Conference Session

Early Engineering Design Experiences

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Oppliger, Michigan Technological University; Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

supported a cyclic model as matching with what their teams hadexperienced. An important advantage of HSE over other learning environments is that the long-term nature of HSE projects (at least one school-year in duration, often longer) allows studentstime to reflect on “where they are” in a model such as that in Figure 8. With coaches that arefluent in the elementary language and tools of design, and thus able to navigate a more complexmodel of the design process, there will be many more opportunities to teach real aspects ofdesign than in programs with very tight time schedules.After this introduction, there was a group activity that compared three very different types ofstaple removers in a systematic way.13 The three staple removers and sheets

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Developments, Exchanges, and Partnerships

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl F. Zorowski, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

International

Design Courses: Implications for Formative Assessment”; 2006-1180, American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference, 200613. Gerlick R., Davis D., Trevisian M., Washington State Univ., Beyerlin S., Mac Cormack J., Univ. of Idaho; Harrison O., Tuskegee Univ.; “Assessment Structure and Methodology for Design Processes and Products in Engineering Capstone Courses”; 2008-1950, American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference, 200814. Davis D., Trevisian M., Gerlick R., Washington State Univ.; Beyerlein S., Mac Cormack J., Univ. of Idaho; Harrison O., Tuskegee Univ.; Howe S., Smith College: “Assessing Design and Reflective Practices in Capstone Engineering Design Courses”; 2009-663, American Society of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darrin S. Muggli, Benedictine College; Brian Tande, University of North Dakota

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

widespread use of remote labs, experience has shown that they should not fullyreplace traditional hands-on laboratories…it is difficult, if not impossible, to address all of theeducational objectives for laboratory based courses in a Web-only environment. (Remote Page 22.64.11laboratories) target only 4 of 14 educational objectives recognized by ABET”. Their statement isechoed by another study2 which notes the following: “The vital importance of a comprehensivelaboratory experience in the engineering curricula is widely acknowledged by all constituentsand reflected prominently in the ABET Engineering Criteria 2000”.During Phase I, students travel to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Warren, Kansas State University; Xiongjie Dong, Kansas State University; Tim J. Sobering, Kansas State University; Jason Yao, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

(TUES) Program) under Type I grant DUE–0942425. Opinions,findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are thoseof the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF. Page 22.91.21References[1] Martinez, Angel. "Acquisition of Heart Rate and Core Body Temperature in Cattle Using Ingestible Sensors," Electrical & Computer Engineering. Manhattan, KS, Kansas State University, 2007, 77 pages.[2] Warren, Steve and Jianchu Yao, "Portable Cyber-Laboratories for Electrical Engineering Education," 2010 Annual Conference and Exposition, American Society for Engineering Education, Louisville, KY

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Page 22.100.3these systems, especially fuel cells, would be the dominant energy technology for the near future,or for the next several years. Lawrence Tech faculty believed then and continues to believe that amosaic of alternative energy technologies will be used to meet the growing energy demands inthe coming years. This opinion is reflected in the courses developed. Lawrence Tech believedthat this would better educate the student and would provide a broader understanding of theenergy options available to our country.From late summer 2003 through the end of 2003 Lansing Community College, also aNextEnergy grant recipient coordinated a serious of DACUM information panels, comprised oftopic specific technical professional experts, to determine

Conference Session

Project-Based Education in Energy Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Youakim Kalaani, Georgia Southern University; William Trotter Nichols

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

large facilities served by 3-phase, 480 voltfeeders. The electricity-use for both centers are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively andthe cost per kWh over 12 months period is depicted in Figure 3.Shading AnalysisShading on PV modules can cause a significant drop in energy production. The Solar Pathfinder,a popular instrument to measure shading was used in this study. It contains a convex transparentdome placed over a sun path chart. When properly oriented, the reflection of the dome provides acomprehensive solar/shade evaluation for the entire year. Several pictures were taken by thePathfinder from different sites of the proposed locations. Each picture was then analyzed by theSolar Pathfinder Assistant program to determine the site

