Conference Session

Exporting of Higher Education to Developing Countries

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

and design–related topics (upper division courses, capstonedesign courses, and final design projects), is drawn primarily from textbooks authored in westerncountries, with very little input that reflects the practice in the Region. Unfortunately,connections with local practitioners, who would be willing and able to contribute to the process,have not been properly cultivated.Sixth, programs do lack emphasis on the essence of engineering as a profession, in general, andthe role of future engineers as emerging professionals in particular. Also, subject matter relevantto professional development issues; including the imperative for superior communication skillsand life-long learning in professional practice, have been left out.Ways need to be

Conference Session

Assessment of K-12 Engineering Programs & Issues

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devlin Montfort, Washington State University; Shane Brown, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

also a significant employer.The school faces some historic challenges, including chronically low funding and below-averagescores on standardized tests (around 20% passing the math and science sections of the state’sstandardized tests for 10th grade). The researchers visited the school approximately twice amonth during the school year as part of an NSF-funded effort to present engineering-based mathand science projects to high school students. The research reported here was performed during Page 15.1054.4two such visits, but the program was primarily focused on the development and presentation oflab exercises.Participant SelectionAt the beginning

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

assignment, laboratories, and, often, group projects. Adding to the confusion,engineering faculty do not always understand how the common forms of “active learning” differfrom each other and most are not inclined to search for answers Of the most known and utilizedclassroom-based pedagogies in engineering education today, and appear to be moving in thesame broad direction, are: problem-based learning, cooperative learning, and collaborativelearning 2. Page 15.919.2Problem-based learning (PBL) starts when students are confronted with an open-ended, ill-structured, real-world problem and work in teams to identify learning needs and develop a

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Learning 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

material with the students.(2)There are several strands of pedagogies of engagement under the umbrella of active learningmethods that have received attention by engineering educators world-wide. (2, 3) For many Page 24.949.2faculty, there remain questions about what “active learning” is and how it differs from traditionalengineering education, since the latter involves activities through homework assignment,laboratories, and, often, group projects. Adding to the confusion, engineering faculty do notalways understand how the common forms of “active learning” differ from each other and mostare not inclined to search for answers. Of the most known and

Conference Session

Student Learning, Problem Solving, & Critical Thinking 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James A. Kaupp, Queen's University; Brian M Frank, Queen's University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Impact of Model Eliciting Activities on Development of Critical Thinking,” presented at the Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association, Montreal, 2013, pp. 1–7.17. C. L. Frisby, “Construct Validity and Psychometric Properties of the Cornell Critical Thinking Test (Level Z): a Contrasted Groups Analysis,” Psychological Reports, 1992.18. R. Benjamin and M. Chun, “A New Field of Dreams: The Collegiate Learning Assessment Project.,” Peer Review, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 26–29, 2003.19. R. H. Ennis, J. Millman, and T. N. Tomko, “Cornell Critical Thinking Tests Level X & Level Z: Manual,” 1985.20. R. H. Ennis, “Critical thinking assessment,” Theory into practice, 1993.21. P. C. Abrami, R. M

Conference Session

Ethical Behavior in Academia and Beyond

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, the peerreviewers who comment on the suitability of manuscripts for publication, the journals readersand the scientific community, the owners/publishers of the journals, and the public as a whole.”47A further problem is posed by journals that republish materials that have already appeared inother venues. In 2010, two new journals published by Scientific Research Publishing, Journal ofModern Physics and Psychology, simply reprinted articles for their inaugural issues, includingone that had received a prestigious award.48 Duplicate publication can make the literatureassociated with a particular field seem more abundant than it actually is and may affect fundingfor projects, especially from external sources.Ethical ConceptsAt heart, the issues

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Floraliza Bornilla Bornasal, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Paper ID #9656Prevalence of inscriptions in transportation engineering text: Clues to con-textFloraliza Bornilla Bornasal, Oregon State University Floraliza B. Bornasal is a doctoral student in the School of Civil and Construction Engineering at Ore- gon State University. Her research is currently in engineering education focusing on the transference of expertise among working professionals and undergraduate students. Prior to pursuing her doctoral degree at OSU, she worked as an engineering intern and project inspector for Garfield County Public Works and as an AmeriCorps Volunteer-in-Service-to-America (VISTA) aiding in

