Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Mohammad Naimur Rahman; Amir Esmailpour

switch, it informs Core  S witch Core  S witch all the access/ToR to route the packets accordingly. An algorithm is used to provide the solution called Edmonds algorithm [11]. Aggregation  Layer  Switch   Aggregation  Layer  Switch Core  S witch Aggregation  Switch   Aggregation

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Jundong Liu, Ohio University; Trevor Joseph Bihl, Air Force Research Laboratory; Daniel Masami Nagura, Ohio University

mobile robot motion planning methods: from clas- sical motion planning workflows to reinforcement learning-based architectures,” Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 439–459, 2023. [2] E. W. Dijkstra, “A note on two problems in connexion with graphs,” Numerische Mathematik, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 269–271, 1959. [Online]. Available: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01386390 [3] P. E. Hart, N. J. Nilsson, and B. Raphael, “A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths,” IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 100–107, 1968. [4] S. Koenig and M. Likhachev, “D* lite,” in Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelli- gence

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ardakani P.E., Ohio Northern University; Julia Kamatali, Ohio Northern University

effective. While the game is still in development, the proposed design representsgreat potential to improve learning in a core engineering course.References[1] R. Austin and B. Hunter, “ict policy and implementation in education: Cases in canada, northern ireland and ireland,” European Journal of Education, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 178– 192, Feb. 2013. doi:10.1111/ejed.12013[2] O. S. Kaya and E. Ercag, “The impact of applying challenge-based Gamification Program on students’ learning outcomes: Academic achievement, motivation and flow,” Education and Information Technologies, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 10053–10078, Jan. 2023. doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11585-z[3] L. Jaramillo-Mediavilla, A. Basantes-Andrade, M. Cabezas-González

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sergio Celis, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Conference Session

Project-Based and Experiential Learning in Manufacturing

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing Division (MFG)

1Exploring Systems Performance using Modeling and Simulation – Project-based Study and TeachingAbstractModeling and Simulation (M&S) provides a risk-free environment allowing the users toexperiment in a computer-generated virtual platform and analyze the what-if scenarios foreffective decision support systems. Due to its pervasive usefulness, the concept of M&S is widelyused across many sectors, including manufacturing, warehouse operations, supply chain, logistics,transportation, mining, and many more. The field of M&S requires computer-intensive andsoftware-based training, which is very different from teaching in a regular classroom setting.Hence, we develop a three-stage (mimic-guide-scaffold

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division (ETD) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack P. Eng., Western Carolina University; Adam Harris, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

Concepts and Selection (Individual Work) Week 12 - Risk and Critical Thinking (Individual Work) Weeks 13-15 Project Work (Group Work)Students were introduced to the Python language with an online tutorial guide supported by asimulator [16]. Given that the objective was not to teach a programming language, but to havethem deploy design functionality, they were allowed to access other resources and even usesource code from websites. They were given assignments for a number guess game to providethe concepts of loops and if statements. A following assignment had them write a program toflash the S-O-S pattern in Morse code on an LED. Surprisingly, many of the students providedunique and functional solutions, even though they were allowed to

Conference Session

ERM: Year of Impact on Racial Equity

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremi London, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Yareni Lara-Rodriguez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Cynthia Paschal, Vanderbilt University; Rebecca Atadero, Colorado State University; Sarah Vigmostad, The University of Iowa; Desen Ozkan, Tufts University; Amanpreet Kaur, University of Pennsylvania; Courtney Smith-Orr, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Homero Murzi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Nicole Jefferson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Paper ID #37240WIP: ASEE Year of Impact on Racial Equity: 90 Day EquityChallengeJeremi S London (Assistant Professor) Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech Chair of ASEE's CDEI during the Year of Impact on Racial EquityYareni P Lara-rodriguez (Ms.) Yareni holds a manufacturing engineer degree from the Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon (UANL), Mexico. She has worked in the Applied Optimization Group at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM) as part of her research internship in the Department of Industrial Engineering. Afterwards, she earned a master’s degree from the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elsa Gonzalez, University of Houston; Emma Perez, University of Houston

Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.“Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2021,” 2021.[Online]. Available: www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/[2] J. M. Krogstad and L. Noe-Bustamante, “Key facts about U.S. Latinos for National HispanicHeritage Month,” Pew Research Center, Sep. 09, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/09/key-facts-about-u-s-latinos-for-national-hispanic-heritage-month/.[3] Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities, “2021 Hispanic higher education andHSIs Facts.” hacu.net. https://www.hacu.net/hacu/HSI_Fact_Sheet.asp (accessed January 18,2022).[4] Excelencia in Education, “25 Years of Hispanic-Serving Institutions: A Glance on Progress,”2020

Conference Session

CPDD Technical Session 2 - Trends in Student and Faculty Support

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane Peters, Kettering University; Elizabeth Gross, Sam Houston State University

before I ever started the program. There are only a few Fairly supportive Accessibility to the academic required courses advisor is critical. (S)He should make time to tend to advisee needs, academically, professionally, and personally. Very structured. Courses Somewhat supportive He's ok, by big research build on a set, specific university standards. He sequence for any

Conference Session

Issues Facing STEM Programs at Rural Two-Year Colleges

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, University of Cincinnati; Dustin Grote, Weber State University

]. There are two components of the framework, instructional complexityand structural complexity [2]. Instructional complexity refers to the latent characteristics of thecurriculum, such as the quality of instruction. Currently, the instructional complexity is proxiedby pass/fail rates; little work has been done to expand this metric, with some exceptions likeHilliger et al.’s [12] mixed methods grounded theory study on what makes engineering coursesdemanding. Still, pass/fail rates appear sufficient for simulation studies [2,8].Next, structural complexity involves representing a plan of study as a network, where eachvertex is a course and the edges connecting them are the pre- and corequisites. Each course isassigned a delay factor, the longest

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: DEI, Flipped Classrooms

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frederic-charles Krynen, Stanford University; Shima Salehi, Stanford University; Carl Wieman

on this course redesign. Anecdotally,the changes which have been piloted in flipping the order of introduction of content and activelearning activities during instructor-led class sessions have thus far been very well received. Thework is being embraced and enthusiastically incorporated into the AY22-23’s version of thecourse. As shown in figure 1 the control portion of the study will run during the Spring ’22 term.The impact of the redesign will be measured when comparing these results to those gatheredduring AY22-23 across the five above-mentioned methods. The findings will be analyzed andincluded into a larger body of work focusing on the importance of teaching decision making inproblem-solving in STEM courses.The hope for this study is

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Integration and Sociotechnical Thinking: The Big Picture

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cherie D. Edwards, Virginia Commonwealth University; Bryanne Peterson; Sreyoshi Bhaduri, ThatStatsGirl; Cassandra J. McCall, Utah State University; Desen Sevi Özkan, Tufts University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

methods in STEM education assessment topromote inclusivity, engage learners, and empower underrepresented and marginalizedcommunities. Such research can then inform future pedagogical practices, curriculum design,evaluation plans, and resource allocation to contribute to a more inclusive and diverse STEMlearning environment and resultantly, the future STEM workforce.ReferencesBattel, K., Foster, N., Barroso, L. V., Bhaduri, S., Mandala, K., & Erickson, L. (2021, October).“We Make the Village”-Inspiring STEM Among Young Girls and the Power of CreativeEngineering Education in Action. In 2021 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.Bevan, B. B., Barton, A. C., & Garibay, C. (2018). Why broaden perspectives on

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ramyani Sengupta, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Anthony E. Sparkling, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

learning with projectmanagement modules [4]. This research investigates the use of VR as an educational accessorywith the use of a VR headset (the Oculus Rift S), added with conventional classroom guidancefrom an educator. It also introduces undergraduate Construction Management (CM) students at alarge four-year university in Midwestern USA to the world of simulated VR and simultaneouslyassesses both their attitude to this hybrid learning and their academic performance and knowledgeperception regarding MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) systems in the course material.The tentative findings focus on whether the students are positively impacted by this new hybridmethod of knowledge transfer, which has realms of possibilities in this new era

