Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Andrew Thomas Conley, Michigan Technological University; Robert O. Warrington Jr., Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

eye ailments, checking blood pressure and heart rythyms, administring first aid, and offering medical advice. 2,3The teams of students visiting since 2008 have noted the hospitality of the Ghanaian people andtheir willingness to accept them into their homes and villages. Many students reflected on themutual respect that they shared with those they encountered; as the 2014 team described theirexperience, they said “we also owe a lot of our success and happiness to our new friends we metalong the way in Ghana… [They] helped transform Ghana [for us] from a place to do someprojects into a second home.” 4 This team undoubtedly experienced the importance ofinterpersonal relationships and their strength in accomplishing the teams

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Ronald J Hugo, University of Calgary; Bob Brennan P.Eng., University of Calgary; Jian Zhang; Xiaodong Niu, Shantou University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

. Integrated class experience refers to an at-home effort that includes activities that range from education in the language, customs, history, and government of the country in question. (Downey et al.2)This paper describes the evolution of an international collaboration between the University ofCalgary (UCalgary) in Alberta, Canada and Shantou University (STU) in Guangdong Province,China. The collaboration is best described as a hybrid between International enrolment,International project, and International field trip. The paper begins with a history of theprogram. Next is a description of how Transformative Reflection was used to help the programevolve. This section is followed by how the program and workspaces have evolved from year

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Outreach

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Paul John Ackerman Jr P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Tim Moore P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Tyler Adam Brickles

Tagged Topics

International Forum

assessment model that can quantify the student learning outcomes ofmultiple faculty and department service initiatives. Currently, learning outcomes are assessedqualitatively through reading journals, blogs, and reflective essays that students are required tosubmit. Measuring the outcomes for creating successful partnerships with academia,communities, and non-government organizations is simply a quantitative measurement based onthe number of project proposals and partnerships seriously evaluated compared to the number ofproposals that resulted in a successfully completed project by the program. The overall objectiveof this paper is to share the experiences of developing a student service program in the hope thatsuch information will assist schools

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Skills Development

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Thomas M. Powers, University of Delaware

Tagged Topics

International Forum

 as  fairness”  made  famous  in  the  20th  century  by  the  philosopher  John  Rawls.  12      On  the  contractarian  view,  there  is  a  strong  “publicity”  requirement  for  airing  of  differences  of  opinion  about  norms  of  conduct  within  any  practice  that  hopes  to  become  more  just.    The  same  can  be  said  of  science  and  engineering:  the  opportunity  to  negotiate  better  norms  of  practice  first  requires  a  publicizing  of  differences.    After,  by  means  of  a  process  that  Rawls  called  “reflective  equilibrium,”  practitioners  are  able  to  converge  on  an  improved  understanding  of  a  norm.    And,  importantly,  they  will  have  done  so  through  an  exercise  of  “public  reason”  and

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

. Page 19.37.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 The Attributes of a Global Engineer: Results and Recommendations from a Multi-Year ProjectAbstractFor the past several years, the American Society for Engineering Education’s Corporate MemberCouncil, reflecting the voice of industry, developed a series of attributes representing the desiredcompetencies needed by engineers in order to effectively live and work in a global context. Aglobal online survey was launched to validate the performance and proficiency levels of eachattribute, and a series of global focus groups in every major region of the world have been heldfor the purpose of clarifying and refining the

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

David W. Gatchell PhD, Northwestern University; Robert A Linsenmeier, Northwestern University; Robert L. Murphy, Northwestern University; Akinwale Oladotun Coker P.E., university of ibadan; Akinniyi A. Osuntoki, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

Tagged Topics

International Forum

statement of the department reflects the dual missions of providingengineers for clinical and technical support for hospitals and manufacturers on the one hand, andresearch and design of new equipment and software. It is capped by the overarching goal ofproducing engineers “who will assist the medical team by providing the technological know-howto stabilize the healthcare delivery system and make for self-reliance in health matters in ourenvironment.”The distribution of topics taught in biomedical engineering at UNILAG is similar to that atIbadan, but at present there are fewer choices, and students at UNILAG will obtain more breadthand somewhat less specialization. All students take a range of courses including numericalmethods, biomaterials