Conference Session

Classroom Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan C. Morales, Universidad del Turabo; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

released in minimum snippets to guide you through a multi-stage task).. Wu is essentially describing methods to accomplish the progression loops. The user would start with an easy task and would progressively build up while within the flow channel. The triggers are represented by classroom activities that would induce the students to continue climbing the steep path of knowledge. The activities should provide positive feedback. The activities (one-minute papers, short quizzes, formal exams, projects) must be given at exactly the right time in terms of students’ ability and motivation to serve their intended purpose. Overview of MOOCs One of the hardest challenges that is faced by the faculty

Conference Session

FPD 1: The Path to Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Marisa K. Orr, Louisiana Tech University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University and Central Queensland University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, her bubbly personality was evident. She wasperfectly made up and wore jewelry and perfume making an immediate impression that wasdifferent from that of most of the dozens of other women we have interviewed over the yearsthrough the MIDFIELD project. It is her story that begat the title of “Accidental Engineer.”Bethany is a white woman who comes from a family where neither parent attended college. Hercareer plan was to be a doctor and she applied to A-State with that in mind. She was acceptedinto a program, Diamonds in the Rough, for students who the college of engineering believeshave potential that may not be demonstrated by grades or test scores

Conference Session

Engineering & Our Global Society

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhihui Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiaofeng Tang, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Page 24.1218.14Development of Higher Engineering Education in China]. Beijing Institute of TechnologyPress.2012:144.2“The College and Department Adjustment of Higher Education” in the 1952, “the Anti-RightistMovement" in 1957, “The Socialist Education Movement ”in the 1960s, the ten-years long "CulturalRevolution" movement (from 1966 to 1976), and “The Improvement and Rectification” period after1976 and “The Reform and Opening Up” period after 1978 in the so called "post-Cultural Revolution"era.3 Kimball, B. A. 1995. Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Idea of Liberal Education. CollegeBoard.4The Research Group of General Education Project in Institute of Higher Education, Beijing Universityof Aeronautics and Astronautics. Zhuan

Conference Session

Professional Development and Advising for Graduate Students

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erika Mosyjowski, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Diane L Peters, Kettering University; Steve Skerlos, University of Michigan; Adam B. Baker, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

identifying the ways advisors may be better ableto support student success. It is also important to explore how the advising experiences ofreturners and direct pathway students compare to understand the role, if any, advisors play in theunique challenges experienced by returning students and the ways in which returners utilize thesupport of their advisors to adapt.III. MethodsA. Survey DevelopmentThe development of the GSEMS instrument was an iterative process developed based onliterature and findings from a pilot project and guided by best practices of survey development.Prior to the current study, members of our team conducted an initial study that involvedinterviews with ten returning PhD students. We asked the students open-ended questions

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering: Educational Policy and Research

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Clark P.E., Aston University; Jane Andrews, Aston University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

of the project – meaning that each stage of the longitudinal study continues to be used to inform and guide the next. Throughout the study, data-analysis is on-going, reflecting a purposefully designed flexible approach that enables the research team to make strategically grounded empirical decisions regarding the suitability of each research tool on a contemporaneous basis. Findings: Interviews with Engineering-First Staff - Organisational Portfolio The initial exploratory study identified Engineering-First as one of the main Primary School level engineering education for-profit providers in the UK[1]. The organisation is unique in that it does not directly provide any engineering education interventions, but instead trains

Conference Session

Introducing New Methodologies and the Incoming Students to Engineering Programs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

Dimensions of College and University Teaching: Understanding and Honoring the Special Relationship between Teachers and Students, Linc. Fisch (ed.), “New Directions for Teaching and Learning,”no.66, Summer, 1966, pp.30-40.7. Organiz. for Economic Cooper. & Development (2003), “International comparison of math, reading, and science skills among 15-year olds” OECD, (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0923110.html). Sept. 2005.8. Balfanz, R., and Legters, N., “How many central city high schools have a severe dropout problem, where are they located, and who attends them?” Harvard University Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass, 2001.9. Barnett, L., and Greenough, R., “Regional needs assessment

