Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Hamilton, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Figure 4 Students brewing during HB101 SessionOnce the beer is brewed it is also named, often these names reflect common experiences thestudents have had in their civil engineering courses. An example, “Fire Station Red” was namedto commemorate the capstone design project, designing a new campus fire station and “WallkillRaspberry Wheat” was named in honor of the Hydro course rafting trip on the Wallkill River.Other names have capitalize on engineering concepts, “Poisson’s Porter—Good in Every Way”or “Direct Stiffness Stout—Strong Enough to make you a Flexible Member”. Some of the beernames have emphasized the common student experience; such as “Partial Credit Pilsner” andGraduation Ale” among them. The naming of the beer does help our students

Conference Session

Improving Student Entrepreneurial Skills

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Santarelli, Cal State Fresno

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

annually.Research Question 2: What are the available resources to support development of aregional learning center for engineering? Inspection of the Phase I survey data showed that organizations prefer supporting students(see Figure 2). Sixteen of 21 respondents to the question of providing support to the localengineering program indicated that they would participate in design projects while only 1 of 21 Page 15.381.9respondents indicated that they would finance facility construction or fund infrastructuredevelopment. There were no responses to the choice of endowing faculty. Phase II results;however, clarified that organizations believe that tangible

Conference Session

Robotics in Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carlotta Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

LEGOS w/HandyBoard43University of West Curriculum integration LEGOS w/HandyBoard44 Page 15.877.3FloridaSwarthmore College Research project preparation, AAAI Khepera, ActivMedia Pioneers45Missouri University State of the art of robotics and Instructor-created kit usingof Science and architectures embedded C, Matlab imageTechnology processing46Carnegie Mellon Robots for study problem-based LEGOS with HandyBoard47-48University laboratory experimentsPontificia

Conference Session

Sustainability in Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary McCormick, Tufts University; Kristina Lawyer, Michigan Technological University; Meredith Berlin, University of Colorado - Boulder; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jonathan Wiggins, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

-opUndergraduate ResearchEngineering Design Class/Capstone Page 15.543.13Engineering Challenge QuestionPlease answer one of the following questions. Please limit your answer to approximatelyone page.Question A: As an engineering consultant, you were recently put on a team for a new project,and the client is your alma mater (the university you attended). The job involves providingrecommendations on all aspects of new projects and on the potential renovation of existingfacilities.Note that the client (your university) is not exempt from the challenging economic times and islooking for ways to save money upfront and to reduce long term costs. What types of changeswould you like to make to address these challenges? What will

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Ian Gravagne, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2010-851: DEVELOPING AN ENERGY LITERACY CURRICULUM FORINCOMING FRESHMEN AT BAYLOR UNIVERSITY: LESSONS LEARNEDKenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University Dr. Van Treuren is a professor on the faculty in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Baylor University. He teaches the capstone Mechanical Engineering Laboratory course as well as courses in heat transfer, aerospace engineering, gas turbines, fluid mechanics, and wind power. His research interests include energy education and gas turbine heat transfer. He can be contacted at Kenneth_Van_Treuren@baylor.edu.Ian Gravagne, Baylor University Dr. Gravagne is an assistant professor with the Electrical and Computer Engineering department at

Conference Session

Faculty Development for Distance Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Donohue, The College of New Jersey; Christine Schnittka, University of Kentucky; Larry Richards, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

theyseemed to be the most logical candidates for recruitment. However, many students were notacademically prepared to enroll in college STEM courses without remediation, often becauseprevious curriculum choices resulted in limited exposure to math and science in these students’programs of study. Other obstacles include students’ lack of awareness of engineering as apossible career because of unfamiliarity with the profession.1 One natural extension, then, wasto focus projects at the middle school level, where timely interventions would ideally lead toenrollment in classes that would better prepare students for the rigors of college STEM studies.Research, however, is increasingly indicating that that intervention efforts must begin as early

