Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Martin Koch

Project (Team based) (see figures 7 through 12) Teams of three. They make two molds per team. Yield: Two CP key chains per student. Six key chains for the House. Time: About an hour for all the teams to mold, pour and clean the castings.In this beginning project the students work in teams of 3 to produce, pour and clean a mold toyield 6 key chains. They must successful produce the Cope and Drag mold halves, pour themold, breakout the castings and finish them via sanding, drilling and bead blasting. They willuse these skills when they do their individual medallion projects.Figure 7) Master pattern CAD Figure 8) Machined Wax Master Proceedings of the 2015 American Society for Engineering

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Norali Pernalete; Shima Hajimirza

SystemEngineering technology students take a technical elective course in robotics during their senioryear. In this class, they design and build a telerobotic (master-slave) system to execute a simpleactivity of daily living. They use a Novint Falcon haptic device on the master side and build amanipulator for the slave side of the system. They design and build the interface in LabVIEWand design and build the electronics to control the slave manipulator. Some students haveadapted off-the-shelf robotic kits for the slave manipulator. Figure 5 shows two of the systems. Proceedings of the 2015 American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Conference Copyright © 2015, American Society for Engineering Education

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Jeffrey Ashworth; William Crisler

on basic knowledge in the engineering curricula. Inthis document, the authors list some of these issues for consideration in undergraduate programs.Apparently, some prerequisite courses in engineering disciplines emphasize the theoreticalapproach without proper basic knowledge or practical reinforcement. It is often assumedstudents thoroughly understand mathematics, physics, and basic discipline specific knowledgebefore advanced theoretical techniques are introduced. Students can master advanced techniqueswithout understanding the basic principles or limitations of these concepts. In many designcourses throughout academia, students are given previously developed routines or programs toutilize in problem solution. Even in industry/academic

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Alireza Farahani; Lu Zhang

solution describes each step in the solution and providesan optional hint assist that can further provides clues about the approach. The step-by-stepsolution feature of Wolfram that is provided in the Pro version of the system can greatly assist inteaching and can also help students master solution steps. Figure 5- Solving a quadratic Figure 6 - solution to a quadratic equation along with step by step solution equationThe input solve can be used to solve a large collection of equations including exponential andlogarithmic equations that students typically see in college algebra or similar courses and oftenhave difficulty to reproduce solution steps. With Wolfram students can drill through problemsand solve as many equations as needed to master

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

PS. Dhanasekaran

equity in AI policies that consider all aspects of AI in education.applications within education, (3) preparing educators to Develop a Master Plan for Using AI for Educationunderstand AI and fostering AI's understanding of Management, Teaching, Learning, and Assessment: Thiseducation, (4) developing robust and inclusive data recommendation suggests that policymakers shouldsystems, (5) enhancing the significance of research on AI develop a comprehensive plan for using AI in variousin education, and (6) ensuring ethics and transparency in aspects of education to ensure its effectivedata collection, usage, and dissemination. These implementation. For example, a master plan couldchallenges are

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Byul Hur, Texas A&M University

University includes topics of microcontroller architecture and hardware and software aspectsof microcontrollers and applications. The courses are offered for undergraduate engineering studentsin the Electronic Systems Engineering Technology program [1-3].For graduate students who are interested in the advanced topics of embedded systems, an EmbeddedIntelligent System Design course was created and offered in Fall 2019. This course was also offeredin Fall 2022 and Spring 2024. This Embedded Intelligent System Design course was created as oneof the onset courses of the resident Master of Science in Engineering Technology (MSET) [4]. Thispaper introduces the lecture and practice session contents and class management of this embeddedintelligent system

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Oliver Cole Harrison, Wichita State University; Adam Carlton Lynch, Wichita State University; Ridge Daniel Towner, Wichita State University

designs controls systems, programs robots, and develops custom automated solutions for clients. His interests include PLCs, client and supplier relations, robot programming, research and development for industrial automation.Dr. Adam Carlton Lynch, Wichita State University ADAM CARLTON LYNCH received the BS and MS degrees in Industrial and Systems Engineering from the University of Southern California. He received his Master of International Management from the Thunderbird School of Management (part of Arizona State University). He completed a PhD in Industrial, Systems, and Manufacturing Engineering (ISME) from Wichita State University (WSU) in Kansas. Dr. Lynch has 30 years of global industry experience, particularly