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Jacquelyn E. Kelly, Arizona State University; Dale R. Baker, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

of the different bonding types to the real-world components of a motorcycle. It ties bonding to properties as well as processing methods. Page 22.140.8Figure 3. Concept-in-Context Team Activity on Materials Selection that Connects Bonding-Property-Processing Relationships to Motorcycle Components for Different Materials FamiliesStudents found the processing-bonding relationships quite interesting. In fact, about one third ofthe students found the materials processing aspect of bonding to be the most interesting part ofthe class, as elicited by the class-end Most Interesting Point reflection. While students found theprocessing techniques

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laila Guessous, Oakland University; Qian Zou, Oakland University; Brian P. Sangeorzan, Oakland University; Xia Wang, Oakland University; Gary Barber, Oakland University; Lorenzo M. Smith, Oakland University; LianXiang Yang, Oakland University; David Schall, Oakland University, Department of Mechanical Engineering; Michael A. Latcha, Oakland University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Teaching And Learning, No. 93, Spring 20037. J. L. Murray, P. H. Naimoli, R. S. Kagan, S. M. Kirnan, B.R. Snider, “Reflections on the Use of Undergraduate Research to Support Student Affairs Assessment,” Journal of College Student Development, 45(2), March/April 2004.8. C. Gonzalez, “Undergraduate Research, Graduate Mentoring, and the University's Mission,” Science, August 31, v293 i5535 p1624, 20019. M. Grant Norton and David F. Bahr, “How to Run a Successful Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Site,” ASEE Paper # 2004-872, 200410. Kevin Sutterer, Martin Brenny, J. David Pirnia,, Michelle Woodward, Robert Houghtalen, and Jim Hanson, “Engineering REU Sites: Designing for Appropriate and Valuable Summer

Conference Session

FPD X: First-Year Design with Projects, Modeling, and Simulation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ani Ural, Villanova University; Joseph Robert Yost, Villanova University; David W Dinehart, Villanova University; Shawn P. Gross, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

understand the limitations and sources of error incomputational and experimental approaches. Furthermore, the integration of all componentsthrough a technical report allows students to reflect on the interrelation between theoretical,computational and experimental components and their respective significance in engineeringanalysis, design and research. Page 22.184.104. Course AssessmentThe students were given three surveys during the semester in addition to the course evaluationthat was administered at the end of the semester. The surveys were given after each module ofthe project to evaluate the contribution of theoretical, finite element

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C.S. Chen, Miami University; Steven Elliott, Miami University, Department of Economics; Mark Boardman, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. By making thoughtful decisions and examining their consequences, Reflecting and Acting students may enhance personal moral commitment, enrich ethical understanding, and strengthen civic participation.More broadly, these objectives are ones that our energy group identified as important skillsneeded of professionals in the energy and energy related fields. While there are still engineers,scientists and policy wonks who sit quietly in their labs and offices thinking deep thoughts, theimpact will come from those who can critically approach challenges, work with others andeffectively communicate both the nature of that challenge and its potential solutions to a widegroup of decision makers. The

Conference Session

Biological & Agricultural Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

lourdes gazca, American University, Puebla, Mexico; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, American University, Puebla, Mexico; Enrique Palou, American University, Puebla, Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

reading assignments.In addition, students are encouraged to write brief reflective journal entries to further solidify andreinforce their own understanding, and demonstrate that improved understanding for animproved quiz grade3.Food Chemistry (IA-332) is a course that is offered for students of sixth semester of FoodEngineering. This course was redesigned following the HPL framework to further promote aninteractive classroom while integrating multiple formative assessments by means of Tablet PCtechnologies4. It is a course that uses active and cooperative learning in everyone of its meetingsand activities. The grading scheme includes individual and group quizzes, individual and groupproblem-based exams, journal writing, peer assessments and the

Conference Session

Integrating Mathematics, Science, and Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heublein, Kansas State University, Salina; Kenneth Barnard, Kansas State University, Salina