Conference Session

Issues and Directions in ET Education & Administration: Part III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Terri Talbert-Hatch, Indiana University; Adrie Koehler, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Damon Hathaway, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Kelly Keelen, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

transitioning process.” Many universitiesinvolve students in capstone projects and courses as a chance for seniors to showcase all of theskills and knowledge they have acquired over their educational careers1,2,3.Bulger, Lindauer, and Jacobsen4 found that participants benefited from the incorporation ofprofessional development curriculum in a series of courses, and the participants felt suchcurricular pieces not only readied them but also brought “closure” on their college experience. A2008 employer survey reveals, “At least three in ten employers give college graduates low scoresfor their preparedness in global knowledge, self-direction, writing, critical thinking, andadaptability” (p. 20)2. After analyzing the survey results and assessing many senior

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salahuddin Qazi, SUNY Institute of Technology; Robert C Decker, Mohawk Valley Community College

andmanipulation of biological molecules 6,7,8,9. The imaging capability of AFM combined withmanipulation allows precise control of nanoscale components over which nanostrucures aremoved and characterized at each step of manipulation or assembly.Scanning probe microscopes have been expensive and were used mainly by the researchuniversities and high tech industry. However due to the increasing use of AFM for teachingpurposes, the leading providers of AFMs have developed low cost, high-value scanningprobe microscopes. The goal of our project is to set up an instructional lab using low costAFM and develop instructional material for visualization and manipulation of nanoscalecomponents for two and four year engineering technology programs. The paper will

Conference Session

Exemplary Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Davis, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, and (3)manufacturing of plastic pellets using the creation of pixel cookies as a hands-on classroom activity.The undergraduate mentors leverage their industrial and academic experiences to create the lessons andact as role models for college and professional success. Evaluation of the activities includes a mappingto academic content standards, student interest surveys, and mentors’ reflections on their experiences.1. IntroductionThe Computer Science Investigations (CSI: Cincinnati) project brings undergraduates in engineeringand computing-related fields into urban STEM classrooms to interact with and teach high schoolstudents. CSI: Cincinnati is funded under the National Science Foundation’s Broadening Participation inComputing program and

Conference Session

Students' Abilities and Attitudes

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geoff Wright; Peter Rich, Brigham Young University; Keith Leatham, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

mathematical self-efficacy and problem solving skills). The research project is in its second year of implementation. Last year 120 students were introduced into the course, and this year 80 more students are involved in the project. Thus far, the results of the project have shown a strong correlation between student engineering interest, aptitude, programming understanding, and an increased understanding of mathematics.IntroductionMathematics has long been regarded as an essential skill, as noted by the American Society forEngineering Education’s mathematics division (Selingo, 2008). The Cold-War era “space race”pushed engineering awareness, mathematical, and scientific ability to the fore of our educationalsystem. And

Conference Session

High School Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Benjamin Stein, University of Wisconsin; Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and at the Center on Education and Work. He uses experimental and discourse-based research methods to understand the cognitive, social and embodied nature of STEM learning and instruction. He is currently co-principal investigator of the AWAKEN project in engineering education, along with Professors Sandra Shaw Courter and L. Allen Phelps.Benjamin Stein, University of Wisconsin Benjamin Stein is a graduate student in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, where his work is in hyperspectral laser design. Before returning to school, he worked as a math instructor at Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University and an electronics design engineer at ASML. These experiences as an

Conference Session

The New ABET CE Criteria - Program Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Welch, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

students learn best anything that they experiencethemselves as well as normally do repetitively. Many engineering educators havehomework, design projects, and mid-term exams, and many times topics are tested againon a final exam. This process allows the student to first wrestle with the concept at theirown pace in a homework assignment where they can collaborate with others before beingasked to test their skills within a timed event such as an exam. Learning by doing is theprimary basis behind the growth of project-based learning (PBL) opportunities.4 Someprograms have been completely sold on the concept to the point of desiring PBL for alllearning activities within the program.5,6 These collaborative, team design experiencesallow even deeper

Conference Session

Computer Gaming and Virtual Reality for Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Birmingham, Grove City College