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Todd W Polk, University of Texas at Dallas; Robert Hart P.E., University of Texas at Dallas

Paper ID #49588A Rigorous Capstone Peer Evaluation ProcessDr. Todd W Polk, University of Texas at Dallas Dr. Todd Polk is a Professor of Practice in the Bioengineering Department at the University of Texas at Dallas. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from Texas A&M University. He received his Master of Science and PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at Dallas. He brings over 20 years of industry experience to the classroom.Dr. Robert Hart P.E., University of Texas at Dallas Robert Hart is a Professor of Practice in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Pedro Cordeiro Povoa Cupertino, Wichita State University; Adam Carlton Lynch, Wichita State University

from the University of Southern California. He received his Master of International Management from the Thunderbird School of Management (part of Arizona State University). He completed a PhD in Industrial, Systems, and Manufacturing Engineering (ISME) from Wichita State University (WSU) in Kansas. Dr. Lynch has 30 years of global industry experience, particularly aerospace. Dr. Lynch now serves as an Associate Teaching Professor in the Applied Engineering department and as an Adjunct in ISME at WSU. His research interests include Engineering Education, Leadership, Mentoring and Lean Six Sigma. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division (EPP) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanru Xu, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ji’an Liu; YaXuan Wen; Lufan Wang, Florida International University; Yan Wei, Southern University of Science and Technology; Yiming Rong, Southern University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy Division (EPP)

: AnAnalytical Lens of Historical InstitutionalismDr Yanru Xu, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesYanru’s research interests focus on research-teaching-study nexus in higher engineeringeducation, higher education management, and the sociology of higher education.Professor Ji’an Liu, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesProfessor Liu’s research interests focus on higher education management, and students’teaching and learning in higher education.Miss Yaxuan Wen, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesMiss Wen is a master student in Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academyof Sciences, Beijing, China. Her research interest focus on higher engineering education.Dr Lufan Wang, Florida International UniversityDr Lufan is an assistant

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Changing How We Teach: Flipping, Project-Based Learning, and More!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin McMullen, United States Military Academy; David Carlson, United States Military Academy; Brad Davis, United States Military Academy; Jes Barron, United States Military Academy; Brock Barry, United States Military Academy; Jakob Bruhl, United States Military Academy

Mechanical Engineering at the United States Military Academy, West Point, NY. He was commissioned as an Engineer Officer from the U.S. Military Academy in 2010 with a bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering. He earned a Master of Science Degree in Environmental Engineering from the Missouri University of Science and Technology in Rolla, Missouri in 2014. He also earned a Master of Science in Civil Engineering from Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana in 2019. Major Carlson is a licensed Professional engineer in the state of Missouri. He has served in a variety of Engineering and Combat units with varying leadership roles. His research interests include construction management and lean construction.Brad G

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 9

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emil H. Salib, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

able to extract: the Pairwise Master Key (PMK), Pairwise Transit Key (PTK), the Temporal Key (TK), Key Encryption Key (KEK), Key Confirmation Key (KCK), Group Temporal Key (GTK) and Integrity Group Transient Key (IGTK). These are required for validating the Python imple- mentation scripts of WPA3 security algorithms. Note that TK is required for decrypting the IEEE 802.11 traffic captured by Wireshark. Figure 1: IEEE 802.11 WPA3-Personal Network Arrangement.In Figures 1 and 2, the IEEE 802.11 sniffer was an iMac desktop running Wireshark and configuredin monitoring/sniffing mode [22] to capture IEEE 802.11 packets exchanged between STA/wirelessclient (such as, RPi-3B wpa-rasp) and AP/Wireless Access Points

Collection

2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Marcela Alexandra Mera Trujillo, West Virginia University; Yasser Alshehri, Yanbu Industrial College ; Dale G Dzielski MBA, CMA, PMP, SAFe 4 Agilist, West Virginia University; Katerina Goseva-Popstojanova, West Virginia University