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

getting instant responses totheir e-mails, voice mails, etc.4  Even though possessing these desired characteristics, “some researchers also fear that millennialstudents, being over-reliant on communications technology, will have stunted interpersonal(face-to-face) skills. Others have expressed similar concerns that the ease with which millennialstudents routinely engage in multitasking behaviors, enabled in part using technology, hasshortened their collective attention span. Finally, having completed primary and secondarycurricula that may unintentionally encourage rote learning, these students may lack the skillsnecessary to be critical thinkers or demonstrate introspection and self-reflection.”5“Millennial students are inclined to be more

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

have been developed for capstoneprojects which fall at different points on the technological readiness level scale. These rubricsare currently in use in the program discussed in this paper and are provided in the appendix forthose who may wish to give projects which fall at different points on the TRL spectrum.AcknowledgementsThe author acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through award Page 15.371.11NSF0530588. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience FoundationBibliography1

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for K-12 and for Community College Students: Concepts, Assessment, and Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

can reflect on and evaluate present and past D&T, its uses and effects. (Design and Technology Association, ¶1, 2010) As summarized in Developing Industrial Design Education: A British perspectivea paper by David Weightman, Professor/Director & Deana McDonagh, AssociateProfessor of Industrial Design of the School of Art and Design, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign: After establishing the context of design and design education in the UK, the authors describe emerging themes in industrial-design education. These themes can be classified into three types. The first theme involves enabling students to utilize a variety of research approaches at different levels. The design process

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wolter Fabrycky, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

establish an initial presence inacademia by selecting, recognizing, and honoring graduate professors and mentors with trulyoutstanding records, together with superb doctoral students.VIII. Systems Engineering Status and MaturityEngineering education has been subjected to in-depth study every decade or so, beginning withthe Mann Report in 1918.14 The most recent and authoritative study was conducted by theNational Academy of Engineering (NAE) and published in 2005 under the title, Educating theEngineer of 2020.15Engineering in the 21st Century. Although acknowledging that certain basics of engineeringwill not change, this NAE report concluded that the explosion of knowledge, the globaleconomy, and the way engineers will work will reflect an ongoing

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Outside the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dominic Halsmer, Oral Roberts University; Elliott Butay, Oral Roberts University; Ben Hase, Oral Roberts University; Sean McDonough, Oral Roberts University; Taylor Tryon, Oral Roberts University; Joshua Weed, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

typically enriches the students’ perspectives bymotivating them to search for answers to challenging questions, or even causing them to Page 15.563.7reconsider currently-held views.The following article summaries admittedly deal with the narrow focus of “origins”,which seemed like a good place to start. There are many other areas to investigate inexploring the connections between engineering and spirituality, and we plan to continueand expand this work. In addition, this research was conducted at a faith-basedinstitution, and therefore reflects a faith-based perspective. Never-the-less, it is hoped thatthis material will be helpful for all those who are

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junko Munakata-Marr, Colorado School of Mines; Jennifer Schneider, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Carl Mitcham, Colorado School of Mines; Jon Leydens, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

regarding various sanitation options. If a student identified that political stakeholders influence sanitation options, this was considered an advanced response.≠ Basic: Basic responses reflect course concepts from either the prerequisite course, the wastewater course or both. For example, “regulations” and “treatment processes” were covered in the prerequisite class.≠ Incorrect: An inaccurate technical or non-viable nontechnical response was considered incorrect. For example, students suggested that “time” and “cleanliness” are sanitation issues in developed countries.For both scoring schemes, responses were double scored and averaged for subsequent analysis.The first scoring was completed by the course instructor, the second by

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

can reflect on and evaluate present and past D&T, its uses and effects. (Design and Technology Association, ¶1, 2010) As summarized in Developing Industrial Design Education: A British perspectivea paper by David Weightman, Professor/Director & Deana McDonagh, AssociateProfessor of Industrial Design of the School of Art and Design, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign: After establishing the context of design and design education in the UK, the authors describe emerging themes in industrial-design education. These themes can be classified into three types. The first theme involves enabling students to utilize a variety of research approaches at different levels. The design process

