Conference Session

Student Engagement and Motivation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Howard, Illinois Institute of Technology; Daniel Ferguson, Illinois Institute of Technology; Margaret Huyck, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2008-1414: STIMULATING AND DEVELOPING REFLECTIVE THINKING INUNDERGRADUATE STUDENTSElizabeth Howard, Illinois Institute of Technology Elizabeth Howard is a second-year Ph.D. candidate in the Industrial/Organizational Psychology program at the Illinois Institute of Technology. She received her Bachelor of Science in Psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2006. She is working with the IPRO program as a research associate.Daniel Ferguson, Illinois Institute of Technology Daniel M. Ferguson, MBA, MSIE, is a Senior Lecturer in the IIT Stuart School of Business, and Associate Director for Research and Operations of the Interprofessional (IPRO) program. He was

Conference Session

Student Engagement and Motivation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; John Geddes, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Mark Somerville, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Robert Martello, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

education, if we are to survive, is the facilitation of change and learning. The only man who is educated is the man who has learned how to learn; the man who has learned how to adapt and change; the man who has realized that no knowledge is secure, that only the 7 process of seeking knowledge gives a basis for security.”Education literature includes extensive discussion of the qualities and competencies of effectiveself-directed learners, and of student attitudes toward self-directed learning.8,9,10 For example,Candy describes self-directed learners as individuals who are curious, motivated, disciplined,reflective, analytical, persistent, responsible, flexible

Conference Session

Design: Content and Context

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mieke Schuurman, Pennsylvania State University; Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University; Peggy Van Meter, Pennsylvania State University; Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, for example byhaving them document and reflect on their learning experiences. Increasingly, electronicportfolios (e-portfolios) are gaining attention as a solid assessment tool as well as a pedagogicaltool. As a pedagogical tool, e-portfolios serve to communicate high expectations and supportlearner-centered instruction. We hypothesize that documentation of engineering design learningin an e-portfolio will enhance students’ learning.The empirical literature supports the belief that active learning supports student outcomes 3, 4. Page 13.537.2Students who are engaged in active learning are more likely to progress through stages ofacademic

Conference Session

Institutional and Curricular Reform

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arunkumar Pennathur, University of Texas-El Paso; Louis Everett, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

including students, faculty, and other stake-holderssuch as employers, the tools used in the learning enterprise including traditional and moderntechnology tools, and the environment for learning. Using the framework presented, variablesassociated with the task, the players, the tools, and the environment can be visualized andanalyzed in 3-dimensional space using multidimensional scaling and neural network methods.One aspect of the framework, reflections from an engineering faculty member, is analyzed todemonstrate how strategic planning can be facilitated through assessment and analysis with theframework.1. Model for strategic assessment planningAdapted from the Task, Operator, Machine, Environment (TOME) framework from the humanfactors

Conference Session

Problem Solving and Misconceptions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mica Hutchison, Northwestern University; Ann McKenna, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

ensure that they differed only in their degree of structure. During their firstencounter with each problem, students were given up to one hour to work on their designsolution. To provide the opportunity for reflection that is true of real-life problem-solvingsituations, students were also asked to revisit each problem several days later; again being givenup to one hour to work. To control for effects that might arise due to the order in whichproblems were solved, half of the participants solved the ill-structured problem followed by thewell-structured problem. The remainder of the participants solved the problems in reverse order.Students’ design solutions were analyzed to determine the degree to which they exhibitedknowledge-application

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joachim Walther, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

semester longself-recording followed similar trigger statements. They recorded and reflected on criticallearning events during their time in industry and related these back to their prior learning atuniversity. The self-recording consisted of a weekly submission of one complete account of acritical incident each week for twelve weeks.3.2 Data AnalysisThe focus transcripts were analyzed using the qualitative data analysis tool NVivo7.40-42 The textwas coded on two levels of increasingly abstract interpretation from what Geertz22 calls“experience-near” to “experience-distant concepts”.As illustrated in Figure 1, the level of topic coding included clusters of educational influencesand work situations (for clarity the names of the coding clusters and

