Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Lopez Del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez, Colorado State University; MaryEllen C Nobe, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

teaching in the sustainability of infrastructure projects. He believes that educating the next generation of professionals will play a pivotal role in making sustainability a standard practice.Dr. MaryEllen C Nobe, Colorado State University Dr. MaryEllen C. Nobe is an Assistant Professor at Colorado State University. Her primary areas of research are construction education, human dimensions of construction management, and sustainable construction.. Page 26.1675.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015Using Personal Case Studies to Raise Construction Safety Awareness

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Currin, Southern Polytechnic State University; Timothy Zeigler, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

which it has become a reality.Lessons learned during this process are presented along with advice to those who seek tofollow a similar path.Special emphasis is given to the interaction between multiple academic departments, thecollaboration of several colleges and universities and the vital role industry played in theprocess. Input was obtained from universities in several states including sisteruniversities within the state of Georgia. The program's development was unique in thatcivil engineering technology, construction management, and architecture faculty allplayed key roles as full partners in the process. Their contributions/interactionsthroughout the project is presented as well as development of a curriculum which meetsthe needs of

Conference Session

Global Education in Construction Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enno "Ed" Koehn, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2011-695: CONSTRUCTION WORK WITH EQUIPMENT: INDIAEnno ”Ed” Koehn, Lamar University Enno ”Ed” Koehn is Professor of Civil Engineering at Lamar University. Dr. Koehn has served as the prin- ciple investigator for several research and development projects dealing with various aspects of construc- tion. He also has experience in the design, scheduling, and estimating of facilities. He has authored/co- authored over 200 papers in engineering education. as well as the general areas of civil and construction engineering. Dr. Koehn is a member of ASEE, AACE International, ASCE, NSPE, Chi Epsilon, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and is a registered Professional Engineer and Surveyor

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enno Koehn, Lamar University; Venkat Kadupukotta, Lamar University; Sandeep Tirunagari, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2010-369: GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION: INDIAEnno Koehn, Lamar University Enno “Ed” Koehn is Professor of Civil Engineering at Lamar University. Dr. Koehn has served as the principle investigator for several research and development projects dealing with various aspects of construction. He also has experience in the design, scheduling, and estimating of facilities. He has authored/co-authored over 200 papers in engineering education, as well as the general areas of civil and construction engineering. Dr. Koehn is a member of ASEE, AACE International, ASCE, NSPE, Chi Epsilon, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and is a registered Professional Engineer and Surveyor.Venkat Kadupukotta, Lamar University

Conference Session

Capstone and Online Courses in Construction Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol L. Considine, Old Dominion University; Michael W. Seek, Old Dominion University; Jon Lester, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

students. He has served as the Civil-Site design option evaluator for Senior Design projects each semester as part of his normal teaching responsibilities. Dr. Lester has developed new courses in Civil Engineering Technology to better distribute the student load in Fluid Mechanics and the accompanying laboratory. Dr. Lester has also taught the Professional Engineering preparation courses through the ODU Business Gateway. Dr. Lester has embarked upon the initial asynchronous modality course development and was instrumental in promoting the program forward with this initiative with the Center for Learning and Teaching. He has developed an asynchronous course for Fundamentals of Building Construction and will develop

Conference Session

Incorporating Technology into Construction Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten A Davis, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

receive a D or F on the exam.This research project investigates the introduction of university provided mobile devices into afreshman level construction materials and methods course. Device use is incorporated into thecourse in several ways, but this paper only examines the use of electronic flashcards, allowing Page 23.1313.2students to study their vocabulary wherever they are. Specifically, this paper provides apreliminary evaluation of: (1) whether the flashcards help students to better prepare for mediumand high stakes exams; and (2) whether the flashcards increase the mean exam scores comparedto previous semesters with no flashcards.The

Conference Session

Sustainability in Construction Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yong Han Ahn; Hyuksoo Kwon; Annie Pearce; John G. Wells