Electrical Engineering which includes both a Graduate Certificate and a Master of Sci- ence in Software Engineering. In this role, he coordinates 10 instructors and faculty, offering 24 graduate courses online, oversees the marketing efforts of the program, leads the program admissions committee for new admits, advises all program students, leads the Quality Matters effort to improve curriculum and alignment of the courses to a state and national online standard, and teaches five courses in the program. He has participated on various research grants including CITeR and ARPA-E GENSETS programs. He is performing Software Engineering research for NASA IV&V through the West Virginia Space Grant Consortium in the areas of

Conference Session

Personnel Development & Retention

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yun Dong, Iowa State University; Subhanwit Roy, Iowa State University; Lorenzo D. Baber, Loyola University, Chicago ; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

process of newly hired employeeslearning the necessary behaviors, attitudes, and required skills and knowledge for achieving arole in an organization [1]-[4]. As its outcomes linked to employee job performance andretention [4]-[6], new employees' proactive or motivated behaviors in the socializationprocess [7]-[9] have been explored and defined by many scholars. According to previousstudies, new employees' proactive behaviors affect short-term outcomes in the socializationprocess, such as better understanding their roles and jobs, mastering the required knowledgeand skills, and getting socially integrated into the workgroup [6], [8], [10]. In addition, theirproactive behaviors also affect long-term outcomes such as job satisfaction and job

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Zachariah E. Fuchs, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

”,“satisfactory ”, or “mastered” toward achieving each goal. For goal 1, 55% of students achieved“mastered”, 27% achieved “satisfactory”, and 18% achieved “limited”. For goal 3, 68% achieved“mastered” and 32% achieved “satisfactory”. For goal 4, 91% achieved “mastered” and 9%achieved “satisfactory”. The lower performance of goal 1, was primarily attributed to a singlequestion regarding serial communication in which students conflated aspects of SPI andasynchronous communication. The question may not have been worded as clearly as it could havebeen.Although the students performed well on the final exam, the use of these metrics for the overalleffectiveness of the course could be improved. The overall system design structure of the finalexam worked well

Conference Session

Critical Conversations on Being Valued

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Emily Gwen Blosser, University of Louisiana at Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education, Equity

Paper ID #33187An Analysis of Gendered Outreach Messages on the Engineer Girl Website:How Female Engineers Promote Engineering to Young WomenDr. Emily Gwen Blosser, University of Louisiana at Lafayette Dr. Emily Blosser is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. She has a Bachelor of Arts in German from the University of Texas and a Master of Public Affairs from the LBJ School of Public Affairs and a Master of Arts in Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies from the University of Texas at Austin. She holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from Louisiana State University. She is interested

Conference Session

DISTINGUISHED LECTURE: 2020 Best PIC and Zone Papers

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shuvra Das, University of Detroit Mercy; Darrell K. Kleinke P.E., University of Detroit Mercy; David Pistrui, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors

, and Dentsu, among many others. David holds a Ph.D. (Cum Laude) in Applied Economics, Entrepreneurship and Strategy, from Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, a Ph.D., in Sociology from the University of Bucharest, a Master of Arts in Liberal Studies from DePaul University, and a Bachelor of Business Administration, in Marketing and Economics from Western Michigan University. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Reimagining Engineering Education: Does Industry 4.0 need Education 4.0?AbstractIndustry 4.0 is a commonly used term to refer to the fourth industrial revolution that is currentlyunderway. The

Collection

AEE Journal

Authors

Martha Liliana Torres-Barreto; Ginna Paola Castro Castaño; Mileidy Alvarez Melgarejo

competencies (Marzo, Pedraja, and Rivera 2006). Thus, the role of engineers in today’s society is given not only by the ability to solve problemsusing their mathematical heritage, and their creative ingenuity, but also, by the sum of their special-ized, social, communication and participatory skills. THE MASTER CLASS AND ITS IMPACT ON LEARNING PROCESSES Over the last decades, research lines evaluating academic results of students have emerged. Theresearch has been focused on students’ responses to traditional methods of education (Vásquezand Torres-Barreto 2014). Numerous works agree on the importance of designing an appropriate setof techniques and strategies to support the learning processes. Most of these strategies focus