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Courses

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Ayano OHSAKI P.E., Okayama University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

aimedthat students concentrated their learning objective. In addition, I made mixed team withIndian and Japanese to share their knowledge. Table1. Design principle and learning environment of experiments Design principle 2015 program 2016 program 1 Real ideas, and authentic To solve visitor problems To solve a participant’s problems problem 2 Improvable ideas Mindset of radical collaboration 3 Idea diversity All of participants can ideate 4 Rise above Having reflection time Making reflection

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Skills Development

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Autumn Marie Reed, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; David A. Delaine, Universidade de São Paulo; Darryl N Williams, Tufts University; Rovani Sigamoney, UNESCO

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

STEM talent and to unify the needs of the engineering education stakeholders in order for engineering education to more accurately reflect societal needs. Diversity and inclusion, university/community engagement, educational research methods, action research, and student led initiatives fall within the scope of his growing expertise. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Paper ID #17519Dr. Darryl N Williams, Tufts UniversityMs. Rovani Sigamoney, UNESCO Rovani Sigamoney is a chemical/environmental engineer from South Africa who started in the platinum refinery/mining sector and then moved on

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Farida Tagirovna Shageeva, Kazan National Research Technological University; Inna Mikhailovna Gorodetskaya, Kazan National Research Technological University; Liliya Vasilievna Prikhodko

Tagged Topics

International Forum

andbusiness efficiency, therefore FAE students have leadership potential. There were some peculiarities revealed between the minors. Future managers arecharacterized by high assertiveness and business efficiency, and future educators are veryresponsive. Students who study professional translation have a more “smooth” profile, but arecharacterized by high conformism and the least conservatism. Future lawyers havecomparatively higher negativism and are the least conforming. Thus the personality profilesof FAE students reflect the professional specifics of the chosen minors. Professors who teach at the FAE were also given a questionnaire that consisted oftwo parts: assessment of the students’ cognitive skills (analytical, systemic

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Outreach

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Terrell Lamont Strayhorn, The Ohio State University; Royel Montel Johnson, Center for Higher Education Enterprise

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

a sense of accomplishment from helping the mill meet its “bottomline” goals, time management skills as they worked to prioritize daily tasks,and communication strategies from reflective journaling and speaking “onthe job.” There was less evidence that students learned much about theorganization itself, industry issues, corporate values, or aspects of their ownprofessional identity. Not only have researchers shown that internshipsproduce learning but Fogg and Putnam (2004) provided data indicating thatinternships often lead to higher earnings once in a professional job.Despite this evidence base, there are important limits to what we knowabout internships in engineering and the role they play in student success.Scholars who have focused on

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Patricia A. Sullivan, New Mexico State University; Delia Valles-Rosales, New Mexico State University; Marcelo Augusto Leal Alves, University of São Paulo; Brendan P. Sullivan, New Mexico State University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

to complete undergraduate degrees in STEM programs. Page 19.22.2The importance of a transferrable innovative learning system model that is focused on aninclusive, integrative, experiential, and dynamic STEM undergraduate degree training is greatlywarranted. Studies have demonstrated that learning is a lifetime process that supports a student’sacquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors towards success not just while employed(Gardner, 1994; Fink 2003). One way to address this learning process is through experientiallearning, which provides concrete experiences (i.e., laboratories, field works, problem sets),reflecting

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Aaron Richard Sakulich, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

International Forum

to completion”. One student did note, though, that the unstructured natureof the project “was sometimes challenging, as five voices clashed and caused a lot of tension -especially in the last few weeks”.In general terms, these evaluations reflect the experience of Chieffo and Griffiths in a study ofover 2,300 students – 93% of students that studied abroad generated unique, qualitativecomments about their program experience, while only 57% of their on-campus did so. In general,the comments of the former group were more introspective and related to personal gains, whilethe latter group commented primarily on classroom learning and logistics [26]. Of the 15students participating in on-campus projects advised by the author during this time

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

ZhongLi FU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies (CNSSS) In National University of Defense Technology (NUDT).; Huang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology; Lini ZHOU, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Tong Wu, Center for National Security and Strategic Studies, National University of Defense Technology; Zhao Zhao, National University of Defense Technology; Changfang Zhang, National University of Defense Technology