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

either costly or required special licensing. The Microsoft Zune, however, avoids thoseproblems. The Zune is relatively inexpensive and is supported by an excellent SDK and IDE, both ofwhich are free. In this paper, we describe our experience teaching mobile gaming with the Zune. Weexplain how the Zune platform is used, we outline the projects we use, the topics covered in lecture, andwe give examples of game developed by students. In addition, we provide student assessment of thecourse. We describe how the course supports our ABET course and program outcomes.1. IntroductionMobile gaming is one of the most important and growing segments of the computer games industry1. Itdrives hardware and software innovation in the smartphone market segment

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Daniel Kirk, Florida Institute of Technology; Tein-min Tan, Drexel University; Sridhar Santhanam, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

AC 2010-862: DEVELOPING THE AEROSPACE WORKFORCE: A BOEINGEXPERIENCEKenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University Dr. Van Treuren is a professor on the faculty in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Baylor University. He teaches the capstone Mechanical Engineering Laboratory course as well as courses in heat transfer, aerospace engineering, gas turbines, fluid mechanics, and wind power. His research interests include energy education and gas turbine heat transfer. He can be contacted at Kenneth_Van_Treuren@baylor.edu.Daniel Kirk, Florida Institute of Technology Dr. Daniel Kirk is an Associate Professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at the Florida Institute of

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alberto Gomez-Rivas, University of Houston-Downtown; Lea Campbell, University of Houston, Downtown; George Pincus, University of Houston, Downtown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

evaluating the student learning outcome,(4) collect the exam or assignment,(4) Using the rubric, score the artifact and review the results, Page 15.326.5(5) Use the results for program improvement. The advantages of course-embedded assessment are multiple and diverse: (1) it is a process ofusing student activities, rather than nationally normed tests or surveys to assess skills andknowledge, (2) it builds on the daily work (assignments, tests, projects) of students and faculty,(3) it gets students to participate more fully as this is not a voluntary activity but part of theircourse work, (4) it is not "added on" to faculty work but is a part of their

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace and Successful Graduates for a Flat World: What Does It Take?

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University; Hien Nguyen, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International

students’ meet the needs of the global workforce. One exampleof such experiences is the use of cross-national engineering student teams at the capstone level.Introduction “In the United States the oceans that bound our coasts no longer insulate us from other nations. In this dynamic global economy and political environment, engineering must adjust to the new world view.” (National Academy of Engineering, 2004)1 “Every day the men and women of this workforce will face the stress of competing in the fast-paced world of change we call the knowledge-based global economy of the twenty- first century. They will also face even larger challenges because the nation and world will need to call on them to seize

Conference Session

Business Meeting

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Farison, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

7:00 – 8:15 am Multidisciplinary Design Constituents 2271 8:30 – 10:15 am Multidisciplinary Capstone Design Projects (co- sponsor: Design in Engineering Education Div.) 2471 12:30 – 2:00 pm Experiential and Service Learning 2561 2:15 – 4:00 pm Learning to Communicate with Engineers and Non- Engineers (co-sponsor: Liberal Education Div.) 2571 2:15 – 4:00 pm Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation 2671 4:30 – 6:00 pm Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Meeting Wednesday, June 25 3171 7:00 – 8:15 am

Conference Session

Emerging Information Technologies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aloundeth Oupraxay, National University, San Diego, USA; Mudasser Wyne, National University, San Diego, USA; Patrick Olson, National University, San Diego, USA

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

streamline business processes with mobiledevices. The work reported in this paper was undertaken by Oupraxay [4] as a capstone project tosatisfy his graduation requirements. In the following sections we present implementation; analysisand system workflow, class diagram and design of the final products.MotivationMobile Order Management System (MOMS) is developed for a business that currently providesspecialized tablet computers to the sales representatives to carry around and use in the field tocreate new orders, look up customer and parts information, and other related activities. Theproblem with this model is that the tablet computers can be very costly to upgrade and maintain.For example, a single tablet computer may cost up to $3000 excluding