Conference Session

Engineering Management: Six Sigma, Data Modeling, and Risk Management

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiju Antony, Heriot Watt University; Elizabeth A Cudney, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

the critical to quality (CTQ) characteristics inprocesses and aims at reducing cost by reducing variability and achieving consistencyin performance (2). Any organization applying Six Sigma to reduce variation from itsbusiness processes will, after a certain period of time, realize that the benefits begin tofall. Similarly, any organization applying Lean will notice a gradual decline in thereturns after a certain period of time. Reducing waste alone cannot improve theprocess entirely and similarly reducing variation still leaves behind waste in businessprocesses (3).Lean theory proposes that work processes should be designed as a single, continuousflow containing all of the steps which incrementally add value in the eyes of thecustomer(s) and

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa Shraim, Ohio University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

]. Table 1: PDSA Details Phase Description Plan a change or test aimed at improvement Plan (P) by stating objective, questions, and predictions Carry out the change or run the experiment Do (D) and document problems and issues Analyze data graphically and statistically. Use earlier analysis to build a temporal Study (S) picture. Compare to prediction (expectations

Conference Session

Getting Started: Objectives, Rubrics, Evaluations, and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zbigniew Prusak, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

various learning styles by individual learners can be catered to by drifting awayfrom typical scholastic activities: lecture – reading – theory-reinforcing calculation exercises –examination. The 21 learning activities listed in Table 2 can address most of the eight MI.Course evaluations will be undoubtedly more favorable if every student finds his/her favoriteniche activities during the course.QFD for Defining Course ActivitiesQuality Function Deployment (QFD) technique parallels engineering procedures used forexamining specifications and performances of products and processes 10, 11. Developed in the1970’s in Japan and used in Kobe Shipyard of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, QFD methodologystemmed from quality improvement tables and was originally

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yunjun Xu, University of Central Florida; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Charles Remeikas, University of Central Florida; Xiaojun Geng, California State University, Northridge; Sagar Chowdhury, University of Oklahoma; Chen Ling, University of Oklahoma

teacher assigned ID andpassword (Fig. 5). After that s/he can select any module s/he likes to work on (Fig. 6), in thisstep, the program will tell the student how many time s/he has already tried. If the maximumtrial time is met, the system will not allow her/him to continue on this particular module. Page 14.643.7 Figure 4: Programming logic for accessing the database. Figure 5: GIVE model log in system Figure 6: Module selectionFigure 7(a) gives the overall picture of the course module. In Fig. 7(b) a movie clipcorresponding to the question is playing. In the movie clip, important aspects are highlighted

Conference Session

Revitalizing Cooperative Education and Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debbie Gulick, Georgia Institute of Technology; Debbie Pearson, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gayle Elliott, University of Cincinnati; Jennifer Oliver, IAESTE United States; Karl Zimmer, General Cable

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

criteria are deemed a necessary aspect in educating the “Engineer of 2020.”2Our interdependent global society requires engineering skills to address issues related to health,security, and the environment, as well as international commerce.3As a major RAND research study concluded in the 1990’s, both universities and corporationsnow believe that students must understand the global nature of economics, speak otherlanguages, and be able to assess decisions in more than one culture. The research resultssuggested that universities must do more than “tinker with the edges of the curriculum.” Acomprehensive approach is needed, and relevant work experiences should be a primecomponent.4Work abroad experiences allow students to prepare for the global

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division 4: Teaching and Learning in Engineering Management

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yi-hsiang Isaac Chang, Illinois State University; Dave Yearwood, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

-dirty prototypes to gain quick feedback. Functionalprototypes are built for benchmarking purposes while at the same time verifying whether theproposed solutions actually resolve the issue(s). Through the design-build-test process, it isexpected that students would develop the knowledge and experience of the “subject matterexperts”, and thus various activities at the project planning stage will become more meaningful.Using the test result(s) of functional prototypes, the team(s) will revise their solution(s) anddevelop a project plan to scale up their proposed solution(s), either with a product productionline or a service model. The paper will conclude by discussing the outcome of this approach,identify possible limitations, and provide