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Walden, University of Oklahoma; Cindy Foor, University of Oklahoma; Deborah Trytten, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

work builds upon results presented in the Annals of Research in Engineering Education [23-25]. The personal reflections that were solicited for AREE, were specific to the production of theJEE paper that the invitation was based on. This paper provides a broader perspective thatfocuses on the development of the entire research team instead of just the process of developinga single paper. We’ll present the description of the evolution of the research team as a series oflessons learned. Lesson 1 – Embrace new ways of thinking about the world – paradigms, methodologies, andtheoretical frameworksLike many engineers (and other non-social scientists), we were trained and previously practicedin a positivist paradigm, the underlying basis of the

Conference Session

Design: Content and Context

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Melnyk, United States Military Academy; Daisie Boettner, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, faculty can encounter difficulty ensuring individualgrades reflect the quantity and value of individual work and not just the collective grade of thegroup. This paper outlines the various steps the mechanical engineering faculty took to provide amore standardized, objective, fair grading process in the capstone course. These steps includeuse of a non-numeric rubric for grading briefings, graded peer reviews, a more objective rubricfor grading written documents, and the use of course directors to standardize the grading process.Introduction The mechanical engineering curriculum at the United States Military Academy (USMA)includes a capstone design project as a culminating experience that draws on fundamentalengineering concepts students have

Conference Session

Fostering and Assessing Effective Teaming

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Roach, University of Texas-El Paso; Elsa Villa, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

"gcej"qvjgt"cejkgxg"vjgkt"cpf"vjg"itqwrÓu"iqcnu" 16,p. 3:12 0"Vjg"itqwrÓu"cevkqpu"cpf"dgjcxkqtu"tghngev"vjgkt"eqooqp"xcnwgu"cu"vjg{"ceeqornkuj"vjgkt"goals together through reflection and discourse 16, 23-25.The faculty members at UTEP have transferred key features of the ARG model to the PLTLmodel and are using it to support students who are in their first three semesters of the computerscience course sequence. This enhanced model maintains attributes of the traditional PLTLmodel; however, cooperative learning elements are embedded throughout all aspects of theenhanced model to include both the staff development activities and the PLTL sessions

Conference Session

Fostering and Assessing Effective Teaming

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane Zemke, Gonzaga University; Steven Zemke, Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2008-335: IDENTIFYING ROLES AND BEHAVIORS OF INFORMALLEADERS ON STUDENT DESIGN TEAMSDiane Zemke, Gonzaga University Diane Zemke is a PhD candidate at Gonzaga University in Leadership Studies. Her interests include small group dynamics, reflective practices, learning, and qualitative methods. She has co-authored papers on use of small teams in design engineering.Steven Zemke, Gonzaga University Steven Zemke is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Gonzaga University. His primary responsibilities are Design courses and assessment. His research interests include effective learning environments and design teaching and learning. Prior to teaching he was a design engineer and

Conference Session

Writing and Portfolios

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jung Oh, Kansas State University-Salina; Judith Collins, Kansas State University-Salina

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

oninformation and time management. In the chemistry course, information fluency instruction wasalso provided with partnering college librarians. Students were to write a summary reflecting thesubject (chromatography), the discipline (chemistry), time management, and the learningprocess, and articulating connections among them. Technical writing students were to conductresearch, write summaries, share files, manage the virtual meeting space, and participate as teammembers.Virtual team activities provided collaborative learning environments. Each student interactedwith asynchronous virtual communications and utilized file-sharing features tocontribute/retrieve individual/team work using “group files” to build a team presentation. Teamswere to work on a

Conference Session

Fostering and Assessing Effective Teaming

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University; James Duvall, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

actions, the simplest being the goals are reflect deeply help individual beliefs. In this case itwould be possible for the evaluation instrument to measure static student beliefs more thanpeer’s performance. However if responses change significantly over the duration of the capstonecourse then some change to goal structures is occurring. While not providing a definitiveevaluation tool, this work can potentially lead to methods to gauge changes to an individual’sability to function of a team. Judging student efficacy on a team is also addressed by the fourthquestion. It has been recently shown that unskilled individuals are less aware of skill distinctionsin others 14.MethodologyPeer evaluations were given in a the first course of a two course