Conference Session

New Collaborations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Sapp Nelson, Purdue University; Michael Fosmire, Purdue University Libraries -- PHYS

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

improve student outcomes in specific courses. 12-14 In particular, librarian involvement indesign courses has proved to be a successful point of collaboration.15 Additionally, librarianshave developed tools for interacting with faculty around issues of information literacy, includinganalysis of syllabi16 and assignment analysis.17In some cases, librarians have been asked to collaborate in a total curriculum overhaul for adepartment, college, or university. In the case of Hulse et al., a single capstone course wasdesigned with librarian input to meet desired lifelong learning outcomes.10 Macalpine and Uddinintegrated information literacy across four years of design courses at Trinity University.18Similarly, Nerz and Bullard integrated information

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Dischino, Central Connecticut State University; Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Peter Baumann, Central Connecticut State University; Viatcheslav Naoumov, Central Connecticut State University; Zdzislaw Kremens, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

improve the outcome of tendon injuries through engineering. As a graduate student, Dr. Dischino became heavily involved in educational outreach work with inner-city public school students in Philadelphia. It was through this work that she realized her passion for teaching technology and engineering concepts at all levels and encouraging students to achieve their full potential in these fields. She is currently a member of the American Society of Engineering Education, the International Technology Education Association and the Association for Science Teacher Education, as well as a Champion Board Member of the Connecticut branch of the National Girls Collaborative Project and Board

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Margot Hutchins, Michigan Technological Universtiy; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; Chris VanArsdale, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Undergraduate Engineering Education,” J. Engineering Ed., Vol. 94, No. 1, 2005, pp. 121-130.3. Kline, R., “World War II: A Watershed in Electrical Engineering Education,” IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Summer 1994, pp. 17-23.4. Dutson, A. J., R. H. Todd, S. P. Magleby and C. D. Sorensen, "A Review of Literature on Teaching Engineering Design Through Project-Oriented Capstone Courses," Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 86, No. 1, 1997, pp. 17-28.5. Howard, B. “Enough of this Science and Mathematics, Let’s Do Some Engineering,” Proc. of the Frontiers in Education Conference, 1999, Session 13d2, pp. 8-10.6. Nguyen, D. Q., “The Essential Skills and Attributes of an Engineer: A Comparative Study of Academics, Industry Personnel

Conference Session

Post BS Entrepreneurship Education Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Barbe, University of Maryland; James Green, University of Maryland; Dean Chang, University of Maryland

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Engineering and industry in the State of Maryland. Initialprograms included: • On-campus incubator opened in temporary buildings and moved to a permanent building in 1998 • Program to establish industrially oriented laboratories • Manufacturing extensionIn 1987, a new program was added to facilitate R&D projects for Maryland companies, carriedout on campus by faculty and graduate students – Maryland Industrial Partnerships (MIPS).Since 1999, Mtech’s entrepreneurship programs have evolved significantly with the followingtimeline:1999 Hinman CEOs residential program for juniors and seniors2001 Technology Startup Boot Camp University of Maryland Business Plan Competition

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian German, Georgia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

shown by Henderson4 and hasrecently been articulated as a priority by the National Research Council (NRC) in the publicationEducating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting Engineering Education to the New Century: Engineering educators should introduce interdisciplinary learning in the undergraduate curriculum and explore the use of case studies of engineering successes and failures as a learning tool.5Instructional techniques similar to case studies that are employed frequently in aerospaceengineering programs include the capstone design course and design-build-fly competitions.These design programs mimic cases in many ways, but there are several differences. First,students typically participate in only one or two such design/build activities

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Progress Reports: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Stier, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

“the assessment tool(s) that will be used to assess studentlearning”25. There are both direct and indirect assessment measures. Direct measures ofassessment provide for the direct examination or observation of student knowledge or skillsagainst measurable performance criteria. These would include such instruments as writtenexams, oral exams, embedded questions in exams and assignments, portfolio analysis,papers/writing samples, simulated activities/case-studies, capstone projects, inside and outsideexaminers, and internship experiences. Indirect measures of assessment ascertain the opinion orself-report of the extent or value of learning experiences. Some examples of indirect measures of