Conference Session

Relationships Between Skills and Knowledge Domains

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ryan H. Koontz, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Daniel F. Dolan, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Kimberly Karen Osberg, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

. Atman and K. M. Bursic, “Verbal Protocol Analysis as a Method to Document Engineering Student Design Processes,” Journal of Engineering Education, pp. 121- 132, 1998.[2] C. J. Atman, R. S. Adams, M. E. Cardella, J. Turns, S. Mosborg and J. Saleem, “Engineering Design Processes: A Comparison of Students and Expert Practitioners,” Journal of Engineering Education, pp. 359-379, 2007.[3] C. J. Atman, M. E. Cardella, J. Turns and R. Adams, “Comparing freshman and senior engineering design processes: an in-depth follow-up study,” Design Studies, pp. 325- 357, July 2005.[4] G. Mathews, M. Zeidner and R. D. Roberts, Emotional Intelligence, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2002.[5] R. S. Adams and C. J. Atman, “Cognitive Processes

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mourya Reddy Narasareddy Gari, North Dakota State University; Gursimran Singh Walia; Alex David Radermacher, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division

Paper ID #22808Gamification in Computer Science Education: a Systematic Literature Re-viewMrs. Mourya Reddy Narasareddy Gari, North Dakota State University I am Ph.D student at North Dakota State University. My research work is to see how different Learning strategies affect the student learning.Dr. Gursimran Singh Walia Gursimran S. Walia is an associate professor of Computer Science at North Dakota State University. His main research interests include empirical software engineering, software engineering education, human factors in software engineering, and software quality. He is a member of the IEEE Computer Society

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 11

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt M DeGoede, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

and for the motion of a system of 1 or 2 rigid accelerations (linear and rotational) of 2 or 3 bodies moving in the plane. (Includes use of interconnected rigid bodies. P1.) R3 – Apply ode45 to solve equations of motion Supplemental Skills (must pass all R skills before S skills improve grade) S1 – Analyze oblique impact between two S1.1 – Analyze oblique impact between two rigid bodies. rigid bodies. S2 – Solve for the kinetics of mass flow S1.2 – Utilize principles of energy and systems. momentum to solve for the motion of a S3 – Determine the angular momentum of a system of 1 or 2 bodies. rigid body moving in 3D

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yoon Kim, Calvin College; Shurjo Maitra, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

spectral irradiance. Figure 4: Solar and white LED spectral distribution7. Student Feedback and Assessment MethodThe following survey questions were given to students and the results are shown below eachquestion. A five-point Likert scale was used (1: Strongly Disagree, 2: Disagree, 3: Neutral, 4:Agree, 5: Strongly Agree). Students were asked to assess how well the outcomes were met. Thetotal number of students who completed the survey was 21. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lab, students should be able to: 1) Understand that a solar panel can produce an output voltage and current (or energy) when facing a light source. 1: S. D. 2: D 3: N 4: A 5: S. A. Avg. Avg

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; George McLeod, Old Dominion University ; Thomas E. Alberts, Old Dominion University; Cynthia Tomovic, Old Dominion University; Otilia Popescu, Old Dominion University; Tysha Batts; Mary Louise Sandy, Virginia Space Grant Consortium

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

focused on building robots that can workin hazardous environments, but they also learned about different majors that explore roboticsconcepts in manufacturing, as well as the application of hydraulics for flood gates.AcknowledgmentThe project team wants to acknowledge Virginia Space Grant Consortium for its partnership inand continuous funding for the ODU BLAST program. 7References:[1] R. S. Andersen, S. Bøgh, T. B. Moeslund, and O. Madsen, "Intuitive task programming of stud welding robots for ship construction," in Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2015 IEEE International Conference on, 2015, pp. 3302-3307: IEEE.[2] S. Pfeiffer, "Robots, Industry 4.0 and humans, or why assembly work