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Culture

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalyn S. Hobson, Virginia Commonwealth University; Cindy Jong, University of Kentucky; Donna Joy Dockery; Mary Hermann, Virginia Commonwealth University; Teresa Jones Carter, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

that influence job satisfaction including work environment, job challenges, projects, compensation, coworkers, etc. Critical Events & Examples of life changing event, and critical turning points in career Experiences and specific job experiences that influenced choices to remain or Career leave a STEM career. Career Entry & Examples of entry points into a STEM career, the monetary and Rewards & nonmonetary rewards and benefits of STEM careers both perceived Benefits and actual. Coping Strategies Examples of coping strategies and mechanisms to deal with

Conference Session

FPD 5: Transitions and Student Success, Part I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn Skurla, Baylor University; Steven R. Eisenbarth, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, this project was intended to help students complete their degreeprograms in the shortest time possible.SAS scholarships, totaling $458,600 over 5 years, were awarded to fifty-four academicallytalented students of limited financial means. Preliminary analysis of retention data indicates thatSAS scholars were successful in their engineering and computer science (ECS) majors to agreater degree when compared to traditional students (i.e., students enrolling at our university asfreshmen directly after high school graduation) and to transfer students who were not eligible forSAS scholarships (i.e., non-SAS transfer students): Percent retention of SAS scholars in ECS majors was 39% greater than traditional students and 103% greater than non-SAS

Conference Session

Embedded Systems and Mobile Computing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Francis N Mensah, College of Engineering and Technology, Brigham Young University; Richard G. Helps, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

also host based IDS (HIDS) which are installed on a single deviceto monitor network traffic and application activity. The operation of HIDS may also be signaturebased or anomaly based. There is on-going research into using IDS for CPS network securitywith the main objective of improving the ability of IDS to detect and stop CPS cyber-attacks.One such project by Digital Bond Inc. involved the development of attack signatures for theModbus/TCP protocol 17. Page 23.1057.13FirewallsFirewalls are devices that are used to allow certain types of network traffic to pass through thenetwork perimeter or a host device. Interconnectivity of systems works

Conference Session

It Takes a Village: Engineering Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lorraine N. Fleming, Howard University; Inez N. Moore, Howard University; Dawn G. Williams, Howard University; Leonard Bernard Bliss; Kalynda Chivon Smith, Howard University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

, P. R., Schultz, P., Estrada, M., Woodcock, A., & Chance, R. C. (2012). Sustaining Optimal Motivation: A Longitudinal Analysis of Interventions to Broaden Participation of Underrepresented Students in STEM. Journal of Educational Psychology.19. Hurtado, S., Eagan, M., Tran, M. C., Newman, C. B., Chang, M. J., & Velasco, P. (2011). 'We Do Science Here': Underrepresented Students' Interactions with Faculty in Different College Contexts. Journal of Social Issues, 67(3), 553-579.20. Hurtado, S., Newman, C. B., Tran, M. C., & Chang, M. J. (2010). Improving the rate of success for underrepresented racial minorities in STEM fields: Insights from a national project. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2010(148

Conference Session

Engineering Management In The Classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ted Eschenbach, University of Alaska Anchorage; Neal A Lewis, University of Bridgeport; Gillian M. Nicholls, University of Alabama in Huntsville; Jani M Pallis, University of Bridgeport

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

a lecture presentation taken for granted the remaining questions are about what chapters tocover, what should be assigned as homework and projects, and how students should be evaluatedand tested. The use of clickers should lead to more reflective choices by the professor on howmaterial should be covered. While this starts with what clicker questions to use, it can easilyexpand to how the material is discussed in the classroom and how the material is handled outsideof the classroom.An analogy can be made to a toolbox. The larger the set of tools you employ—the better you canchoose the best way to help students learn. Teaching goals should drive choices. Classroom timeis precious, and it should be used effectively—which usually means using