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kuntinee Maneeratana, Chulalongkorn University; Angkee Sripakagorn, Chulalongkorn University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

basic and intermediate mechanical engineering courses. This may be obvious asa very large amount of credits are devoted to these courses. However, the relationships are alsoquite low in the last three semesters, particularly the advanced solid and thermo-fluid designcourses (no. 39 and 42). This is quite notable as these semesters are devoted to the design andcapstone courses which represent the culmination of study and the design outcomes. Not onlyshould these situations be further investigated, it is quite clear that the final GPA is hardly a goodindicator of satisfactory outcomes.This disassociation is also particularly pronounced with the capstone Senior Project (Figure 5)with the highest average correlation being with the Technical Writing

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Andrea Bill, University of Wisconsin; Shashi Nambisan, Iowa State University; Ida van Schalkwyk, Oregon State University; Rod Turochy, Auburn University; Rhonda Young, Texas Christian University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, where he coordinates an inter-disciplinary, college-wide capstone design program. He received a Ph.D. in from Washington State University, MS from Dartmouth College, and BS from University of Massachusetts. His research interests include engine testing, alternative fuel combustion, design pedagogy, and assessment of professional skills in project environments.Andrea Bill, University of Wisconsin ANDREA BILL is a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison pursuing a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, with an emphasis in traffic engineering and safety. Her research incorporates aspects from each of these disciplines, with a specific emphasis on discovering new and innovative ways to

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Management

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

to provide students with the technicalbackground required for successful careers in industry and business. The coursework within eachprogram offers experiences in real-world situations that enhance the preparation of graduates.Results from this study have already been incorporated into courses that include: ProblemAnalysis and Design; Machine Tool; Computer-Aided Design; Project Management; QualityAssurance; Engineering Economics; Environmental Engineering; Engineering Ethics, Contracts,and Patents; Industrial Safety Engineering; Computing Systems; Senior Projects; SeniorEngineering Capstone; Senior Capstone: Production Laboratory; and Technology in WorldCivilization; along with the Industrial Internship Program. In addition to textbook

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad Hager, United States Air Force Academy; Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Jerry Hamann, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

and provides performancesimilar to traditional small microcontrollers such as the Motorola/Freescale 68HC11 [16, 17].Smith at the University of St. Thomas has developed a spreadsheet CPU that simulates theoperation of a central processing unit for teaching purposes [18]. Most recently Hayne at theCitadel has developed VHDL homework exercises and a capstone design project to providehands-on application of computer architecture course concepts [19]. We hold this entire body of Page 15.639.5related efforts in the highest regard. However, we needed a Verilog HDL based architecture todirectly support the architecture described in Mano and Kime [2

Conference Session

Learning by Doing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Melin, United States Military Academy; Richard Hallon, United States Military Academy; Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

to the quantitative data, qualitative questions are also asked of the students. In theseresponses, the students clearly appreciated the base camp portion of the course, which was theapplication portion. For example, in response to the question, “What did you learn in the coursethat will be of help to you in the future?”, 29% of the 56 students commented on the base campportion of the course as the best for preparing for the future. Comments included the following:What did you learn in the course that will be of help to you in the future? • How to develop base camps • If I ever have to help plan and build a basecamp, I'm prepared. • Base camps are no joke. • How to manage a construction project and what goes into making a base camp

Conference Session

Curriculum in Telecommunications Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Hasan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

incorporating research elements: Although undergraduate students may not bematured enough for research, a flavor of such could be introduced to them 11. Performance andpower consumption of a design, trade-offs among various metrics, and the issues of reliabilityand upgradability could be analyzed for a design implementation. These activities are expectedto stimulate critical thinking in the students that would be beneficial in the capstone designproject in their senior year as well as in the profession.With the above points in view, this paper outlines both the lecture and laboratory contents ofsuch a course, its evaluation strategy, course related research involving students, justification andincorporation of the course in the curriculum. The paper