Tagged Divisions

Construction

, objectives, contents/activities, assessment planning, and others.Setting up the course development procedure is essential in order to generate efficient andmeaningful outcomes. According to Randolph and Posner [6], it necessary to set ten rules forplanning successful research. In accordance with their rules, the initial step for the research is toset a clear project goal and objective. After that, researchers establish checkpoints at eachmilestone, activities, relationships, and time estimates.Research MethodologyCourse development using the systematic approach is the objective of this research. For moresystematic research, the researchers set the stages of the course development through theliterature reviews on systematic development theories. Just

Conference Session

Global and Cultural Issues in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Whitney A. Lutey, Montana State University; Penny M. Knoll, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

,” retaining 10% of read material, but 20 to 30% ofwhat is seen,”12 we move from the verbal learner to a more visual learner. In addition,“documents that are text-based are not as popular as documents rich in images, including screenshots and step-by-step instructions.”12 The focus of the student is primarily visual, and to cater tothis learning style may provide better outcomes in the classroom.As a future skill, time management is a challenge for the millennial. They require coaching on,“how to handle day-to-day tasks and responsibilities in the midst of daily interruptions.”Instruction and training on breaking up, “larger projects into manageable pieces,” is necessaryalong with aid in meeting deadlines and planning their time. They fail to

Conference Session

Construction 4: Construction Education Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luciana de Cresce El Debs, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mark Shaurette, Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Denise McAllister Wilder NCIDQ, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Construction

technology environ- ment, BIM and lighting simulations, smart home technology and aging in place, and retrofitting existing homes to create net zero homes for aging in place. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Undergraduate opportunities for construction students' multidisciplinary AEC collaboration and awarenessIntroductionConstruction is a fragmented industry1-3 which relies on the abilities of several differentprofessionals for successful completion of projects. The diversity of backgrounds involved in theconstruction process requires that professionals within the Architectural, Engineering, andConstruction (AEC) industry be skilled when collaborating and communicating

Conference Session

Construction Session 4: Outside of the Construction Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Mahmood Ahmed P.E., East Carolina University; Kiersten Marie Mahaffy, East Carolina University; Lincoln Harding Forbes, Harding Associates Inc., Miami; Rachel M. Robinson-Watts, East Carolina University; Ashley Lauren Gregory, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

. Dr. Ahmed received his Ph.D. in 1993 and his MSCE in 1989 from Georgia Institute of Technology majoring in Construction Engineering & Management, with a minor in Industrial Engineering and Management Science. He also holds an undergraduate degree of BSCE from University of Engineering & Technology in Pakistan (1984). Dr. Ahmed has over 25 years of international experience in teaching, research and consulting in Pakistan, Hong Kong, USA, Mexico, and Jamaica. His areas of interest/expertise are construction scheduling, quality and risk management, project controls, con- struction safety, construction procurement, and construction education and information technology. He has generated substantial iexternal

Conference Session

Construction Education Topics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fadi Castronovo, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; John I. Messner, Pennsylvania State University; Robert M. Leicht, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Dr. Sarah Zappe is Research Associate and Director of Assessment and Instructional Support in the Leonhard Center for the Enhancement of Engineering Education at Penn State. She holds a doctoral degree in educational psychology emphasizing applied measurement and testing. In her position, Sarah is responsible for developing instructional support programs for faculty, providing evaluation support for educational proposals and projects, and working with faculty to publish educational research. Her research interests primarily involve creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship education.Dr. John I. Messner, The Pennsylvania State UniversityDr. Robert M. Leicht, The Pennsylvania

Conference Session

Trend in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Dunn, University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Construction

interpretation to public meetings. The ConstructionManagement Technology (CMT) program at the University adopted writing intensive standardswithin CET 356 Construction Documentation and Administration. In CET 356, students writeand revise formal business letters, memos, meeting minutes, and field notes through a series ofclass exercises based on an ongoing project. Exercises are evaluated through an assessment matrix. First draft assessments arereturned for student review and are resubmitted in a final form for grading. The informationfrom the two stage evaluation is reviewed to assess improvement in the individual student. Writing intensive requirements have been applied through two semesters over twoacademic years. Results reflect the