Conference Session

Student Engagement and Motivation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Trevor Harding, California Polytechnic State University; William Hughes, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, Page 13.1231.2think holistically, and engage in self-directed learning. Leah Jamisen, Dean of Purdue'scollege of engineering, also calls for "reflection,"3 a critical practice of moral and ethicaldevelopment4. While many of these skills have appeared to some extent in engineeringaccreditation criteria, engineering programs traditionally focus on the science andengineering content in their curricula, rather than developing and measuring skills like“life-long learning”. In an effort to intentionally strengthen students’ development inthese other areas, we turned to the research literature to discern how the variousconstructs such as moral development or self-directed learning, are linked to controllableaspects of the learning environment

Conference Session

ERM Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; Roberta Harvey, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Inventory, andmethodology, the Let Me Learn® process, for characterizing the individual learning processes ofstudents. The Let Me Learn® (LML) process is a comprehensive strategy for buildingmetacognitive awareness in students. LML differs from learning styles approaches in thatlearning styles typically identify the learner with a personality type or category rather than aprofile reflecting degree of preference for multiple interacting patterns. Another key difference Page 13.1345.2is that LML emphasizes the learner’s capacity to use his/her patterns consciously andstrategically to adapt to different learning expectations, rather than merely seeking

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Collura, University of New Haven; Samuel Daniels, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Use of Self Assessment and Reflection in Professional Courses”7, “SustainableAssessment: Rethinking Assessment for the Learning Society”8, and “Redesigning Assessmentfor Learning Beyond Higher Education”9. The first of these provides useful information forengineering faculty who wish to use student self-assessment either as an input for assigninggrades or as a formative assessment tool to improve their courses. The latter articles are helpfulin understanding the critical role of self-assessment and reflection in the learning process.A few more recent articles were found with direct relevance to engineering education. Simon Page

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Terenzini, The Pennsylvania State University; Lisa Lattuca, Pennsylvania State University; Matthew Ohland, Purdue Engineering Education; Russell Long, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

according to the instrument/test-development standards generallyrecommended. The absence of a widely used and broadly applicable set of measures ofengineering learning outcomes has forced administrators and faculty members to wrestle with thechallenges and compromises inherent in educational assessment. Because the institutional costsof accreditation and assessment can be substantial, institutions often turned to locally developedmeasures that make minimal demands on financial and staff resources. These efforts typicallytake the form of survey questionnaires in which students are asked to report how much progressthey believe they have made in one content or skill area or another. These reports usually consistof one or more items intended to reflect

Conference Session

Professional Skills and the Workplace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Ater Kranov, Center for Teaching, Learning & Technology; Robert Olsen, Washington State University; Carl Hauser, Washington State University; Laura Girardeau, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

stilldisagreement of more than one point, continued discussion and rating ensued until consensus hadbeen reached. At times, this discussion resulted in further refinement of the rubric’s criteria.These revisions reflect a continuous process to ensure reliability and increase content validityinformed by the rubric’s use in practice. Faculty and assessment specialist teams then rated teamperformance on the scenario corresponding with their program using the same process, andresults were used to inform program improvements in a collaborative effort.Assessment specialists analyzed ratings for each program, averaging the scores of all reliableraters for each dimension and reported results confidentially to each department in graphical andwritten form. An

Conference Session

STEM Pipeline: Pre-College to Post-Baccalaureate

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Smaill, University of Auckland; Elizabeth Godfrey, University of Auckland; Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

received the Australasian Association for Engineering Education award for excellence in Engineering Education in the Teaching and Learning category. Dr Rowe is a member of the IET, the IEEE, the Institution of Professional Engineers of New Zealand (IPENZ), ASEE, STLHE and AaeE. Page 13.1273.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 The transition from high-school Physics to first-year Electrical Engineering: How well prepared are our students?AbstractThe demand from industry for an increasing number of engineering graduates in NewZealand reflects international concerns and is compounded by a