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Guariento, University of Glasgow; Nazmi Abdel-Salam Almasri, The Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine; Anna Rolinska, University of Glasgow

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

Paper ID #14492Investigating EAST (A Scotland-Gaza English for Academic Study Telecol-laboration between SET Students)Mr. Bill Guariento, University of Glasgow I have worked as an English for Academic Purposes tutor at the University of Glasgow for 15 years, directing the University’s year-round pre-sessional course, lecturing on the sociolinguistics options of our Masters in ELT, and leading our in-sessional work with Science, Engineering and Technology students. I have worked as a teacher-trainer in Italy and Eritrea, and prepared and taught on English preparation courses specifically for electrical engineers in China

Conference Session

Educational Issues in Civil Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

of Participating Institutions • Total number of institutes from where the REU participants were recruited = 44 • PhD Granting Institutions = 38 (87%) • Undergraduate Institutes with Engineering Degree Programs = 1 (2%) • Institutes with No Engineering Programs and Four-Year Colleges = 5 (11%)Educational Placement of REU Participants • Degrees finished Page 14.1027.15 o Bachelors = 94 (83%) o Masters = 55 (49%) o PhD = 2 (2%) 120 113

Conference Session

Issues of Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Cristina Camacho, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

using a multi-step content analysis methodology.The population for this study involved all the senior female engineering students who weregraduating from a university in the Midwest at the end of the semester. These women wereselected to complete the survey because they were graduating with an engineering degree, thusthey were best able to provide the information needed to better understand the factors thathindered and assisted them in completing a degree in engineering. A master list of all the femaleengineering students who were graduating at the end of the semester was obtained from theWomen in Engineering Office at the university in the Midwest. The master list consisted of 127female engineering students from eleven departments within the

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Panagiotis Skrimponis, New York University; Nikos Makris, University of Thessaly; Karen Cheng, Columbia University; Jonatan Ostrometzky, Columbia University; Zoran Kostic, Columbia University; Gil Zussman, Columbia University; Thanasis Korakis, New York University; Sheila Borges Rajguru, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

) in Electrical Engineering from Tel- Aviv University, Israel, in 2009. He received his M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering (through the Accelerated Master Program), and his Ph.D. from Tel-Aviv University in 2012 and 2017, respectively. He was a postdoctoral research scientist at Columbia University (supervised by Prof. Gil Zussman) between 2018 and 2020, where he led WiMNet lab’s NSF-BSF project in the area of wireless networks robustness via weather-sensitive predictive management, and has performed research in the area of power grid re- silience and worked on the COSMOS project. In particular, Jonathan focused on the COSMOS program for middle and high school teachers. Currently, Jonatan is a faculty member at

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Team/Project-based Pedagogy and Approaches

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alexander Bryan Bailey, Alfred State College; Trevor S. Michelson, State University of New York, Alfred State; Reza Rashidi, State University of New York, Alfred State

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

require essentialknowledge in different areas of mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering, and these skillsmay not be possible to be achieved with traditional learning cycles. In addition, these emergingprocesses are usually taught to graduate students who have already mastered the fundamentals ofengineering. In this research, the instructor of the course designed an accelerated approach to getthe undergraduate student up to speed in this field in a short amount of time. The idea behind thisresearch was to find the most efficient way of microfabrication learning within an academicsemester rather than developing a device. The mechanical engineering undergraduate studentreceived help from two resources. First, the instructor of the course

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yoonjeong Lee, Texas A&M University, Galveston; Baukje Bee Kothuis, Delft University of Technology; Antonia Sebastian, Texas A&M University, Galveston; Sam Brody

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

casestudy. The three to four case studies change every year. Students from diverse disciplines, includingengineering, planning, economics, hydrology, biology, architecture, geography, communications, andcomputational hydraulics, interested in flood risk reduction can apply. Those accepted into the Programare placed in interdisciplinary research teams composed of 5-6 students: 1-2 PhD, 2-3 Masters, and 2-3undergraduate students. The teams are guided by project faculty mentors from both U.S. and Dutchpartner institutions. A two-week long research trip to the Netherlands provides transformativeeducation and an authentic learning environment through field trips, meetings with Dutch flood experts,lectures, and participation in design workshops. Students