Conference Session

Design in BME Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Kennedy, Bucknell University; Donna Ebenstein, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

a chance to inspect thecube and observe any particular manufacturing errors or basic differences between differentmaterials. Each group or team is asked to explain any challenges they faced in manufacturingtheir side of the Cube and discuss the source of any flaws in the final produced piece or the fitwithin the assembly. The discussion about the evolution of the project from concept to prototypeto manufactured assembly also gives the students a sense of accomplishment and serves as anopportunity to reflect on what it took to bring this admittedly simple part to fruition.9. Research and Write Material MemoThe final written portion of the project serves to disseminate information learned by each teamregarding their particular assigned

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Westheider, University of Cincinnati; Patrick Brown, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

their male counterparts, the chances for success in these types of projects will be proof toboth genders that many girls are very skillful in these areas. It may take a while to graduallychange the perceptions that both genders have about their relative abilities, but if project basedlearning is a regular part of the science curriculum, we will have produced students who aremore experienced, more confident and more informed about the everyday activities of STEMcareers. This has the potential to gradually erase the disparity between the genders in scientificand technical arenas. The exploration of their own questions, the satisfaction of creating andtesting their own designs, and the experience of working in cooperative groups reflects the

Conference Session

DEED Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston; Enrique Barbieri, University of Houston; Miguel Ramos, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

senior project, it was decided that the senior capstone course would providethe best opportunity to assess these skills. Using a set of comprehensive rubric-basedtools, students are assessed on various dimensions of their performance including theareas described by the general learning outcomes. These in turn reflect the majority ofskills listed in the self-assessment survey. Figure 3 illustrates the basic links between thelearning outcomes and skills in the self-assessment. Skills Presentation skills Learning outcomes Assessments  Writing skills Ability to

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanical Systems: What's New

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arun Chintalapati, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Hong Sheng, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Richard Hall, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Robert Landers, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

information: actively (engagement in discussion or physical activity) or reflectively (introspection) 4. Their progress towards understanding: sequential (step by step incrementally) or globally (large jumps)Learning outcomesLearning outcome refers to the perceived knowledge gained by the students through the use ofdifferent methods of teaching or studying. Methods of teaching or studying typically includereading of textbooks, performing experiments in laboratory setting, and using informationtechnologies. Assessment of learning outcomes often include quantitative measures for notionssuch as motivation to learn, real world applicability, and knowledge or learning awareness 13.IV. Research TechniquesEye tracking and its role in usability

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Maria Nandadevi Cortes-Rodriguez, ​ Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics National Zoological Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

-participation-in-stem-project/.The blog included several questions that were developed based on the events that wereoccurring during the conference, using a phenomenology methodology. The questions wereanswered “on-site” by all the participants answered the questions daily while they were inEcuador, and then had time to reflect upon additional questions once they returned to the U.S.Each day, we posted a new question and by the next morning, we would have group discussionsabout their previous responses, and perceptions about upcoming activities. The questions wereposted as follows:1. For those participants who are preparing for the LACCEI conference in Guayaquil, pleaseshare your general thoughts over the next few days regarding your experiences

Conference Session

Reception & Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Kwadwo Osseo-Asare, Penn State University; Victor A Atiemo-Obeng, The Dow Chemical Company (Retired)

Tagged Topics

ASEE International Forum

relevant evaluation forms will be provided. Attire: Business casual.This assignment was designed to encourage the students to appreciate the minerals-materialslinkage, and to go beyond factual information to conceptual understanding and problem-solving.It was to challenge the students to reflect on and think broadly about their work as scientists andengineers. We wanted them to be aware of and appreciate the wider context and the policyimplications of their science and engineering activities. It was also to nudge them towardsviewing themselves as active participants in addressing Africa's science and technologychallenges.In tackling this assignment one of the major obstacles encountered by the students was the greatpressure related to the

Conference Session

Reception & Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Ruth Rodriguez Gallegos, Tecnológico de Monterrey

Tagged Topics

ASEE International Forum

Mathematics courses. A study of textbooks and modelling processes of high-school senior students. En Mathematical applications and modelling in the teaching and learning of mathematics. Proceeding from Topic Study Group 21 at ICME-11 en Monterrey, Mexico.Universidad de Roskilde. Dinamarca. 2009. 10. Rodríguez, R. (2010). Aprendizaje y Enseñanza de la Modelación: el caso de las ecuaciones diferenciales. Revista Latinoamericana de Matemática Educativa, 13 (4-I): 191-210. México. Disponible en: http://www.clame.org.mx/relime.htm Page 21.33.1411. Arslan, S., Chaachoua, H. y Laborde, C. (2004). Reflections on the