Tagged Topics

International Forum

leading scientific applications;62.90% claim they should be able to connect scientific theories with engineering technologies cleverly;56.45% argue they should be able to integrate innovative factors in the engineering science fieldsystematically; besides, 3.23% suppose outstanding engineers shall have the management and cultureconstruction capability.Chart 2 special quality that should be strengthened Page 19.38.63. Creative ability(1) The creative ability is mainly reflected in the sense of achievement in scientific research. To realize engineering application and obtain benefits is the major source of sense of achievement for

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Fabiola P Ehlers-Zavala, Colorado State University; Anthony A. Maciejewski, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

resistance thatwould become evident shortly after the inception of INTO CSU. Unfortunately, this initialsentiment continued to exist in varying degrees among many departments at CSU for severalyears. In the following paragraphs, we describe the journey of ECE in this new context.The ECE journey relative to INTO CSU. In analyzing and reflecting back on the journey of theECE department since INTO CSU came to be, it is possible to identify the following four stages: 1) Resistance 2) Awakening 3) Collaboration 4) InnovationFigure 1. Sample Standard PW for Engineering—UndergraduateFigure 2. Sample Graduate PW in ECE (old version 2012-2015)The stage of resistance. As it should have been predicted, in any organization (big or small)when

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Monica Gray P.E., The Lincoln University - College of Science & Technology; Constance Loretta Lundy

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

tandem to promote learning. For example, a new ill-definedsituation or problem requires analysis wherein prior knowledge and/or skills are used todeconstruct concepts, to examine the interrelationships of the parts and determine theircontribution to the whole. While organization employs compare and contrast strategies to resolveconflicts between prior knowledge and the new challenge in a systematic effort to create aconsistent value system. Both skills are thus used iteratively to formulate new mental models thatwill facilitate inquiry, reflection and application of the newly acquired knowledge to futureencounters. In their groundbreaking work, Felder and Silverman10 concurred, “most of what welearn on our own (as opposed to in class) originates

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

S. Zahra Atiq, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Xin Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David Daniel Cox, Harvard University; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

with do-it-yourself (DIY) kits they could use at home alongside a neuroscience MOOC.2. Research questionsIn order to better understand the experiences of students who were sent at-home laboratory kitsto use alongside this MOOC, we ask four primary research questions:1. How can we characterize the ways in which students around the world use onlineresources with the at-home lab kits? What online behaviors can we identify for the students inthe treatment group when they are likely to be using the kits at home? For example, how muchtime do they spend online watching lab videos that demonstrate kit experiments?2. How is their use of the kits reflected in their online individual and collaborativebehaviors? What patterns of behaviors (e.g

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Russell D Jamison, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

technical staff and less often with cliniciansand nurses. In these setting the engineering departments did many jobs unrelated to medicalequipment maintenance. The biomedical staff served as plumbers, carpenters, and electriciansfor the clinic or hospital. Students who expected to be intensively engaged in repairing medi-cal equipment, found themselves engaged in a scope of work that included many other things.They encountered, and adjusted to, a pace of work that was different than they anticipated.Students also reflected on the difficulty of maintaining, or even using, some of the medicalequipment donated by NGO’s and medical device companies. User training was typically notprovided by the donor. The equipment was often inoperable because parts

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Paul M Yanik, Western Carolina University; Sudhir Kaul, Western Carolina University; Chip W Ferguson, Western Carolina University; Robert D. Adams, Western Carolina University; Wes Stone, Western Carolina University; Hugh Jack, Western Carolina University; Jeffrey L. Ray, Western Carolina University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

behind these hours is the amount ofhard work that the students undertake, the extent of learning that they gain through travelbut not by other means, and the course design that helps the students to achieve thelearning outcomes in the course syllabus effectively. Typically, a 3 credit course isoffered in a 16-week semester, but some universities may offer it in 10-week quarters. Atravel course of 10 days or 2 weeks is another point on the spectrum to compress thelearning time, by intensifying the learning through direct experiences, with the same oreven more contact hours. In reflection when we have experiences that if we were to learnabout something we have never seen or experienced, it takes lengthy descriptions,illustrations, metaphors, and