Conference Session

Technology in Classrooms - Construction Engineering Perspective

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhili (Jerry) Gao; Russell Walters, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

applications toenhance construction process visualization with such tools as 3D animation. The sequence oftopics, course sequencing, software licensing, and laboratory development will be discussed inthe paper along with a proposed project example. After students obtain these basic skills, theywill be able to graphically simulate and the operate construction process with spatial constructiondata in a simple, accurate, safe, and effective way. The prerequisite knowledge for these coursesand the way to bring industry practice into this course is discussed as well.IntroductionRecently, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) arebecoming increasingly useful and beneficial in construction engineering and management

Conference Session

Construction Materials and Technologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jing Du, University of Texas at San Antonio; Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Urban-Rural Development 2011).Texas is well known for its complex soil conditions (United States Department of Agriculture2013). In particular, the vertisols that are typical in Southern Texas may create serious buildingsettlement issues (Alhassan and Boiko 2013). At the early phase of a project, constructionmanagers should be able to foresee the final settlement based on the information availableincluding design documents and soil conditions, to calculate the risk. Therefore, it is critical forthe students of construction science and management (CSM) program to understand the basicconcepts of building settlement, and if possible, the calculation methods.There are a variety of theoretical models for calculating building settlement. Gasping

Conference Session

Methods of Teaching and Learning in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. Casey Cline, Boise State University; Kirsten A. Davis, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2012-4595: HOW INDIVIDUALS LEARN FALL PROTECTIONDr. R. Casey Cline, Boise State University Casey Cline is an Assistant Professor in the Construction Management Department within the College of Engineering at Boise State University. Cline earned a B.S. in business administration from Okla- homa State University, an M.S. in construction science from the University of Oklahoma, and a Ph.D. in education (adult development organizational learning) from the University of Idaho. His educational research interests are focused on improving construction management processes to facilitate the efficient management of construction projects. His more than 25 years of construction industry experience, which includes work in

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric A Holt, University of Nebraska ; Scott Kelting, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

other industry professions andcommunicate effectively across those disciplines. At the same time, economic conditions and agrowing interest in sustainability are changing the way that construction is performed, especiallyin the residential market. This change has to do with areas that are required to effectively manageresidential projects such as business plans, marketing plans, sales plans, and subcontractoragreements. The job market for CM graduates seeking jobs in residential construction has beencompetitive. In today’s tight job market, a green building professional designation will not onlyhelp set a college graduate apart from their peers, but it will also keep their educationcurrent2,3,4,7,10.There has been a push by many universities to

Conference Session

Current Issues in Construction Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Wayne Ford, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Education, 2012   Industry Engaged Leadership Development: Building a Future Workforce through Competency.  Abstract  Participating in industrial arts programs since the fifth grade played a major role in the author’s decision to work in the construction industry. Working in various fields of construction, the author learned various techniques and procedures involving team building and leadership skills from competent mentors that had a history of proven success at getting projects completed on time and within budget. Recently, the author’s approach to leadership development was partially revealed in an article published in Techniques

Conference Session

Mobile and Emerging Technologies in Construction

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. Casey Cline, Boise State University; Kirsten A. Davis, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

various formswithout being bound to a static location3. Construction personnel, who until recently werelimited to the office when performing coordination and communication functions, now havemobile devices and wireless networks that allow for nearly unlimited access to digitalinformation, as well as input and output capabilities while on the construction site4. Page 26.1612.2The Construction Site and Mobile TechnologiesTo do a project right you need the right tools. In the construction industry, those tools are notlimited to tools in a toolbox. The construction team, both in management and in the field, needthe right tools to maximize productivity

Conference Session

Building a Better Program - Construction Curriculum Enhancements

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samaneh Zolfagharian, School of Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology; Masoud Gheisari, Georgia Institute of Technology; Javier Irizarry P.E., School of Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology; Pavan Meadati, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