Conference Session

Motivation and Self-Efficacy

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Reid Brown, Virginia Tech; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division - General Technical Session 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn W Ellis, Smith College; Yanning Yu, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Problems of UnderstandingDevising problems of understanding calls for problems whose solutions build on student'sexisting knowledge while also requiring them to learn new things. Beyond being the right kindof problem at the proper level of difficulty, the problem or project must be engaging enough tosummon the motivated effort deep learning requires. Students have to care about learning andabout the problem to be solved.Based upon Egan’s theory of imaginative education12-14, understanding how an EF-3 tornadoimpacted building in Springfield, Massachusetts and the surrounding communities in June 2011became the context for knowledge building in EGR 270. Students were introduced to the topicby meeting Springfield residents impacted by the tornado

Conference Session

Tablets, Mobile and Technology

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank V Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines; Susan E. Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines; Tracy Q Gardner, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #6375Using Mixed Mobile Computing Devices for Real-Time Formative Assess-mentProf. Frank V Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines Prof. Frank Kowalski has been teaching physics at Colorado School of Mines since 1980.Susan E. Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines Susan Kowalski is project coordinator at Colorado School of Mines.Dr. Tracy Q Gardner, Colorado School of Mines Page 23.1328.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Using Mixed Mobile Computing Devices for

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Integration and Sociotechnical Thinking: The Big Picture

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Fernandez, UMass Amherst; Sarah Aileen Brownell, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Ankita Kumar; Bailey Bond-Trittipo, Florida International University; Zoii Arrianna Henry; Corin L. Bowen, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

Engineering Network (KEEN) activities [38], VentureWell [39], NSF I-Corps [40], and the celebration and glorification of capitalists such as Bill Gates and Elon Musk. Saviorism in the Global South frequently manifests as white saviorism, as exemplified by the work of Engineers Without Borders [41], missionary work, and many university service-learning projects. SE recognizes that there are no saviors. We each bring value to the community as we act together in kinship for transformational change.Critique of Mainstream Approaches to Systemic ChangeThere are several existing models aimed at addressing inequalities in the field, but they typicallyfail to address the neoliberal roots in which the structure and culture of engineering

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 7

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nivedita Kumar, Florida International University; Bailey Bond-Trittipo, Florida International University; Maimuna Begum Kali, Florida International University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University; Angela Estacion, WestEd; Mark Allen Weiss, Florida International University; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Ken Christensen P.E., University of South Florida; Tiana Solis, Florida International University; Jacqueline Faith Sullivan, University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

and is responsible for designing, directing, and executing culturally responsive research and evaluation projects. She manages a portfolio of multi-year, mixed methods studies focused on improving educational and career opportunities, with a focus on historically underserved groups.Dr. Mark A Weiss, Florida International University Mark Allen Weiss is an Eminent Scholar Chaired Professor, Associate Dean for Undergraduate Education in the College of Engineering and Computing, and Associate Director in the School of Computing and Information Sciences at Florida International University (FIU) in Miami Florida. He joined FIU after receiving his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Princeton University in 1987. His interests

Collection

2021 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Shinae Jang P.E.; Sarira Motaref P.E.; Manish Roy

of the instructor was shared withthe distance learning students and at the same time, was projected to the classroom monitors forthe in-person students. The virtual room audio was connected to the classroom audio system sothat the distance learning students could hear their in-person peers speak during the class andvice versa. In addition to the classroom audio-visual technology, the real-time chat functionalityof the virtual room was used to interact with the distance learning students in a more efficientway. An experienced graduate teaching assistant (GTA) moderated the chat throughout the classand answered most of the questions from the distance learning students. If any question or issueraised in the chatbox needed the instructor’s

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division: Innovative Pedagogy annd Student Engagement