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Shreyas Vathul Subramanian, Purdue University; Mushtak Al-Atabi, Taylor's University; David A. Delaine, Universidade de São Paulo and IFEES; josé aquiles grimoni jabg P.E., polythecnic schoool university of são paulo

Tagged Topics

International Forum

this paper is an Introduction to Engineeringcourse at a large public university in the United States (US), which includes about 30%international students (29% identify their home country as somewhere besides the US),and students in this first-year course will matriculate into all engineering disciplines atthe university. This unique section included assignments contextualized for internationalclients as well as direct interactions with international stakeholders via email/Skype.Background and LiteratureConceptual FrameworkThis study fits into the paradigm of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, as itincludes journals and reflections from the instructor and course team as well asinformation on student learning and performance on

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session II

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Ang Liu; James R. Morrison, KAIST, ISysE; Yun Dai, University of California Santa Barbara; Stephen C-Y. Lu, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

International Forum

QFD Page 19.6.10 Figure 6: An illustrative example of the final design concept3. Course EvaluationAt conclusion of the course, course participants were asked to voluntarily complete ananonymous questionnaire designed to solicit their reflections, satisfactions, and suggestions oftheir learning experience. A total of 56 responses were received. The accumulated results arepresented with respect to (1) the pedagogy of inverted, interactive and international learning; (2)project-based learning; (3) technology-enhanced learning.3.1 Evaluation of Inverted, Interactive and International LearningThis section presents participant’s satisfaction with the inverted

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Autumn Marie Reed, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

internationalmentoring project that pairs U.S. women of color in engineering with a prominent international Page 19.28.2engineer in their field and the participation of a delegation of GEESN participants at twointernational conferences 1) The Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of EngineeringInstitutions (LACCEI) and 2) the World Engineering Education Forum (WEEF). This paperprovides an overview of the literature and promising practices that inspired the formation of theGEESN initiative, as well as the development of both project components. To conclude, thepaper discusses the next steps for the GEESN and reflects on the potential for expanding andreplicating

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Accredidation

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Julia Ziyatdinova; Artem Bezrukov; Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Petr Osipov

Tagged Topics

International Forum

statistics is provided for the period of 2007 – 2015 (or 2007-2014 as the2015 data are still under processing). The university obtained its National ResearchUniversity status in 2010, so the 2007-2009 period is given for reference. The 2010-2015block of data is the statistics reflecting implementation of its Development Program andpractices intended to boost its internationalization.Description of best practicesFocusing on internationalization while obtaining a national research university statusFollowing the experience of the U.S., where the universities are the key national centers ofresearch activities, the Russian Government launched an initiative of creating nationalresearch universities in 2009. Such universities were thought to become

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Skills Development

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Jaby Mohammed, Petroleum Institute; Mary Ragnhild Hilja Hatakka, Petroleum Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

GulfIntroductionSeveral studies have been done on the kinds of qualifications, knowledge and skills that the 21stcentury engineer should have. To illustrate an example of such skills reflecting the needs ofindustry, Rajala [4] defines the areas of competence necessary for a global engineeringprofessional as global competence, technical competence and professional competence.However, she points out that the attributes which are associated with each of these competencespresent a challenge for engineering educators regarding both the context in which they should beintroduced, as well as “determining what can be accomplished within the constraints of auniversity education” [4]. From an educational stance, the Accreditation Board for Engineeringand Technology (ABET

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Accredidation

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Mandy Liu, Institute of Engineering Education Taiwan (IEET); Liang-Jenq Leu, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University; Charlie Than, Myanmar Engineering Council

Tagged Topics

International Forum

support to MEngC should there is a need called for. Asindicated above, the ultimate goal of MEngC is to achieve signatory status of theWashington Accord. IEET is sure that through a continuous support from the Myanmargovernment and the local engineering community, this goal will be achieved sooner thanit seems.REFLECTION As IEET reflects on the past years mentoring Myanmar, the following points andissues are of significance: 1. Development of any accreditation system must consider and remain sensitive of the local education systems and needs, it is not possible and prudent to copy one system into another country without any modification. 2. Internationalization and mobility of engineers are of key purpose for upcoming