. He is doing research on establishing the framework for developing next generation technol- ogy enhanced solutions to Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Facility Management (AEC+FM) environment problems by incorporating the cognitive processes of the human component of operations. His Ph.D. dissertation is a multidisciplinary topic and focuses on integrating BIM and Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) to enhance facility management data access through seamless integration of facility infor- mation with the physical environment. As a member of ASEE, he is also involved in research projects using innovative technologies such as Augmented Reality and Tangible Interaction for educational pur- poses.Dr. Javier

Conference Session

Construction Classroom Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Namhun Lee, East Carolina University; Eddy Rojas, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Construction

addition, many conventional curriculumsfor CEM education rely on traditional teaching methods such as lecturing,seminars, and group project work. In this informational learning, it is asignificant challenge for educators to get students engaged in learning.Innovative and Transformative LearningConstruction can be defined as a highly complex system which has a widespectrum of interrelated elements with multiple feedback loops and non-linearrelationships. In addition, construction is a difficult environment to summarizedue to differences of scale, nature, environment, society, etc. For these reasons, ithas been a challenge for construction educators to provide learning environmentsin which students can experience such complexity in the classroom. By

Conference Session

Construction Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Lopez Del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez; Jose J. Fontan-Pagan, University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez; Omar I. Molina-Bas, University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez Campus; Tim L. Mrozowski, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

: jose.fontan1@upr.edu http://cem.uprm.eduDr. Omar I. Molina-Bas, University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez Campus Omar I. Molina Bas, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Unit Coordinator Construction Engineering and Man- agement Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying University of Puerto Rico, Mayag¨uez Campus email: omar.molina1@upr.edu http://cem.uprm.edu/molina.htmlProf. Tim L. Mrozowski, Michigan State University Tim Mrozowski A.I.A., LEED R AP BDC, is the Program Leader and a Professor of Construction Man- agement, in the School of Planning, Design and Construction at Michigan State University. He conducts research on construction management, sustainability and energy. Recent research and outreach projects include

Conference Session

Pedagogical Approaches in Construction Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Talat Salama, Central Connecticut State University; Namhun Lee, Central Connecticut State University; Glynis Fitzgerald, Central Connecticut State University; Lee W. Lee, Central Connecticut State University; Mary M. McCarthy, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Construction Project Management. Dr. Lee’s main research areas include Construction Informatics and Visual Analytics; Building Information Modeling (BIM), Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for construc- tion management; and Interactive Educational Games and Simulations. E-mail: leen@ccsu.edu.Dr. Glynis Fitzgerald, Central Connecticut State University Dr. Fitzgerald became Associate Vice President, Academic Affairs and Dean of Graduate Studies in August, 2013. She formerly served as Department Chair and Professor of Communication at Central Connecticut State University. Her area of specialty is organizational and corporate communication. She is recognized as an expert in relationship building and has focused

Conference Session

Global and Cultural Issues in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Lopez Del Puerto, Colorado State University; Jonathan Weston Elliott, Colorado State University; María de Jesús Torres, Universidad Iberoamericana Tijuana

Tagged Divisions

Construction

. in education and construction management. Prior to grad- uate school, Elliott worked in construction project management for an ENR Top 100 general contractor in Washington, D.C., USA. For the past four years, Elliott has been a Graduate Teaching Assistant in the Department of Construction Management, teaching estimating courses. For the 2009-2011 academic years, Elliott was promoted to Primary Instructor and given full responsibility for the Estimating 2 course. In addition, he has taught several lectures in scheduling for CSU’s construction certificate program at the Denver, Colo., campus and is an Estimating 1 instructor during the summer session at the main cam- pus in Fort Collins, Colo., USA. Elliott received

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erdogan Sener, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; D. Tom Iseley, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Construction

paper focuses on a recent collaborative researchundertaking to find more about the details of this technology and its impact so far on equipmentfleet management. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the use of this technology inconstruction companies, determine its user acceptance, and to assess the differences it wasmaking in fleet management. The difference made was to be assessed in terms of how this newtechnology had changed spatial equipment tracking, equipment utilization, equipmentmaintenance scheduling, operations analysis, job costing, and jobsite/project management relatedto construction equipment. The paper presents the results in terms of the details of thetechnology, the methodology of the research, the results of the