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Borrego, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Lynita Newswander, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, although I don’t knowmuch about it. I was blissfully ignorant before reading this paper, thinking that resistance was Page 13.822.7fairly straightforward.” Reading articles from a variety of publication sources and written byexperts with various areas of expertise effectively stretched the boundaries of knowledge foreven the most seasoned journal club members. In fact, the professor, who has led the journalclub for more than seven years, often reflected on how she was still learning from the experience.C. Provision of space for consideration of interdisciplinary conceptsThe journal club in this study, made up of mostly environmental engineering

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kay C Dee, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Allen White, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Glen Livesay, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Phillip Cornwell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Don Richards, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

for “Active” learning, Page 13.474.2or learning by actively doing things (as opposed to “Reflective” learning, in which someoneprefers to learn through quiet reflection), and the preference for “Sensory” learning, in whichsomeone prefers to focus on and recalls information gained from their senses through realexperiences (as opposed to “Intuitive” learning, in which someone prefers to focus on and recalltheories, concepts and ideas that are not necessarily grounded in real experience). Individualswith Kinesthetic, Active, and Sensory learning styles are, in theory, poorly served by traditionalclassroom lecture environments. Instructional

Conference Session

Problem Solving and Misconceptions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland; Chris Smaill, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

ability to relate the distributed-parameter values to transmission-line characteristics such as characteristic impedance and velocity of propagation. (c) the ability to calculate reflection and transmission coefficients of mismatched transmission lines (d) the ability to explain the characteristics of lossy transmission lines, specifically loss, dispersion and cross-talk. 9. To be able to perform calculations involving simple magnetic circuits, including calculations of magnetomotive force, flux and reluctance and the design of simple inductors. 10. To understand the operation of, and be able to perform simple calculations on, permanent magnetic circuits. 11. To be able to describe the

Conference Session

Faculty Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Lisa Brooks, Texas A&M University; Christine Ehlig-Economides, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Leaders’ perspectives were captured through a series of three one-on-one interviews conducted over the course of an academic semester as they were team-teaching. Our participants, who were not all engineers, worked closely with engineering faculty —the content experts— and learning scientists — experts in pedagogy— over the course of a semester. Weekly group meetings were held to review the recitation activities, reflect on our team’s teaching practices, discuss students’ reactions, and consider strategies to enhance the effectiveness of our course deliverables. At these meetings, we cultivated a learning community in which we encouraged the recitation leaders to facilitate the learning process, instead of trying to be the main

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Describing the Engineering Student Learning Experience Based on CAEE Findings: Part 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Sislena Ledbetter, Howard University; Dawn Williams, Howard University; Janice McCain, Howard University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

generalize beyond the population from which it was taken. Finally, student names usedthroughout this paper are for ease of reading and were not used as identifiers while participantsin this study.Background: The case for diversityDiversity means many things to many people. It is a construct evolving out of corporateAmerica’s need to reflect a more diverse, and inclusive workforce, integrate the standardbusiness model, and ultimately level the global playing field. Diversity is evolving. Volumes ofdiversity research catalog this progression to include differences in gender, age, race, politicalaffiliation, religion, sexual preference…etc. This study will also show an array of definitions ofdiversity as aforementioned.In academia, administrators

Conference Session

Professional Skills and the Workplace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Cardella, Purdue Engineering Education

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

systematic set of procedures to develop an inductivelyderived grounded theory about a phenomenon" [25, p.24]. The five processes of modifiedanalytic induction (mentioned above) reflect the systematic set of procedures within thegrounded theory paradigm.Collecting and coding the material constituted step one of the constant comparative analysis.Codes are abbreviations or symbols applied to a segment of words to facilitate sorting andclustering word segments relating to a particular topic or question [23]. Using the guidingquestions, the first author developed categories of information (open coding). In the open codingphase, the first author examined the textual and visual information (transcripts and drawings) forsalient categories of information