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Outreach

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Vitaliy Popov, 1. University of San Diego. 2. The Global STEM Education Center; Larisa K. Schelkin, Global STEM Education Center, Inc.; Russell Faux, DSRA

Tagged Topics

International Forum

working inteams, generally multicultural teams in the United States or global teams collaboratingthrough technology. Today’s students—tomorrow’s workers— without ability to learnand work with people from diverse cultural backgrounds, and skills to functionproductively in an interdependent world community will not be able to improve theUnited States’ economic competitiveness, and provide leadership in innovation andcreativity. The Global-STEM Classroom® reflects these rapid changes, addresses thenew skill requirements, and provides innovative technology experiences for students andteachers by modeling authentic, multi-cultural, multi-disciplinary collaborative, STEMprofessional teamwork processes.The Global STEM Education Center, Inc 501 (c) (3

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Outreach

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Libanos Redda, SPEED; Fabian Reichl, SPEED (Student Platform for Engineering Education Development); Agustin Ferrario, National Technological University, Resistencia Faculty, Argentina; Rohit Kandakatla, SPEED; Dhinesh Balaji Radhakrishnan, Student Platform for Engineering Education Development

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

note that the 11.1% of students thatsaid that they would “do nothing” in the pre-GSF survey dropped to 0% in the post-GSF results.There was also a 13.7% increase in students who would take the initiative themselves betweenthe pre- and post-GSF results (Fig 3B & 4B). In short, GSF seems to have boosted thewillingness of students to take action in their EE.ConclusionThe GSF has developed into a well-established model for uniting a diverse group of students forthe common cause of improving EE. With approximately one decade of GSF experience behindus it is a critical point in time for us to reflect on ways to further bolster our principal event. Inthe future we would like to develop more creative ways to preserve the strong sense ofmotivation

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Zaida M Gracia, Texas Tech University; Allison Wright, Texas Tech University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

students that participate abroad are notable articulate what they have learned from the experience when talking to other students, facultyor during job interviews. By becoming ambassadors, participating students will have to analyzethe study abroad experience and reflect on the lived and learned experiences in a holistic way. Itis the goal of all members of the team, both faculty and staff, that this academic-research-societalinteraction linked to current global solutions on renewable energy will provoke personal andprofessional growth, the development of a global perspective when seeking solutions andacquisition of respect and tolerance for different cultures; and that “all those benefits added” bythe abroad experience will be palpable to the

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Maria Claudia Alves, Texas A&M University; Meghan M. Alexander, Texas A&M University; Victor Manuel Camara-Poot, Yucatan Government Ministry of Education; Martha Elena Ortega, CANIETI

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Outreach

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Jane Goodyer P.E., Massey University; Lizzie Miles, Coventry University UK; Anh Lan Ho Tran, Coventry University

Tagged Topics

International Forum

operated during the development of one ofits objectives i.e. the development of outreach programmes. We shall use Stokols et al.working model13 of transdisciplinary scientific collaboration to benchmark our collaborativeeffort. This model is favoured as it has been extensively cited14. We will also reflect on ourability to collaborate between a disparate body of researchers as we wish to add to the debateon international collaborations; particularly as transdisciplinary networks, that span majorgeographic and cultural boundaries, are extremely complex10. As general literature points to anumber of factors that inhibit the development of successful collaborations such as expertise,language, cultural values, belief and norms, management, time and

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Jeongkyu Lee, University of Bridgeport; Sarosh H Patel, University of Bridgeport; Brian Lim, University of Bridgeport; Roger Dianlei Geng PhD, Wuhan University of Science and Technology; Zhigang Jiang, Wuhan University of Science and Technology

Tagged Topics

International Forum

program performance data to support future efforts to assess the program’s progress towards its desired outcomes as well as to estimate the impact of the program on its target student populations.The formative evaluation assess: • Independent assessment of the collaborative program quality by different parties, such as students, UB professors and non-teaching administrators, • Students’ assessment of the courses that are taught by UB visiting professors at WUST campus, and • Students’ assessment of the program at UB.Summative evaluation will reflect: • The students’ performance evaluation for the courses which are taught by UB visiting professors at WUST, and • The evaluation of program outcomes in terms of