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Dunn, University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Construction

CMTprogram builds mutual benefit with access to extended resources often not available in universitybudgets.Our program has an active and supportive industrial advisory committee. Participating membershelp in curriculum development and monitor the progress as the program expands. They providementoring opportunities, summer employment, and classroom assistance to enhance the learningenvironment. Many contractors open their active project sites to student groups to allow directobservation of the industry. We encourage professional networking and the industry encouragesstudent participation in the monthly trade meetings to give students greater understanding of theissues surrounding construction. This paper presents the structure of the industrial

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virendra Varma, Missouri Western State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

and feel connected to the profession through theexperiences of these practitioners. The author has had the privilege of working with and utilizingadjunct clinical professors from industry in the areas of mechanical and electrical systems ofbuildings, materials testing, structural design, construction management and project scheduling.This paper cites select case histories, describes areas in which senior level courses in design andconstruction can be delivered more effectively by adjunct clinical professors. Practitioners, asadjunct clinical professors, bring technical relevance and currency to engineering curriculums,and students benefit from their experiences. In addition, participation of adjunct clinicalprofessors opens up opportunities

Conference Session

Construction 1: Special Topics in Construction Education: BIM, Simulation, Sustainability, and Safety

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eddie Rivera Olivencia, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Carla Lopez Del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Jose L. Perdomo, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez; Antonio A. Gonzalez-Quevedo P.E., University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Engineer in Training in Puerto Rico. His interest includes construction safety, 3D modeling, engineering education and project management.Dr. Carla Lopez del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Carla Lopez del Puerto, Ph.D., Associate Professor Construction Engineering and Management Depart- ment of Civil Engineering University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez email: Carla.LopezdelPuerto@upr.edu http://cem.uprm.eduDr. Jose L. Perdomo, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Jose L. Perdomo Professor Construction Engineering and Management Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying University of Puerto Rico- Mayaguez Campus email: josel.perdomo@upr.edu http://cem.uprm.eduDr. Antonio A. Gonzalez-Quevedo P.E., University of

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Namhun Lee, Central Connecticut State University; Sangho Park, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #11692Stereoscopic Visualization for Improving Student Spatial Skills in Construc-tion Engineering and Management EducationDr. Namhun Lee, Central Connecticut State University Dr. Namhun Lee is an assistant professor in the department of Manufacturing and Construction Manage- ment at Central Connecticut State University, where he has been teaching Construction Graphics/Quantity Take-Off, CAD & BIM Tools for Construction, Building Construction Systems, Heavy/Highway Con- struction Estimating, Building Construction Estimating, Construction Planning, and Construction Project Management. Dr. Lee’s main research areas

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yong Bai, University of Kansas; Oswald Chong, University of Kansas

Tagged Divisions

Construction

literature review, there are severalmethods that have been used to assess program outcomes. Some of the examples include alumnisurvey, capstone project, employer survey, fundamentals of engineering (FE) examination,graduate questionnaire, focus group exit interview, and internship report5, 6, 7. Since there areeleven attributes in the ABET Criterion 3, it would be impossible to use only one assessmentmethod to evaluate the outcomes toward attaining acceptable performance of Criterion 3. Anengineering program has to use assessment portfolio approach, in which multiple assessmentmethods are utilized, to demonstrate that the program meets the ABET requirements.Assessment’s most powerful point of impact is the individual classroom8. Traditionally

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virendra Varma, Missouri Western State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

but onlyone, project manager Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff, would face the gross negligence claim.Why Gross Negligence?It is claimed that Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff knew early on about problems with the epoxybolt system used to secure 4,500-pound concrete ceiling panels and had evidence of epoxy-threaded bolts slipping or failing but still turned over the tunnel to the Massachusetts TurnpikeAuthority without warning of the “potentially dangerous situation.” According to Tom Reilly,“The clock was ticking. The fuse was lit. It was just a matter of time until tragedy occurred.”1Probing the ‘Big Dig’ Structural FailureIn order to learn from a structural failure, it is important that maximum amount of information isgathered and analyzed. The