Conference Session

Innovations in Curriculum, Projects, and Pedagogy in Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chadia A. Aji, Tuskegee University; M. Javed Khan, Tuskegee University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

/10573560308223[11] D. H. Schunk (1991). Self-efficacy and academic motivation, Educational Psychologist, vol.26(3-4), pp. 207-231, DOI: 10.1080/00461520.1991.9653133[12] D. H. Schunk & C. A. Mullen (2012). Self-efficacy as an engaged learner. In S. L.Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp.219-235). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_10[13] E. Skinner & M. J. Belmont (1993). Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effect of teacherbehavior and student engagement across the school year, Journal of Educational Psychology, vol.85(4), Dec, 1993, pp. 571-581, DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.85.4.571[14] E. Kahu (2013). Framing student

Conference Session

FOCUS ON EXHIBITS: Welcome Reception & NEW THIS YEAR! 2018 Best Division Paper Nominee Poster Session Sponsored by Engineering Unleashed

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt M Degoede, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Topics

ASEE Headquarters

and for the motion of a system of 1 or 2 rigid accelerations (linear and rotational) of 2 or 3 bodies moving in the plane. (Includes use of interconnected rigid bodies. P1.) R3 – Apply ode45 to solve equations of motion Supplemental Skills (must pass all R skills before S skills improve grade) S1 – Analyze oblique impact between two S1.1 – Analyze oblique impact between two rigid bodies. rigid bodies. S2 – Solve for the kinetics of mass flow S1.2 – Utilize principles of energy and systems. momentum to solve for the motion of a S3 – Determine the angular momentum of a system of 1 or 2 bodies. rigid body moving in 3D

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aimee Oz, Salt Lake Community College; Nick M. Safai, Salt Lake Community College; Brandon Lewis Walker; Christopher F. Thompson, Salt Lake Community College

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

school after decision to go to school hearing the graduate presentation school (Yes) SLCC 54 11 37 6 21% (F only) SLCC 87 28 42 17 32% (S only) SLCC 14 4 6 4 28% only Chemical Engineering (F,S) SLCC and 163 64 51 48 39% UoU (F,S,J,Sr)Table 1: Categories of and number of students surveyed and the results for each categoryKey: (F

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ken C Stanton, Colorado State University; Thomas H. Bradley, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

ls dg s kil le

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gretchen G. Achenbach, National Center for Women & IT; Leslie G. Cintron PhD, University of Virginia; J McGrath Cohoon, University of Virginia; Philip Michael Sadler, Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Gerhard Sonnert, Harvard University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

, Page 26.328.4Helping other people, Having others working under my supervision, Having job security,Working with people rather than objects, Inventing new things, Developing new knowledge andskills, Having lots of family time, Having lots of time for myself/friends, Making my owndecisions, Having an easy job, Having an exciting job, Making use of my talents/abilities,Working in an area with lots of job opportunities. Characteristics were rated on a scale of 1 to 6,where 1 = Not at all important and 6 = Very important. (For more information on the PRiSEproject and survey methodology, see 26, 27)Occupational DataThe most recent available occupational statistics were obtained from the U. S. Bureau of LaborStatistics (BLS). These include 2013

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Educ., 12, 248-251.19. Kesidou, S. and Duit, R. (1993). Students’ conceptions of the second law of thermodynamics – aninterpretive study. J. Res. Sci. Teach., 30(1), 85-106.20. Kaper, W. H. and Goedhart, M. J., (2002a). Forms of energy, an intermediary language on the road tothermodynamics? Part I. Int. J. Sci. Educ., 24, 81-95.21. Kaper, W. H. and Goedhart, M. J., (2002b). Forms of energy, an intermediary language on the road tothermodynamics? Part II. Int. J. Sci. Educ., 24, 119-137.22. Roberts, I. F. and Watts, D. S., (1976). The teaching of thermodynamics at preuniversity level. Phys.Educ., 11, 277-284.23. Mettes, C.T., Pilot, A. Roosink, H.J. and Kramers-Pals, H., (1981b). Teaching and learning problemsolving in science, part II: learning