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 7: Learning and Research in Makerspaces

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Torralba, University of Miami; Rob Rouse, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

host university and four from a local high school)volunteered to work in three different teams to redesign and improve the mobilemakerspace. From the university, there were five freshmen, one junior, one senior, fourfirst-year masters, and one master graduate who had recently been accepted into anengineering Ph.D. program. All students from the high school were juniors. Theinclusion of the high school students was part of a community partnership between theSchool of Engineering at PSU and a local high school that housed a makerspace.Although some of the students had used some of the tools and equipment at theirmakerspace, none of them had previously worked at the SIL or in engineering activitiessimilar to the IDC.The IDC was led by Lindsay and

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antonette T. Cummings P.E., Purdue University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Paper ID #11409Helicopter Aerodynamics and Design Course Developed from a Research-Informed FrameworkMs. Antonette T. Cummings P.E., Purdue University Antonette T. Cummings is a PhD candidate in Engineering Education at Purdue University. She earned her Bachelors and Masters in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. She functioned as an aerodynamicist for military and civilian tiltrotors at Bell Helicopter for seven years, earning airplane and helicopter private pilot ratings. She has a Professional Engineer license in Texas in Thermal/Fluid Systems.Dr. William ”Bill” C. Oakes, Purdue University

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Evaluating Student Behaviors and Attitudes

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University; Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Paul D. Mathis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow. He received his B.S. in Civil Engineering in 2011 with a minor in philosophy and his M. S. in Civil Engineering in 2015. His research focuses on understanding engineers’ core values, dispositions, and worldviews. His dissertation focuses on conceptualizations, the importance of, and methods to teach empathy within engineering. He is currently the Education Director for Engineers for a Sustainable World and an assistant editor for Engineering Studies.Mr. Paul D. Mathis, Purdue University, West Lafayette Engineering Education PhD undergraduate student at Purdue University. Previously a high school educa- tor for six years with a masters in education curriculum and BS

Conference Session

Key Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE - Part 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Decker B Hains P.E., Western Michigan University; Stephen J. Ressler P.E., Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, U.S. Military Academy; Thomas A. Lenox , Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Paper ID #28789Lessons Learned from the Implementation of Board Certification in theMedical ProfessionDr. Decker B Hains P.E., Western Michigan University Dr. Decker B. Hains is a Master Faculty Specialist in the Department of Civil and Construction Engi- neering at Western Michigan University. He is a retired US Army Officer serving 22 years on active duty with the US Army Corps of Engineers and taught at the United States Military Academy at West Point (USMA). He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering from USMA in 1994, Master of Science degrees from the University of Alaska Anchorage in Arctic

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shuvra Das, University of Detroit Mercy; Darrell K. Kleinke P.E., University of Detroit Mercy; David Pistrui, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

publications in the areas of growth strategies, family business, and engineering. David has held corporate leadership positions with VideoCart, MediaOne, Parade Publications, Time Inc., and Purex Industries. He has worked with a wide range of organizations including Tenneco, KPMG, Motorola, Wrigley, IBM, Comarch, GrubHub, Minnetronix, Cleversafe, Siemans, and Dentsu, among many others. David holds a Ph.D. (Cum Laude) in Applied Economics, Entrepreneurship and Strategy, from Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, a Ph.D., in Sociology from the University of Bucharest, a Master of Arts in Liberal Studies from DePaul University, and a Bachelor of Business Administration, in Marketing and Economics from Western Michigan

Conference Session

FPD 1: Projects and Teamwork in First-Year Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diana G. de la Rosa-Pohl, University of Houston (CoE); Stuart A. Long, University of Houston (CoE); Casey Goodwin, University of Houston Honors Engineering Program

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

point-and-click were entering college withalmost no knowledge of the inner workings of the hardware that they were so accustomed tousing. These younger students were becoming master users of technology but had almost noknowledge about how things actually worked. And yet, every one of these students was about tospend a large portion of their next four years of school working on computers and evenprogramming them without knowing much about how their programs translated into operationsand results. That is how the idea was hatched to create a real-world hands-on project that wouldtie software to hardware and provide insight into how voltage and current provide the basis forall computer information processing. The fact that most of the material