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session II - Faculty Development

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Mohammad Kamal Hossain, Tuskegee University; Stacy Benjamin, Northwestern University; Kwanju Kim, Hongik University; Manuel Löwer, RWTH Aachen University; Pradosh K. Ray, Tuskegee University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

solution customized forthat city. The urban areas selected reflect the geographically diverse nature of the teams:Ahmadabad (India), Seoul (Korea), Shanghai (China), Monterrey (Mexico), and Cincinnati(USA). Each team was responsible for its own team organization, project management, interimdeliverables and timeline, communications, and team-building activities. The Global JudgingTeam (comprising members from GM, University of Cincinnati, and University of Sao Paulo)defined the project deliverables. The judging criteria involved four areas: 1) market research, 2)design, 3) engineering, and 4) manufacturing.Our team was Team 2, composed of teams from Inha University-Engineering (South Korea),Monash University-Industrial Design (Australia

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer-Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Terry Beck, Kansas State University; Greg Payne, Kansas State University; Trevor Heitman, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the laser light sheet. For safety reasons, precautions were taken to minimizestray laser reflections. It is also important to instruct students about the safe use of lasers. Ageneric camcorder with tripod mount was used to capture both video and single frame images ofthe streamline flow. The camcorder was positioned about 10 ft (3 m) from the image plane tominimize parallax effects and to also provide large depth of field to keep everything in focus.Small Pitot-static Probe Directional MeasurementsFigure 5 shows the simple setup used for investigation of the directional characteristics of thesmall-scale Pitot-static tube. The probe was inserted in a special-purpose side mount fittingspecifically made for Pitot-static probe access. A simple

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Tom Erekson; Kurt Becker; Maurice Thomas; Christine Hailey

., Shuman, L.J., Gottfried, B.S., “Do Freshmen Design Texts Adequately Define the Engineering Design Process?” Proceedings, ASEE Conference and Exhibition, 1995. 9. Atman,C. J., Chimka, J. R., Bursic, K.M., and Nachtmann, H.L., “A Comparison of Freshman and Senior Engineering Design Processes,” Design Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2., 1999, pp. 131-152. 10. Adams, R., Turns, J., and Atman, C. J., “Educating Effective Engineering Designers: The Role of Reflective Practice,” Design Studies, Special Issue on Designing in Context, Vo. 24, No. 3, 2003., pp. 275-294. 11. Koen, B.V., “Toward a Strategy for Teaching Engineering Design, Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 83, No. 3, 1994, pp. 193-201. 12

Conference Session

Graduate Aerospace Systems Engineering Design

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Paul Lagace; Earll Murman

for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. Copyright  2005, American Society for Engineering Education.!! could be achieved in aerospace engineering, not only would faculty be better prepared to teachsystem design, but they also would better understand the practical import of their research andteaching in their disciplinary specialties. One outstanding attempt to address this imbalance isThe Boeing Company’s A.D. Welliver Faculty Fellow Program10. This has provided over 100faculty members a summer internship to understand and reflect upon how the modern practice ofengineering can be incorporated into their academic strategy. Unfortunately, other companieshave not demonstrated the same vision to

Conference Session

Academic Standards & Issues/Concerns & Retention

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Brian Manhire

catechizing or teaching how to write a sentence? But cries of dumbing down or politiciz- ing the classroom miss the point. No one cares about what is taught because that is not our charge. . . . We are in the business of creating a total environment, delivering an ex- perience, gaining satisfied customers. The classroom reflects this.40So, in a tacit arrangement, agreeable to both buyers and sellers, grade inflation serves as an ersatzproxy for the high academic achievement customers demand as part of the “experience” theypurchase so dearly.25, 34, 41 Branding has made un-inflated grades obsolete. Grades other than thehighest detract from the “best” educational experience on offer by creating unwanted unexpectedstudent-customer