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Describing the Engineering Student Learning Experience Based on CAEE Findings: Part 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen Chen, Stanford University; Krista Donaldson, Stanford University; Ozgur Eris, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Debbie Chachra, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Gary Lichtenstein, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; George Toye, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

life How well are you meeting the workload demands of your coursework? 12. Academic Disengagement (Liberal Arts Courses) .88 .58 Skipped non-engineering related class Turned in non-engineering related assignments late Came late to non-engineering related class Turned in non-engineering related assignments that did not reflect your best work 13. Academic Disengagement (Engineering Related) .86 .70 Skipped engineering related class Turned in engineering related assignments late Turned in engineering related assignments that did not reflect your best work Came late to engineering related class 14. Frequency of

Conference Session

Writing and Portfolios

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren Hull, Louisiana State University; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University; Lillian B Bowles, Louisiana State University; Jennifer Farrell, Louisiana State University; David Bowles, Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, students arerequired to keep an informal design notebook. Students are encouraged to use the notebooks as ameans of documenting their progress through the design process. This notebook is collected, anda portion of the notebook is graded. The professor reads 35 entries marked by the student as“quality entries.” These entries are graded on the perceived usefulness to the individual studentand the design group rather than a strict set of formal requirements. The graded portion of thesenotebooks is a relatively minor part of the notebook as a whole. Non-graded entries are risk-freeinformal writing in which the student reflects on aspects of the design process as well as thecomposition of oral presentations and bi-weekly reports. The notebook’s value

Conference Session

Institutional and Curricular Reform

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pierre Lafleur, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal; Yves Boudreault, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal; Richard Prégent, École Polytechnique de Montréal

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

eleven engineering programs Pierre G. Lafleur, Yves Boudreault and Richard Prégent École Polytechnique de Montréal, Québec, CANADAContextFor 135 years, École Polytechnique de Montréal has provided an engineering program in theprovince of Québec, Canada. During its long history it has, successfully, faced and overcamemany challenges in several areas such as teaching, research, funding, and internationalcollaborations. The recent process through which it has, thoroughly, remodeled its elevenengineering undergraduate programs is, however, quite unique. This remodeling, in part,reflected on the basic mathematics courses and the complementary courses (social andeconomical aspects of engineering, ethics, etc.). It

Conference Session

Faculty Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cathy Burack, Brandeis University; John Duffy, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Alan Melchior, Brandeis University; Eric Morgan, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

benefits. Thereare many other definitions in the literature, for example, service-learning is the integration ofacademic subject matter with service to the community in credit-bearing courses, with keyelements including reciprocity, reflection, coaching, and community voice in projects (Jacoby,1996)1. Service-learning (S-L) has been shown to be effective in a large number of cognitiveand affective measures, including critical thinking and tolerance for diversity, and leads to betterknowledge of course subject matter in such classic studies as Eyler and Giles (1999)2 and Astinet al. (2000)3.Service-learning in engineering has been a little slower to take hold. There were just a fewfaculty, courses, and institutions using S-L a decade ago (Tsang

Conference Session

Physics Education Research (PER) Relevant for Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjay Rebello, Kansas State University; Lili Cui, University of Maryland Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

inflection in students’ learning trajectory and motivates them to develop anew model to address the new problem scenario.This entire process entails students to reflect on their own thinking. They are now able to engagein metacognitive self reflection of the models that they construct and discuss the underlyingassumptions and recognize the extent of applicability of these models. The students would thusnavigate an OAC as shown in Figure 2. Page 13.1048.11 Figure 2: Navigating the Optimal Adaptability Corridor through successive iterations of Model Development and Model DeploymentMathematics, physics and engineering

Conference Session

STEM Pipeline: Pre-College to Post-Baccalaureate

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Trenor, University of Houston; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

’ Academic and Career PlansAbstractUndergraduate research experiences in engineering have recently received significant interest asmechanisms for attracting undergraduates to graduate-level work. In particular, the NationalScience Foundation’s Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) initiative aims to recruitstudents to careers in research. Our work employs a social cognitive theoretical framework toinvestigate how participation in a summer undergraduate research program influencesparticipants’ academic and career plans (specifically plans to pursue a Ph.D.) and their self-efficacy for future scientific research. A mixed-methods approach, incorporating surveyinstruments, interviews, and weekly self-reflective journal entries, was utilized to