I had an old radio, just a clock radio, and I took that apart to see how it worked, back when I was younger when I had time. That really interested me.” Many shared the same kinds of childhood memories, and even discussed being okay “when you put it back together and you’re either missing a part or have too many.” • Making wrong or unexpected turns: Finally, the theme of making wrong or unexpected turns during the design process was quite common. One said “mistakes turn out to be

Conference Session

Novel Pedagogical Techniques II: Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Jo Pinkelman, Technische Universität Darmstadt; David J. Dixon, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Manfred J Hampe, Technische Universität Darmstadt

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

problems. Professional competence has been previouslydefined as a high level of motivation, use of intelligence to solve problems and make decisions,teamwork, management and leadership of others, communication, planning and management of aproject and resources, innovation, and a strategic view of the larger picture of the project2,3. Thesecompetences, along with strong technical knowledge skill set, have been linked to futureprofessional engineering success3,4. Additionally, ABET requires that graduating engineers meetthe following select criteria: (d) ability to function on multidisciplinary teams; (f) understandingof professional and ethical responsibility; (g) ability to communicate effectively; and (h) the broadeducation necessary to

Conference Session

Computing Technology Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jingwen(Jess) Li, PSU; EUNSIK KIM, Pennsylvania State University; Alec M Schultis, Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering; Andrew Joseph Kapfer, The Pennsylvania State University ; Jimmy Lin, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Peter A Yake; Domenic M Erjavec; Benjamin Dabat; Ling Rothrock, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

semester, and provided a tutorial on usability tests as well as a brief guideline of the criteria the teams should pay attention to.Stage3 (two weeks): Teams familiarized themselves with the game products and then made a plan for how to critique them; they needed to gather all the information and methodology that could help with the critiquing process; in the end, they wrote up a proposal stating their plans. The proposal was viewed by instructors for Capstone and feedback was provided to the team; necessary corrections were recommended;Stage4 (two weeks): Student teams first developed their own critique criteria from a gamification perspective since the usability test or learning effect test needed