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tathyana Moratti, University of Georgia; Ricardo Juan José Oviedo-Haito, Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina; Beshoy Morkos, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

computational representation and reasoning support for managing complex system design through the use of Model Based approaches. The goal of Dr. Morkos’ manufacturing research is to fundamentally reframe our understanding and utilization of product and process representations and computational reasoning capabilities to support the development of models which help engineers and project planners intelligently make informed decisions. On the engineering education front, Dr. Morkos’ research explores means to improve persistence and diversity in engineering education by leveraging students’ design experiences. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Engaging students on a

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division (COED) Track 3.C

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Michael Fiegel, The University of Iowa; Geb W. Thomas, The University of Iowa; Matthew Yazvec

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

deliberatepractice environments can address persistent challenges in technical education and inform thedesign of scalable, adaptive learning tools for broader implementation.1. IntroductionThe retention and application of SQL knowledge represent persistent challenges forundergraduate STEM students. At a large Midwestern university, students struggled to applySQL skills acquired through lectures, in-class exercises, and homework when working on theirsemester projects, often within a month of initial exposure. Suspecting limited practiceopportunities contributed to poor skill retention, we sought to improve student engagement,enjoyment, and performance with an effective e-learning system that emphasizes deliberatepractice and immediate feedback.Deliberate

Conference Session

Mechanics Division (MECHS) Technical Session 7A

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy A Wood, The Citadel; Heath Kaufman, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

load is approved, it will allow construction companiesworking on park improvement projects to drive conforming vehicles on park pedestrian bridgessuch as those found in Greenville, SC (Figure 3). (a) (b) Figure 3. Park bridges in Falls Park on the Reedy, Greenville, SC (a) the Liberty Bridge [30] and (b) Eugenia Duke Bridge [31]Student engineers will be evaluating a test bridge with the new proposed state legal load for parkbridges shown in Figure 4. The load consists of a front axle caring 500 lb or 0.5 kips, a secondaxle 10 ft later carrying 2000 lb or 2 kips, and a third axle 4 ft later caring another 2000 lb.Student engineers must find two

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS) Technical Session - Case Studies

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Kay Camarillo, University of the Pacific; Luke S. Lee P.E., University of the Pacific; Yadhira Garcia Ruiz, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

. This experience suggests that one potential role for GenAI ineducation is to address gaps or deficiencies in existing course materials. In an engineering ethicscourse, the use of GenAI can provide additional information on the environmental and societalimpacts of engineering projects. GenAI could also be used to locate information about the policyimplications of historic events and long-term impacts of engineering failures. The case studiesfeatured here had far-reaching, multi-faceted effects on the communities impacted. While thetechnical and decision-making processes featured in the textbook are important, GenAI can beuseful for developing a more holistic view of engineering case studies.Our study demonstrated that the best results from

Conference Session

Advancing Labs: From VR to Process Control

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joachim K. Floess, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Jacob Leicht, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

Engineering Education, 2025 Implementing a Distributed Process Control System in a Student Unit Operations LaboratoryAbstractAs part of the renovation and relocation project for the Unit Operations Laboratory at theUniversity of Illinois, a commercial distributed process control system (DCS) was incorporatedinto the facility. The purpose of the system is both to provide process control functions for theunit operation experiments and to introduce students to the equipment and instrumentation thatcomprise a modern control system. While the benefits of having a DCS system have long beenrecognized, the maintenance and cost of an advanced control system have been a significantdeterrent to its effective inclusion in many

Conference Session

ENT-2: Bridging Faculty and Student Perspectives in Entrepreneurial Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tyler James Stump, The Ohio State University; H. Schwab, The Ohio State University; Sydney Cooper, The Ohio State University; Krista M Kecskemety, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

connections betweenknowledge, and to identify opportunities to create value for the world. Research on the 3Cs hasbeen investigated for quite some time with a particular focus on topics such as educationalinterventions and mindset in contexts such as the first-year engineering programs, the mid-years,and the senior capstone courses. Despite the ubiquitous research efforts looking to expandpedagogical approaches for the 3Cs, there remains a large gap in tools available for educators tomeasure student learning gains and pedagogical intervention effectiveness. This project is part ofa larger research effort to support the development of direct and indirect assessments for each ofthe 3Cs (Curiosity, Connections & Creating Value). This “assessment